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ALU > ALU book chapter 1 > Flashcards

ALU book chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

A procedure that uses high frequency sound waves to image soft tissue

A

Ultrasonography

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2
Q

What are invasive tests?

A

Techniques that involve the puncture or cutting of the skin, or entry into an orifice, for the purpose of introducing an instrument or catheter

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3
Q

What are the most common diagnostic imaging tests

A

X-rays, Ct, ultrasound, MRI, and radionuclide studies

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4
Q

A common imaging technique that uses a beam of radiation that is scatter or absorbed in differing amounts by different tissues.

A

x-ray

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5
Q

an imaging tool that allows the physician to view, in real time, moving parts of the body, such as barium moving through the intestine–it is used for both diagnosis and treatment

A

fluoroscopy

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6
Q

Name 3 contrast agents

A

barium, iodine, and gadolinium-based contrast

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7
Q

The use of small amounts of short-lived radioactive substance that is formulated to be absorbed by targeted tissues

A

nuclear medicine

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8
Q

a nuclear medicine that can be attached to a carrier substance that is injected intravenously, taken orally, or inhaled by the individual

A

radionuclide or radiopharmaceutical

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9
Q

What are the most common radionuclides?

A

radioactive iodine, technetium, thallium, gallium, and indium

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10
Q

What are nuclear studies most useful for

A

useful for imaging bone, for determination of thyroid and hepatobiliary function, and assess for coronary artery disease

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11
Q

A procedure that utilizes high-frequency sound waves to image soft tissue and procedure an image

A

ultrasonography

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12
Q

The types of waves for ultrasonography

A

scattered, refracted, and attenuated

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13
Q

On an ultra sound, how is an organ measured?

A

it is calculated by measuring the time it takes for the sound waved to travel to the transducer to the reflecting surface being studied and back to the transducer where they are amplified and displayed on a monitor

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14
Q

3 different tissues that reflect sound waves in varying degrees

A

hyperechoic tissues show white on the image, hypoechoic tissues show gray on the image, and anechoic being the total absence of reflected sound waves

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15
Q

Advantages of ultrasound over MRI and CT

A
  1. its ability to differentiate solid from fluid-filled structures
  2. lower cost
  3. portability
  4. accessibility
  5. no exposure to ionizing raditation
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16
Q

Limitations of ultrasonography

A
  1. the skill level of the ultrasonologist
  2. image resolution that is not as good as other techniques
  3. “noise” produced when US waves hit gas and bone
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17
Q

different ultrasound techniques

A

a-mode, b-mode, m-mode, grayscale, real-time, and doppler

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18
Q

allows scanning at a rate rapid enough to create a moving image of the heart, including the motion of the valves and walls

A

real-time ultrasound

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19
Q

What is a doppler ultrasound

A

used to measure the velocity and direction of blood flow within the heart and blood vessels by measuring change in pitch. It is useful in the valuation of venous insufficiency, blood clots, arterial occlusion, or stenosis

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20
Q

What is a duplex scan

A

using a combination of b-mode with the doppler ultrasound

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21
Q

What is computed tomography (CT)

A

created by passing a rotating beam of x-rays into the individual and obtaining thousands of point images at specific depths. It is compared to taking a loaf of sliced bread then examining it one slice at a time

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22
Q

Limitation of CT

A

exposes an individual to a significantly higher dose of iodizing radiation

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23
Q

What is an electronic-beam computed tomography (EBCT)

A

use electronic beam that allows such rapid acquisition of images that it can produce images of the coronary arteries despite the motion of the heart

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24
Q

What is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

uses a magnetic field to induce changes in proton spin within tissues. Radioactive waves are emitted at specific frequencies that make atoms resonate and absorb the energy. The tissue them release a weak radio wave that can be measured by a scanner and amplifies

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25
Q

Who cannot have an MRI

A

Individuals with implanted metal, such as pacemakers, pin and plates, implanted defibrillators, cochlear implants, or artificial joints

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26
Q

When is an MRI preferred to a CT

A

when soft tissue resolution is needed

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27
Q

Why would contrast be helpful for an MRI

A

can be used to highlight vasculature, areas of inflammation, and tumors

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28
Q

What is a positron emission tomography (PET) scan

A

diagnostic images obtained from the decay of a positron emitting radionuclide agent. A donut-shaped machine records these energy emissions in in real time

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29
Q

What agent is used for PET scans

A

Fluorine-18 labeled deoxy glucose

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30
Q

What is a PET scan primarily used for?

