Alveolar Bone Flashcards by Mako Hara

Formative cell?

Osteoblast

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Formative organ?

Dental follicle / dental sac

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Embryonic origin?

Ectomesenchyme

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Specialized mineralized connective tissue?

Alveolar bone

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Alveolar bone is composed of? (2)

Intracellular substance

Osteocytes

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Inorganic content? (Percentage and substance)

67%

Hydroxyapatite

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Organic content? (Percentage and substance)

28% 
Collagen
5% 
Osteocalcin
Sialoprotein
Phosphoprotein
Osteonectin
Bone specific proteins (noncollagenous proteins)

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AB can best resist? (2)

Compressive forces

Forces directed along long axis of tooth

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AB can least resist? (2)

Tensile forces

Slicing stresses

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Same amount of force may not cause any injury if it is ___ but may cause fracture if it is ___

Compressive

Tensile

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Functions of AB?

Support and protection
Attachment of muscles
Reservoir of minerals
Hemopoiesis

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Structure of AB (first part)? (3)

Alveolar process
Alveolar bone proper
Lamina dura

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Part of jawbone that contains the teeth and alveoli in which they are suspended?

Alveolar process

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Alveolar process rests on?

Basal bone

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Alveolar process’ proper development depends on? (2)

Tooth eruption

Maintenance on tooth retention

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No teeth = ___

No alveolar process

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Morphology of alveolar process depends on? (3)

Size
Shape
Position of teeth

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Alveolar process is composed of an ___ and ___ that enclose the spongiosa

Outer

Inner cortical plate of compact bone

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Compartment of spongy bone?

Spongiosa

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Spongiosa is aka? (2)

Trabecullae

Cancellous bone

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Compact bone on the ___

Spongy bone on the ___

Outside

Inside

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Functions of alveolar process? (2)

Anchors the teeth

Absorbs and distribute occlusal pressure

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No alveolar process?

Residual bridge

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Lines the alveolus / alveolar socket contained within the alveolar process?

Alveolar bone proper

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It is right next to PDL?

Alveolar bone proper

Thin plate of cortical bone with numerous perforation?

Cribriform plate

Alveolar bone proper allows the passage of ___ between the ___ and ___

Blood vessels Bone's marrow PDL

The coronal rim of the alveolar bone forma the ___

Alveolar crest

The alveolar bone proper begins from ___

Alveolar crest (coronal rim)

Crest of alveolar socket is generally parallel to the ___ at a distance of ___

CEJ | 1-2mm apical to CEJ

Surrounds each tooth as a continuous thin plate of compact bone?

Alveolar bone proper

Alveolar bone proper becomes ___ and ___ from ___ of the alveolar process in some area

Fused Indistinguishable Cortical plate

Corresponds to alveolar bone proper?

Lamina dura

Thin white line that parallels the outline of rods of the teeth?

Lamina dura

Radiographic term for alveolar bone proper?

Lamina dura

Lamina dura is radiopaque because it is ___ and ___

Dense | Mineralized

Structural elements? (3)

Osteoblast Osteocyte Osteoclast

Mononucleated found in PDL on the surface of bone?

Osteoblast

Responsible for mineralization?

Osteoblast

Osteoblast is considered to differentiate from a precursor cell ___

Pre-osteoblast

Osteoblast synthesizes the? (2)

Type I and IV collagen | Cytokine

Growth factor that regulate cell metabolism?

Cytokine

Derived from mesenchymal stem cells?

