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Alternative Crops > Alternative Cereals > Flashcards

Alternative Cereals Flashcards

1
Q

How can plants of use for us be categorized?

A

Cereals and Pseudocereals
Grain legumes
Tuber crops
Oilseeds
Industrial crops
Fiber crops
Medicinal palnts and stimulants
Fruits, veggies
Alt. Cropping Systems

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2
Q

True Cereals versus Pseudocereals

A

A cereal is any of the edible components of the grain of cultivated grass, composed of the endosperm, germ and bran. True cereals are (mostly) grasses, whereas pseudocereals are non-grasses but used in much the same way as cereals

p. 19

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3
Q

Examples of cereals

A

Wheat
Barley
Rye
Rice
Oats

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4
Q

Examples of Pseudocereals

A

Quinoa
Amaranth
Buckwheat

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5
Q

Triticum wild and cultivated forms

A

See page 7 + 8

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6
Q

Advantages of alternative cereals

A

Einkorn, Emmer, Spelt
- higher general resistance to diseases than common cereals
- lower effect of fertilizers compared to common cereals
- well suitable for organic production
- high dietary and health quality of the processed products
- organic + healthy = good market chances as niche products

Durum wheat
- choice for hot / dry summer areas and semolina (‘Griess’)

Emmer, Spelt, Triticale
- alternative sources to feed cattle

Einkorn
- “Suitable for celiac patients”

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7
Q

Wild - Einkorn

A

Triticum boeticum

Genome:
diploid, AA
2n = 14

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8
Q

Kultur-Einkorn

A

Triticum monococcum

Genom:
diploid, AA, 2n = 14

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9
Q

Wild-Emmer

A

Triticum dicoccoides
Genom:
tetraploid, AA BB, 2n = 28

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10
Q

Kultur-Emmer

A

Triticum dicoccum
weisser Emmer
blauer Emmer

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11
Q

Spelt / Dinkel

A

Tritcum aestivum sp. spelta

Genome similar to bread wheat

2n 0 6x = 42, AABBDD Genome

Thousand kernel wight TKW ~40g (grain weight 40 mg; like wheat)

Spike rachis breaks, husks (Spelzen) fixed

Winter spelt usually without awns (Grannen); summer spelt with awns

Long straw, plants are much higher than wheat plants, small harvest index, spikes often more slender than in wheat

More intense tillering, but strong reduction towards harvest

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12
Q

Triticale

A

Triticosecale spp.

Important forage cereal; when created the aim was to produce bread

1888 Rimpau (D) did first bastardisation of wheat and rye (hexaploid)

1968 first cultivars registered; main production today in poland and china

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13
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of perennial cereals

A

Putative (mutmasslich, vermeintlich) advantages:
- optimized resource use efficiency
- minimized soil erosion
- increase in carbon capture and storage below ground

Disadvantages:
- Optimizing these systems will take a long time (3 years generation time)
- More difficult to control diseases

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14
Q

Thinopyrum intermedium
Pros and cons

A

Intermediate wheatgrass, perennial

Pros:
- perennial
- prevents erosion

Cons:
- low yield
- How to treat plant diseases if they come up?

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15
Q

Definition of Pseudocereal

A

Dictyledonous plant that can be used (and traded) as a cereal - Seeds can be ground to flour and contain lots of carbohydrates

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16
Q

Amaranth

A

Family: Amaranthaceae

Several dozen species, e.g. Amaranthus caudatus

C4 plant

Short-day plant

2m tall

Seeds tiny (TKW 0.6 g)

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17
Q

History of Amaranth

A

Ancient crop originating in the Americas

largest acreage grown during peak of Aztec civilization in Mexico in 1400’s

Was important during religious ceremonies, in which men were sacrificed and was hence banned by conquistadors

Since 1800, grain amaranth has been cultivated again in scattered locations, including Mexico, Central America, India, Nepal, China and Eastern Africa

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18
Q

Products and Production of Amaranth

A

Grains rich in protein (high Lysine content) % fat

Grain yield of A. caudatus 1-4t/ha

Leafy vegetable (like spinach)

Forage crop (Fodder: 10t/ha dry mass)

Ornamental plant or weed (A. retroflexus or A. albus)