A

used to evaluate pulmonary nodules to determine if they are metabolically active

used to evaluate lung cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, head and neck cancer, lymphoma and melanoma

useful adjunct in diagnosis of Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, epilepsy, and hibernating myocardium

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31
Q

Limitations of PET scan

A
  1. cost
  2. accessibility
  3. the nature of the radionuclide agent
  4. the fact that elevated serum glucose or insulin levels can adversely affect the results
  5. limited sensitivity for defining tumors smaller then 10 mm
  6. the high degree of expertise required for proper interpretation
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32
Q

What is an imaging study used to visualize the major blood vessels in the body, including those of the heart, carotids, brain, kidneys, lungs and legs

A

traditional angiography

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33
Q

Why would contrast be used for an angiography?

A

allows identification of obstruction, aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, pulmonary emboli, and deep vein thrombosis

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34
Q

Why are CTA and MRA are preferred to angiography?

A

less invasive, less risk, and produce reasonably accurate images

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35
Q

what allows the physician to investigate the body and inspect cavities or hallow organs

A

endoscopy

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36
Q

what is an invasive procedure that employs the optical qualities of fiberoptic technology and power lens system that allows light to travel and images to be transmitted through curved structures

A

endoscopy

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37
Q

Why does the endoscopic instrument have a port?

A
  1. installation of drugs, air, or fluid
  2. suction, irrigation and cauterization
  3. equipment needed to perform biopsies
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38
Q

Diagnostic test for acute head trauma

A

ct without contrast

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39
Q

diagnostic test for TIA

A

CT/CTA, MRI/MRA carotid ultrasound

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40
Q

diagnostic test for acute hemorrhage, acute hemorrhagic stroke

A

CT/CTA, MRO/MRA

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41
Q

diagnostic test for brain abscess

A

ct or mri with contrast

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42
Q

diagnostic test for sinus disease

A

ct, mri

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43
Q

diagnostic test for hydrocephalus

A

ct, mri, cisternography

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44
Q

diagnostic test for aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation

A

MR angiogram, CT angiogram

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45
Q

diagnostic testing for acute non-hemorrhagic stroke

A

ct/cta, mri/mra

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46
Q

diagnostic testing for tumor or metastasis

A

ct/mri

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47
Q

diagnostic testing for multiple sclerosis

A

mri

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48
Q

diagnostic testing for Alzheimer’s

A

MRI, PET/CT scan

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49
Q

The radiographic imaging of the subarachnoid spaces that contain spinal fluid. It is used to diagnose cerebral fluid problems

A

cisternography

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50
Q

What is a tilt table test?

A

a test used to evaluate syncope, particularly when cardiac testing and seizure evaluation have not provided a diagnosis

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51
Q

What is an electroencephalography?

A

measures and records the low voltage electrical activity produced by the brain. Electrodes are placed at defined points on the scalp and 16-20 electrode pairs are evaluated

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52
Q

What is an electromyography?

A

an invasive procedure that involves the insertion of a needle electrode into a muscle and the recording of electrical activity of muscle fibers individually and collectively

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53
Q

The measured electrical response of the brain to stimulation of specific sensory pathways. Wires are placed onto the scalp overlying areas to be stimulated and electrical impulses are recorded on a graph

A

Evoked potentials

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54
Q

used in the diagnosis of MS. They detect slowing of electrical conduction due to demyelination

A

Visual evoked potentials (VEPs)

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55
Q

an electrical response to a click or noise made in each ear. Helps in the diagnosis of deafness, particularly in infants, and the response is delayed in MS.

A

Brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER)

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56
Q

detects sequential activation of nerves along a pathway

A

Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPS)

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57
Q

a biopsy used for skin lesions that are considered suspicious for malignancy and to confirm a clinical diagnosis. Shave and punch biopsies remove small pieces of tissue.

A

Skin biopsy

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58
Q

What is a nailfold microscopy?

A

the use of an optical microscope to visualize, and a computer to quantify, changes in size, shape and number of capillaries.

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59
Q

What tests are used for testing of the eyes?

A

fluorescein angiography, Snellen test, tonometry, and Schirmer tear test

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60
Q

What is the test that involves the intravenous injection of fluorescein dye into an arm vein to image the retina and choroid vasculature of the eye? A special camera is used to take pictures before and after the dye is injected.

A

Fluorescein Angiography

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61
Q

What is the Snellen Test

A

it is a common test for visual acuity. It involves the reading of block letters of graduated sizes at a specific distance

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62
Q

A test that measures intraocular pressure.