Osteoblast

Mesenchymal stem cells? (5)

``` Adult bone marrow (BM-MsCs) Liver Fetal tissues Amniotic fluid Umbilical cord blood (CB-MSC5) ```

Inactive osteoblast when bone formation stops?

Bone lining cells

Bone lining cells become ___ when inactive

Flatter

Retain gap junction in osteocytes?

Bone lining cells

Mononucleated that found inside bone?

Osteocyte

Entrapped osteoblast in the lacunae in the bone?

Osteocyte

Osteocyte's number varies depending on the ___

Rapidity of bone formation

More osteocytes when bone formation is ___

Rapid

After bone formation, osteocyte loses the ability to form ___ and becomes ___

Matrix | Smaller

Osteocyte occupies ___ and ___

Osteolytic lacuna | Canaliculi

Osteocyte maintains contact with ___ and ___

Adjacent osteocytes | Osteoblasts / lining cells

In osteocyte, the processes are ___

Not polarized

Functions of osteocyte? (2)

Responsible for osteolysis and osteoplasia | Prevents hypermineralization of bone

Due to hormonal regulation? (2)

Osteolysis | Osteoplasia

Osteocyte prevents hypermineralization by ___

Pumping Ca back into the bloodstream

Limited resorption of bone in lacunae and canal?

Osteolysis

Secondary rebuilding of perilacunar bone minerals (depostion)?

Osteoplastin

Large multinucleated found in PDL if needed for resorption?

Osteoclast

Seen in clusters?

Osteoclast

Osteoclast occupies shallowed, hollowed-out depressions called ___

Howships lacunae

Organell-poor, brush-like cytoplasmic border which demarcates the zone of resorption?

Ruffled border

Ruffled border is where ___ and ___ are released

Acids | Proteolytic enzymes

Rich in ___ and ___ transported to ruffled border in vesicles

Acid phosphate | Lysosomal enzymes

Attachment of osteoclast to bone (sequence)?

1st

Creates sealed environment (sequence)?

2nd

Releases acids to demineralize the hard tissue (sequence)?

3rd

Organic matrix is degraded by secretion of proteolytic enzymes (sequence)?

4th

Responsible to destruction of organic form / mineral component?

Acid

Histologic arrangement of mature bone? (2)

``` Compact bone Circumferential lamellae Concentric lamellae Interstitial lamellae Spongy bone ```

Dense outer sheet of bone with closely packed layers?

Compact bone

Encloses the entire bone forming its outer and inner perimeter?

Circumferential lamellae

Surrounds the bone, flat layers of bone?

Circumferential lamellae

Makes up the bulk of compact bone?

Concentric lamellae

___ is from the basic metabolic unit of bone which is ___

Concentric lamella | Osteon

Cylindrical layer of bone that gets bigger?

Osteon

Circular with the same center?

Concentric lamellae

Center of osteon that houses blood vessels?

Haversian canal

Canal connecting one osteon to another?

Volkman's canal

Pink staining osteons with smaller haversian canal?

HS 1 | Mature osteon

Osteons with wider haversian canal?

HS 2 | Younger osteons

Between the concentric lamellae and fills the spaces between them?

Interstitial lamellae

Interstitial lamellae are fragments of pre-existing concentric lamellae from osteons created during ___

Remodeling

Soft CT membrane surrounding compact bone?

Periosteum

Inner layer of periosteum is next to bone surface, with ___ and ___

Bone cells | Precursors

Outer layer of periosteum is more ___ and gives rise to ___

Fibrous | Sharpey's fiber

Covers the interstitial surface of compact and spongy bone?

Endosteum

Not well demarcated (flimsy covering)?

Endosteum

Endosteum is ___ CT with ___

Loose | Osteogenic cells

Endosteum physically separates the ___ from the ___ within

Bone surface | Bone marrow

Structure of AB (second part)? (3)

Cortical plate Alveolar bone proper / lamina cribriformis / lamina dura Spongiosa

Outside wall of the maxilla and mandible?

Cortical plate

Continuous with alveolar bone proper at alveolar crest?

Cortical plate

Cortical plate is ___ and ___ in areas in mandible than in maxilla

More pronounced | Thicker

Cortical plate is generally ___ on the lingual / palatal than labial / buccal in both max and mand

Greater

Made up of compact bone?

Cortical plate | Alveolar bone proper

Alveolar bone proper is aka lamina cribriformis because it is ___

Perforated

Alveolar bone proper contains ___ and ___

Osteon | Interstitial lamellae

Continuous at alveolar crest?

Alveolar bone proper

With bundle bone?

Alveolar bone proper

Consists of several layers of bone parallel to the surface of bone penetrated by Sharpey's fibers?

Bundle bone

Found in areas of recent bone opposition?

Bundle bone

With lines of rest?

Bundle bone

Where you find Sharpey's fibers?

Bundle bone

Made up of spongy bone?

Spongiosa

Spongiosa is ___ in max than in mand

Trajectories in spongiosa represents ___ / ___

Planes | Lines of stress

Spongiosa is spongy bone between? (2)

2 bony plates | Alveolar bone proper of adjacent teeth / roots

There is production of RBC?

