Alternative Investments Flashcards
Real Assets
Associated with investments that directly control non financial assets & represent actual rights to consumption. May invest in real estate, timberland, infrastructure & intangible assets.
Hedge Funds
Private investment vehicles subject to minimal regulation & able to pursue unique investment opportunities using derivatives, leverage, short positions, & others.
Commodities
Investments include physical commodity ownership, forward or futures contracts, securities of commodity producers & exchange-traded funds.
Private Equity
Investments include debt & equities securities not publicly traded. May invest in venture capital, leveraged buyouts, mezzanine debt & distressed debt.
Structured Products
Create a specific risk, return, tax or other profile buy segmenting cash flows of traditional investments or linking returns to one or more market values. Ex. collateralized debt obligations & credit derivatives
Alternative Investments
- Real Assets
- Hedge Funds
- Commodities
- Private Equity
- Structured Products
Regulatory structures
Government regulation & taxation
Securities structres
Methods of cash flow securitization & the resulting tradable units
Trading structures
Development & execution of trading strategies utilized by investment managers the resulting performance impact of the strategies
Compensation structures
Arrangements that impact a manager’s fees, exposure to investment’s performance & conflicts of interest with investors.
Institutional structures
Financial institutions and markets that affect the ownership and trading of a particular investment.
Return Characteristics
- Diversifiers b/c low or no correlation with traditional assets
- Illiquid & lumpy b/c immediate transactions occur at lower prices than for an equivalent liquid asset
- Abnormal return distributions b/c infrequent trading, nonlinear payoffs & leverage
Alternative Investing Goals
- Active management
- Absolute & relative return generation
- Arbitrage
- Return enhancement
- Return diverisfication
Absolute Returns
Evaluated against a standard of zero or the risk-free rate
Relative Returns
Evaluated against a risky benchmark return
Buy-side Institutions
Asset managers that focus on acquiring appropriate securities for their investment portfolios
Plan Sponsors
Organizations that fund a health care or retirement plan for qualified members. Manages plan assets to meet obligations & determines membership requirements & plan structure.
Foundations
Nonprofit funds established to support specific charitable activities on a continuing basis while maintaining real value of portfolio assets. Typically have long investment horizons, high-risk tolerance & low liquidity needs.
Endowments
Funds dedicated to providing financial support on an ongoing basis for a specific purpose. Typically have long investment horizons, high-risk tolerance & low liquidity needs.
Family Office/Private Wealth Institutions
Investment firms whose client base consists of high net worth families
Sovereign/Non-federal Wealth Funds
Pools of assets owned by a government & typically managed by central bank. Purpose is to stabilize economy, provide potential resource for future crises & provide future goods & services to citizens.
Alternative Investment Fund
Includes hedge funds, fund of funds, private equity funds & commodity trading advisers. Typically structured as limited partnerships & utilize sophisticated trading strategies. Performance-based fees reward top-performing general partners.
Separately Managed Accont
Portfolio owned by a single investor & managed according to their preferences. No shares are issued b/c single investors owns the entire account.
Sell-Side Institutions
Focus on selling investment research & transaction execution services rather than managing accounts.
Dealer Banks
Underwrite & trade securities & derivatives. Often operate their own hedge funds & private equity funds. Engage in proprietary trading, off-balance sheet financing & over-the-counter derivatives trading. May offer account management services or serve as prime brokers. Large dealer banks have the potential to influence overall health of financial markets.
Retail Brokers
Generate investment research & execute securities traders for customers. Engage in proprietary trading.
Front office responsibilities: client meetings to decide investment strategy.
Middle office: managing risk & linking front & back office communication.
Back office: account maintenance, information technology & clearing/settling all trades.
Outside Service Providers
Provide professional services vital to the formation & continued operation of alternative investment funds.
Prime Brokers
Executes trades on behalf of investment managers, lend securities to short, provide research, provide account statements & other documentation & provide financing. Allow managers to transact with multiple broker dealers & transact in multiple investment types within a single account.
Auditors/Accountants
Review all documentation for accounting issues & provide tax advice to managers creating funds. Audits fund records, provides tax & compensation advice & prepares financial statements once fund is operational.
Attorneys
Provide legal advice regarding optimal fund structure. Maintain regulatory registrations. Prepare documents (private-placement memoranda, offering documents, partnership agreements, subscription agreements & management company operating agreements).
Fund Administrators
Verify operation controls, assets under management & performance figures. May also be key figure with regard to tax issues & audit preparation.
Hedge Fund Infrastructure
Reduce complexity of operating a hedge fund by providing platforms, software & data.
Consultants
Provide portfolio allocation & investment manager selection advice. May also help identify client investment objectives & provide ongoing monitoring of portfolios and managers.
Depositories/Custodians
Hold client assets & provide information services, trade clearance & trade settlement.
Commercial Banks
Assist with capital management & provide loans, lines of credit & external credit enhancement.
Financial Markets
- Primary markets
- Secondary markets
- Third markets
- Fourth markets
- Private markets
Primary Markets
Relate to the sale of new security issues. New equity issues involve initial public offerings & seasoned issues or secondary issues.For traditional securities, an investment bank serves as the underwriter, taking on responsibility for origination, risk bearing & distribution. Role = often an exit strategy for alternative investments. Global primary market securities include American Depository Receipts & Global Depository Receipts.
Secondary Markets
Where securities trade after initial issuance. Provide liquidity and price/value information. This market lowers costs of capital for firms raising external capital in the primary market. Consist of both physical exchanges & over the counter markets.
Securitization
Process of pooling assets & then issuing new securities that derive cash flows from the pool. May be publicly listed or unlisted & vary in terms of liquidity.
Call Markets
Only allow securities to trade at specific times. All trades, bids & asks are declared. One negotiated price is set that clears the market.