A

tonometry

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63
Q

What is a Schirmer tear test?

A

It is used to determine if the eye is producing sufficient tears to keep it moist. A strip of filter paper is paced under the lower lid and the number of tears is absorbed over a five-minute period is measured

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64
Q

What tests are used for hormonal/glandular disorder?

A

Thyroid update and scans, fine needle aspirate, and parotid sialography

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65
Q

What are the 3 classifications of nodules found on a thyroid scan?

A

cold, functional, and hot

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66
Q

What is a procedure where a needle is inserted into the thyroid nodule and obtaining cells and/or fluid for pathological diagnosis?

A

fine needle aspirate (FNA)

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67
Q

What is a parotid dialogrpahy

A

used in the diagnosis and management of parotid lesions. It involves the injection of a contrast material into the parotid duct. Pa and lateral x-rays are performed.

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68
Q

What is a MIBG scan

A

useful for diagnosing pheochromocytoma and neuroblastomas. It involves the injection of MIGB and a specialist scanner is used.

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69
Q

diagnostic test for placement of tubes and in-dwelling lines

A

ultrasound, x-ray

70
Q

diagnostic test for pneumonia, atelectasis

A

x-ray

71
Q

diagnostic test for shortness of breath, asthma, COPD, interstitial lung disease, chronic cough

A

x-ray, pulmonary function test (PFTs), CT

72
Q

diagnostic test for Bronchiectasis

A

x-ray, ct

73
Q

diagnostic test for pneumothorax

A

x-ray, ct

74
Q

diagnostic test for blebs and bullae

A

x-ray, ct

75
Q

diagnostic test for foreign body, aspiration

A

x-ray, ct and bronchoscopy

76
Q

diagnostic test for trauma

A

x-ray, ct

77
Q

diagnostic test for asbestosis

A

x-ray, ct

78
Q

diagnostic test for hemoptysis

A

x-ray, ct, bronchoscopy

79
Q

diagnostic test for mediastinal mass

A

ct with contrast

80
Q

diagnostic test for pulmonary nodules

A

ct, x-ray

81
Q

diagnostic test for lung tumor

A

x-ray, ct, bronchoscopy

82
Q

diagnostic test for localization of pleural effusion before thoacentisis

A

x-ray, ultrasound

83
Q

diagnostic test for interstitial lung disease

A

ct, PFTs

84
Q

diagnostic test for pulmonary embolus

A

CTA, V/Q scan

85
Q

What is a laryngoscopy

A

a specialized instrument inserted through the nose or mouth to visualize the pharynx, larynx, and vocal cords. This is a way to get a biopsy.

86
Q

Uses a fiberoptic endoscope to examine the structures in the chest between and in front of the lungs. It requires a small incision for insertion of the endoscope and is used when CT guided biopsy cannot be done.

A

mediastinoscopy

87
Q

What is a transbronchial needle biopsy?

A

done during bronchoscopy for accessible lung lesions. allows the physician to remove foreign objects or provide laser and other treatments

88
Q

What is a thoracentesis?

A

an invasive procedure performed when fluid accumulates between the visceral and parenteral pleura. a needle attached to a syringe is inserted into the pleural space to remove the fluid

89
Q

What is a procedure that utilizes fluoroscopy and intravenous contrast injected into a catheter inserted into the femoral vein and guided into the pulmonary artery to visualize or to exclude pulmonary embolus, to identify vascular anomalies or to delineate vessels before surgery.

A

pulmonary angiogrpahy

90
Q

what is oxygen saturation

A

it measures the percentage of red blood cells “saturated” with oxygen. It is measured with a pulse oximeter that is attached to the index finger and measures oxygen based on hwo red blood cells absorb and reflect light.

91
Q

What are the measurements for the pulmonary function tests?

A
  1. forced vital capacity (FVC)
  2. forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV1)
  3. FEV1/FVC ratio
  4. diffusing capacity (DLCO)
92
Q

What is the item that measures the maximum volume of air exhaled after deep inspiration

A

forced vital capacity (FVC)

93
Q

Define pulmonary function tests

A

record the movement of air into and out of lungs and plot it against time.

94
Q

What is the diffusing capacity (DLCO)?

A

a measure of the ability of inhaled carbon monoxide to move out of the lungs and into the blood. It gives important information about the gas exchanging capacity of the lungs

95
Q

What is a polysomnography?

A

Aka sleep study–is used to confirm a diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome.

96
Q

What is recorded during a sleep study?