Hematopoietic marrow

Hematopoietic marrow is can be found in? (2)

Maxillary tuberosity | Angle of mandible

Mechanisms of bone formation / ossification? (3)

Endochondral / intracartilaginous bone formation Intramembranous ossification Sutural bone growth

There is formation of cartilage then later on it will be changed into bone?

Endochondral / intracartilaginous bone formation

Endochondral / intracartilaginous bone formation occurs by ___ rather than ___

Substitution | Transformation

Resorption of cartilage then bone deposition?

Endochondral / intracartilaginous bone formation

Occurs only in condyle?

Endochondral / intracartilaginous bone formation

Bone develops directly from fibrous tissue?

Intramembranous ossification

Mesenchymal cells differentiates into osteoblasts?

Intramembranous ossification

Intramembranous ossification is found in? (3)

Maxilla Body of mandible Cranial vault

Accommodates growth of organs such as brain and eyes?

Sutural bone growth

Intramembranous bone deposition?

Development of maxilla

Center of ossification?

Development of maxilla

Where the anterosuperior dental nerve branches from the inferior orbital nerve?

Development of maxilla

Meckel's cartilage is cartilage of?

1st branchial arch / mandibular arch

Supports the developing mandible but does not contribute to it?

Meckel's cartilage

Meckel's cartilage is 2 bilateral cartilages from ___ to ___ but does not meet

Optic capsule | Midline

Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve? (4)

Lingual nerve Inferior alveolar nerve Incisive branch Mental branch

Mental branch passes through?

Mental foramen

At ___, intramembranous ossification begins at mental branch forming the 1st bone of mandible

7th week

From ___, the mandible grows ___ and ___

Mental foramen Posterior Anterior

During development of mandible, ___ directed growth leads to formation of compartments for the developing ___

Cranially | Tooth gums

By ___, the rudimentary mandible is formed by intramembranous ossification

10th week

Growth of max and mand are influenced by? (2)

Secondary cartilages | Development of muscle attachment

12th week cartilage?

Condylar cartilage

4 months cartilage?

Coronoid cartilage

Obliterated within 1st year after birth?

Symphysial cartilage

Occupies most of the developing ramus?

Condylar cartilage

Transient growth cartilage?

Coronoid cartilage

CT between 2 ends of Meckel's cartilage?

Symphysial cartilage

Fate of Meckel's cartilage? (4)

Incus of inner ear Malleus of inner ear Sphenomalleolar ligament Sphenomandibular ligament

Different lines in bone? (4)

Cementing line Reversal line Aplastic line Resting line

Incremental lines?

Cementing line

New bone layer and resorption?

Reversal line

Basophilic substance on surface of inactive bone?

Aplastic line

Separates new bone layer from inactive bone layer?

Resting line

Age changes in bone, increased function?

Thicker trabeculae | Smaller marrow spaces

Age changes in bone, decreased function?

Thinner trabeculae | Wider marrow spaces

Tooth movement, pressure side?

Resorption

Tooth movement, tension side?

Deposition

___ / ___ stimulates bone formation

Tension / pulling

If there is resorption, the surface is ___

Scalloped

If there is deposition, the surface have ___

Cementing lines

Bone remodeling depends on ___ and ___ demands of bone

Functional | Nutritional

``` Bone remodeling... Lamellae > Compact bone > Bundle bone > Bundle bone > ```

Haversian system Spongy bone Haversian bone Lamellar bone

After tooth extraction, embryonic bone forms within the socket?

Residual ridge

Clinical consideration? (4)

Lamina dura Fenestration Dehiscence Disturbance in condylar growth

Important in diagnostic landmark?

Lamina dura

Hole in bone?

Fenestration

The bone may actually resorbs locally, creating a window in the bone through which root can be seen?

Fenestration

The rim of the bone between fenestration and the alveolar crest may disappear together?

Dehiscence

Overgrowth of jaw bones?

Acromegaly

Acromegaly is due to?

Hyper function of pituitary gland

Disturbance in condylar growth? (2)

Acromegaly | Clefts of lips and alveolus

Are never accompanied by clefts involving the secondary palate?

Clefts of lips and alveolus

Clefts of lips and alveolus may result to?

Microstomia

Clefts of lips and alveolus are always?

Unilateral

Clefts of lips and alveolus can result from? (2)

Defective development of secondary palate | Failure of fusion of maxillary process and medial process