Requires fine seedbed; soil temp. at least 18 °C

Row width 75 cm; 30 plants / m2

Slow early vegetative growth (weed problems)

Drought tolerant; 200 mm rain/a for good yield

Responds well to high light and temperatures

harvesting after frost and some days dry wather (flowers until frost; otherwise plant too moist in our latitudes)

Seeds need to be dried to less than 11% moisture

19
Q

Chenopodium quinoa
Pros and Cons

A

Pro:
- Valuable proteins
- cold tolerant (high altitudes)

Cons:
- no gluten (no bread)
- small seeded (difficult for automated sowing

20
Q

Quinoa - more details

A

Family Chenopodiaceae; 45 - 200 cm high

Native to the Mountains of Bolivia, Chile, Peru, also called Inca rice

Quinoa: “mother grain” in Inca language

Has been eaten for 5000 years as staple food of Inca people; still important today

Small seeds (2-3 mm), yield 3 - 5 t/ha

Cool temperatures tolerated; grows up to 3000 m elevation; 90 - 125 d to harvest

Seed coat with bitter saponin compounds is removed prior to consumption

high content of minerals, essential Aas

Highly branched root, 200 - 400 mm H2O/a

21
Q

Grain composition in Quinoa

A

highly nutritious food

protein quality and quantity in quinoa seed is often superior to those of more common cereal grains

Water: 12.6%
Crude Protein: 13.8%
Fat: 5%
Carbohydrates: 59.7%
Fiber: 4.1%
Ash: 3.4%

See page 26 for comparison with other cereals

22
Q

Buckwheat classification

A

Fagopyrum esculentum

Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Polygonaceae
Genus: Fagopyrum
Species:
F. esculentum
F. tataricum
F. cymosum

23
Q

History of Buckwheat

A

Buckwheat originates in the Tibetan plateau or nerby mountains of Yunnan, southwest China. There are 16 wild species of Fagopyrum, all focused on the Himalayan and southwest China region

Dissemination to Europe easy due to short vegetation period, which allows for a cultivation during sumemr time. Additionally, it’s well adapted to temperate-warm climates

Traditionally grown in south of Switzerland (val Poschiavo) and North of Italy (Valtellina) but then gradually abandoned

24
Q

Two major buckwheat species

A

Normal or sweet buckwheat
Fagopyrum esculentum

Tatar or bitter buckwheat
Fagopyrum tataricum

25
Q

Fagopyrum esculentum

A

originally from temperate regions of North-India & China

Grey od dark-brown seeds, low phenol contents

SD or photoperiodic neutral plants

highly cold sensitive

vegetation period. 3- 4 months

plant height 60 - 80 cm

white-pink flowers

26
Q

Fagopyrum tataricum

A

originally from colder regions of North-India and China

Grey, brown or black seeds, smaller than those of F. esculentum

SD and photoperiodic neutral plants

vegetation period: 3-4 months

plant height up to 100 cm

small, light-green flowers

27
Q

Current global cultivation of Buckwheat

A

Global area harvested: 3 Mio ha

Total yield: 2.9 Mio t

Average yield: ca. 1t/ha

Top three countries are China, Russian Federation and France

28
Q

Reasons, why buckwheat declined in Europe

A

no yield improvements compared with other crops

low stability of the yield

low response to fertilization

irregular maturation of seeds therefore difficult to harvest

few registered cultivars, therefore no regular seed production

high fiber and tannin contents

risk of fagopyrismus (sickness in humans and livestock; skin irritation after eating buckwheat)

29
Q

Difficulty with buckwheat

A

it grows in lots of respects like a ‘wild plant’

Buckwheat is self-incompatible -> cross pollination

The plant flowers profusely, but only 10 - 20% of the flowers set seeds

Two tpes of flowers:
- thrum: short pistils, long stamens
- pin: long pistils, short stamens
- cross pollination occurs only between pin & thrum flowers

-> therefore breeding is very difficult

30
Q

Favorable crop rotation aspects (Buckwheat)

A

Buckwheat is self-compatible (year after year)

No major disease problems

Grows fast, covers weeds relatively rapidly

Preceeding crops: no special requirements

Good: fertilized root crops such as potato or sugar beet, also legumes or cereals

Succeeding crops: cereals; could be integrated relatively easily in existing crop rotations or be grown as second crop in July - October