A
  1. EEG to observe sleep stages
  2. electro-oculogram (EOG) to record eye movement
  3. respiratory effort
  4. airflow
  5. oxygen saturation
  6. electrocardiogram
  7. body position
  8. submental and anterior tibialis movements
  9. noises, including snoring
97
Q

Information the sleep study provides

A
  1. total sleep time and efficiency
  2. the percentage of time in each sleep stage
  3. time it takes to get to sleep (sleep latency)
  4. arousals from sleep
  5. the number of obstructive apneas, hypopneas, and central apneas
98
Q

What is the test that is used to diagnose TB?

A

purified protein derivative

99
Q

What is sputum for analysis?

A

collected after a deep cough or suctioned from bronchial tubes and placed in a sterile container. It is observed for the presence of blood and color and is sent for culture.

100
Q

What is a routine screening test for breast cancer?

A

mammography

101
Q

What are the limitations of a mammogram?

A

dense breast tissue, implants, skill of the radiologist, and misses 10-20% of clinically palpable breast cancer

102
Q

What are the biopsy techniques for breast cancer?

A

Fine needle aspirate, stereotactic biopsy, and open surgical biopsy/excisional biopsy

103
Q

diagnostic test of most cardiac problems

A

chest x-ray, EKG, stress test, echocardiography

104
Q

diagnostic test of left ventricular ejection fraction

A

echocardiography, myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI)

105
Q

diagnostic test of congestive heart failure

A

chest x-ray, echocardiography

106
Q

diagnostic test for thoracic aneurysm

A

CTA, echocardiography

107
Q

diagnostic test for aortic aneurysm

A

CTA, ultrasound

108
Q

diagnostic test for coronary artery ischemia

A

EKG, cardiac catheterization, MRA, CTA

109
Q

diagnostic test for Arrhythmias

A

EKG, holter/event monitor, stress test, EP testing

110
Q

diagnostic test for congenital heart disease

A

chest x-ray, echocardiography, cardiac catheterization

111
Q

diagnostic test for endocarditis/pericarditis

A

echocardiography

112
Q

diagnostic test for valvular disease

A

echocardiography

113
Q

diagnostic test for PVD/ claudication

A

doppler ultrasonography, ankle-brachial index

114
Q

diagnostic test for carotid bruit

A

doppler ultrasonography, CTA

115
Q

diagnostic test for deep vein thrombosis

A

doppler venous ultrasonography

116
Q

What is stress testing?

A

They are performed to test for coronary heart disease–uses exercise EKG testing

117
Q

What is an echocardiograms?

A

a transducer send the sound waves across the chest wall.

118
Q

What is a transesophageal echo (TEE)?

A

allows imaging of the heart in all planes without the interference of the chest wall. The transducer is positioned in the esophagus to allow better visualization.

119
Q

a study that is done to assess significant arrhythmias

A

Electrophysiological (EP) mapping

120
Q

What is a Holter monitor

A

an ambulatory electrocardiogram (EKG)

The leads are applied to the chest and continual or periodic EKGs are recorded for 24 hours or longer. An event monitor is used when patients can detect the onset of their symptoms. Clients keep a journal of what they are doing and the EKG results are compared to the journal

121
Q

What is an endomyocardial biopsy?

A

a rare procedure done by catheterization of the right or left heart. An instrument is added tot he catheter that excises small samples of tissue, which are sent for pathology

122
Q

What is the most common x-ray for the abdomen?

A

flat plate of the abdomen or KUB

123
Q

3 types of radionuclide scans for the analysis of abdominal organs

A

gastric emptying, reflux testing and cholescintigraphy

124
Q

Endoscopic exams for the diagnosis and treatment of the abdominal pathology

A

laparoscopy, gastroscopy, colonoscopy, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and video capsule endoscopy

125
Q

What is a laparoscopy

A

a small incision is made near the navel and carbon dioxide is pumped in to move the abdominal wall and separate the surrounding structures. The scope is then inserted and the structures of the abdomen can be examined.

126
Q

What is a video capsule enoscopy

A

a wireless imaging device that is swallowed and sensors are placed at various points on the abdomen wall that receive jpeg images that are stored in a recorder for later viewing

127
Q

What is the ERCP

A

A long endoscope that enters from the mouth into the stomach and duodenum. A tube is passed through the endoscope that allows for injection of dye into the binary ducts and pancreas.

128
Q

procedure where a radiologist inserts a needle through the skin and liver into the hepatic duct and injecting dye. The biliary tree is then visualized by x-ray.

A

percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography

129
Q

What is a peroral pneumocolon

A

an x-ray of the terminal ileum and right colon done by insufflating air through a small catheter inserted into the rectum just as orally ingested barium reaches the right colon.

130
Q

What is the fecal occult blood (FOB)

A

Aka guaiac test

a screening test fone to detect blood in tool.

131
Q

what are the ways to complete blood imaging

A

indium scan
bone marrow biopsy
aspiration

132
Q

diagnostic test for calculus

A

KUB, CT

133
Q

diagnostic test for hematuria

A

intravenous pyelogram (IVP), cystoscopy, CT

134
Q

diagnostic test for renal trauma

A

CT with contrast

135
Q

diagnostic test for hydronephrosis/obstruction

A

ultrasound, CT, IVP

136
Q

diagnosis test for renal vein thrombosis

A

CTA, MRI

137
Q

diagnosis test for probable cyst as incidental finding on IVP or CT

A

ultrasound

138
Q

diagnostic test for probable mass found on IVP

A

CT, MRI

139
Q

diagnostic test for polycystic kidney disease

A

CT, US

140
Q

diagnostic test for bladder tumor

A

cystoscopy, CT with contrast

141
Q

diagnostic test for renal artery stenosis

A

captopril renal scan, CTA, MRA

142
Q

What is an intravenous pyelogram (IVP)

A

a contrast agent to provide detailed images of the collecting system, calyces, and renal pelvis of the kidneys, and images the ureters

143
Q

What is a scan done to evaluate blood flow to the kidneys, to image the kidneys and to observe renal function

A

radionuclide renal scan

144
Q

What is a cystoscopy

A

the insertion of a flexible cystoscope into the bladder to look for causes of bladder dysfunction or inflammatory or malignant causes of hematuria

145
Q

diagnostic test for fracture, subluxation of the spine

A

x-ray, CT

146
Q

diagnostic test for occult fracture

A

CT

147
Q

diagnostic test for stress fracture, occult hip fracture

A

CT

148
Q

diagnostic test for bone/mineral loss

A

DEXA scan

149
Q

diagnostic test for metastases

A

x-ray, ct, bone scan,PET

150
Q

diagnostic test for osteomyelitis

A

x-ray, ct bone scna, MRI

151
Q

diagnostic test for back pain with radiculopathy, herniated disc

A

x-ray, mri, myelography, CT

152
Q

diagnostic test for arthritis

A

x-ray

153
Q

diagnostic test for spinal tumor

A

MRI

154
Q

diagnostic test for shoulder pain

A

x-ray, MRI

155
Q

diagnostic test for neurogenic claudication

A

MRI, CT

156
Q

diagnostic test for temporal bone, cholesteatoma

A

CT

157
Q

diagnostic test for myelopathy

A

MRI

158
Q

diagnostic test for carpal tunnel syndrome

A

nerve conduction tests

159
Q

what is a dual x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan?

A

a painless screening test done to evaluate bone mass and monitor therapeutic intervention–it is reported as a T score

160
Q

diagnostic test for pelvic or scrotal pain

A

ultrasound

161
Q

diagnostic test for uterine fibroids

A

pelvic ultrasound

162
Q

diagnostic test for cervical, uterine, ovarian cancer

A

ultrasound, CT, MRI

163
Q

diagnostic test for follow up for abnormal pap smear

A

colposcopy

164
Q

diagnostic test for abnormal uterine bleeding

A

ultrasound

165
Q

diagnostic test for enometriosis

A

ultrasound, laparoscopy

166
Q

diagnostic test for prostate

A

ultrasound

167
Q

diagnostic test for testicular/scrotal masses

A

doppler ultrasound

168
Q

diagnostic test for postvoid residual urine

A

catheter insertion after voiding, ultrasound

169
Q

what is a hysterosonography?

A

an ultrasound done after saline is infused into the uterus via a catheter. The saline acts to distend the uterus and provide contrast to outline the uterus

170
Q

involves the insertion of a small, lighted tube through the vagina and into the uterus to allow visualization of the uterine lining. Endometrial biopsy can be done during this procedure

A

hysteroscopy

171
Q

What is a transrectal ultrasound?

A

a probe is inserted into the rectum

allows for measurement of prostate volume, detection of prostate masses, and to guide prostate biopsy

172
Q

What is a uroflowmetry

A

the individual urinates into a special toilet equipped with an uroflow meter. It measures the flow or urine per second that is then graphed.

ALU (4 decks)

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