31
Q

Breeding goals in Buckwheat

A

uniform flowering, seed-set and maturation

Improved lodging resistance (shorter stems)

no shattering of mature seeds

drought tolerance

cold tolerance

seed quality (taste)

yield stability

32
Q

Nutritional aspects of buckwheat

A

Starch makes up more than 50% of the total dry matter of seed -> high content of carbohydrates

Buckwheat proteins have higher biological value than those of cereals because of their high lysine levels

Does not contain gluten -> Gluten free products rising in demand

Buckwheat bran is a rich source of dietary fiber

High levels of anti-oxidants

33
Q

Buckwheat compounds

A

Triangular seeds are used to make flour after being removed from the husk

100 g of buckwheat -> ~ 300 Kcal

Composition of buckwheat flour:
60 - 70% carbohydrate
10 - 12% protein
ca. 2% fat
4 - 10% fiber
11% water
2% minerals

34
Q

Current uses of buckwheat

A

Primarily used for human consumption in form of
- breakfast cereals
- pancake mixes
- part of breads
- galettes
- soba noodles
- Pizzoccheri
- cooked like polenta

35
Q

Current use in Switzerland - Buckwheat

A

use as fodder plant or as cover crop

36
Q

Buckwheat fruits

A

Nucule: brown or silver-gray, triangular, half-size of a wheat seed

some plants set well over 200 seeds, others set only 10 to 20 seeds

37
Q

Cultivation of buckwheat: environment & soil

A

temperature sums of 1000 - 1200 °C until maturity, base T °C

Very short begetation period of 10 - 12 weeks

chilling sensitive

optimal growth temperatures: 15 - 25°C; seed set and yield reduces markedly when T>25°C (high temperature sensitivity)

Relatively low water requirements, but yield reduces markedly in drought stress

well adapted to different types of soil; preference for well drained, light and losse soils

Buckwheat tolerates salt stress up to 100 mM and is tolerant to acidity (optimal pH value: 5.3 - 7)

38
Q

What does buckwheat doesn’t like?

A

Hard soil
Flooding and crusting before the first true lieves expand
Even light frost is lethal. A frost will kill the leaves and stems, so the crop must then be harvested immediately
High temperatures during early flowering can prevent seed set (called heat blasting)
in dry weather, rapid transpiration causes the plants to wilt even if soil moisture is adequate
Defoliation by deer, hail or mowing eliminates yield
Most herbicides cause serious injury

39
Q

Cultivation technique in buckwheat - seedbed and sowing

A

Seedbed: fine structure, without weeds

Sowing:
- late sowing: higher percentage of unfertilized flowers, higher risk of lodging, seeds located mainly on main stem and first axillary branches
- early sowing: flowering and maturation delayed, flowering period reduced, maturation more uniform, seeds located mainly on secondary axillary branches

Yields are higher when sown early

40
Q

Sowing date
Seed quantity
sowing depth
distance between rows
-> Buckwheat

A

Sowing date: mid may - mid june (soil temperature 10 - 12°C), as second crop: sowing until end of june

Seed quantity: 80 kg/ha (drilling)

Sowing depth: 2 - 4 cm

Distance between rows: 10 - 45 cm

41
Q

Fertilization in buckwheat

A

Low nutritive requirements
- good capacity to acquire nutrients from soil, especially P
- addition of manure is feasible
- High levels of nitrogen result in excessive vegetative development, lodging and reduced seed set
- fairly high level of P is necessary to set seeds and mature

N: 30 - 80 kg/ha at early vegetation stage
P: 60 - 80 kg/ha (in autumn)
K: 60 - 80 kg/ha (in autumn)
not needed if soil has high content of P2O5 and K2O

42
Q

Harvest of buckwheat

A

For seed use: 80 - 90 days after sowing, when 75% of seeds are mature and first larger seeds start to shatter

For use as forage: Two months after sowing (during full flowering)

43
Q

Harvesting procedures in buckwheat

A

Today buckwheat is usually harvested with a regular combine. The more ‘green plants’, the more often the harvester needs to be cleaned from plants that got stuck in the cutter. Harvest has to be done prior to first frost event, but not too early in the season (plants have to be dry)

Alternative Crops (8 decks)

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