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Pathophysiology > Altered Immunity > Flashcards

Altered Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Immune Defense

A

Third line of defense
Recognition and neutralization of foreign substances
Specific immune response
Immunologic memory

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2
Q

Antigen

A

The enemy
Invades body

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3
Q

How does body identify pathogens?

A

Surface proteins

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4
Q

inflammation

A

nonspecific response

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5
Q

immunity

A

Specificity & memory

Body acts faster against pathogen second and third time

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6
Q

memory

A

remember the antigen & act faster the next time the antigen is introduced​

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7
Q

Specificity

A

recognizes one specific antigen​

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8
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Leukocyte

appears when inflammatory reactions are old

Demolish tissue debris and microbes

Help the repair process to begin

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9
Q

What are T cells and B cells?

A

Lymphocytes

Differentiate between two different processes.

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10
Q

what is another name for immunoglobulins?

A

antibodies

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11
Q

T-cells

A

lymphocytes that pass through the thymus gland

Attack antigen directly

cell mediated immunity

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12
Q

immune system does not function without

A

T and B cells

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13
Q

Master switch of immune system

A

Helper T cells

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14
Q

cell mediated immunity

A

pathogen has gotten into cells, results in recognition and destruction of cells carrying non self antigens

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15
Q

B-cells

A

lymphocytes pass through bone marrow (more humoral)

produces antibodies that enter blood & react with antigen

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16
Q

Skids

A

babies born without Bs ot Ts, constantly getting infections ​

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17
Q

Lymphocyte Progenitor Cells

A

T lymphocytes

B Lymphocytes

Natural Killer Cells

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18
Q

T lymphocytes

A

Cytotoxic- CD8

Helpers- CD4

Suppressor

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19
Q

Igg

A

allergies

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20
Q

Ige

A

parasites

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21
Q

Lymphatics

A

Important in establishing the immune response​

Central organs, bone marrow, and thymus​

Peripheral organs: spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphoid tissue​

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22
Q

Why do lymph nodes get big?

A

they bring everything up to help fight infection

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23
Q

Why is removing spleen bad?

A

puts people at high risk for infection for rest of life

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24
Q

lymphatic system encourages

A

filtration process

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25
Q

Innate Immunity

A

Nonspecific​

Involves inflammatory processes

physical barriers, chemical barriers, cellular defenses

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26
Q

functions of innate immunity

A

prevention of:
microbe colonization entry spread

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27
Q

Adaptive Immune process

A

Targets a specific antigen​

Involves T and B lymphocytes​

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28
Q

Physical barriers of innate immunity

A

skin, cornea, mucous membrane of the respiratory system, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract

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29
Q

Innate Immunity – first responders​

A

present at birth of species​

first to respond when an invader enters the body​

The primary cells included are macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells. Which are rapid responders to macroorganisms that pose a threat to the immune system

30
Q

Adaptive immunity characteristics

A

Specificity
Diversity
Memory
Self and non-self recognition​

31
Q

active immunity

A

part of adaptive immunity

Development of antibodies to an antigen

Achieved by having a specific disease or vaccine​

32
Q

passive immunity

A

Immunity transfer from host to recipient​

Achieved via mother–infant transfer (placenta or breast milk) or injection of antibody​

33
Q

Humoral immunity (adaptive immunity)

A

B-lymphocytes

Primary/secondary adaptive immune response​

34
Q

B-lymphocytes

A

Antibodies secreted from plasma cells IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM-main​

Memory cells – take 4-5 days to develop​

35
Q

Primary adaptive immune response​

A

Activation with first recognition of a specific antigen​

36
Q

Secondary adaptive immune response​

A

Reactivation with later recognition of the same antigen​

37
Q

3 ways antibodies protect cells from pathogens​

A

bind
activate
promote

38
Q

bind

A

Bind pathogen to the antibody​

39
Q

activate

A

Activate complement system​

40
Q

promote

A

Promote phagocytosis​

41
Q

cell mediated immunity

A

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes: CD8​

Helper T lymphocytes (TH1, TH2): CD4​

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)​

42
Q

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)​

A

MHC class 1 molecules (CD8)​

MHC class 2 molecules (CD4)​

Also known as human leukocyte antigen (HLA)​

43
Q

Process of Altering Immune Function​

A

Host defense failure​

Hypersensitivity​

Autoimmunity​

Alloimmunity

44
Q

Host defense failure​

A

Antigenic variation

Viral latency

Immunodeficiency

45
Q

Hypersensitivity​

A

Type 1 (immediate) hypersensitivity reaction – IgE​ anaphylactic reaction

Type II antibody-mediated hypersensitivity reaction – drug reaction; transfusion reaction​

Type III immune complex–mediated reaction – Autoimmune disease​

Type IV cytotoxic T lymphocyte–mediated

46
Q

Autoimmunity

A

Failure to distinguish self from nonself​

Causes damage to specific organs or to the entire system​

For some reason recognition gets altered and the thyroid is not ok, body attacks it and damages body

47
Q

alloimmunity

A

Graft rejection​

Graft versus host disease​

Sometimes when you put organ in it rejects the person​

If someone get an organ you have to be on meds forever​

48
Q

Treatment of maladaptive immune responses​

A

Anti-inflammatory drugs​-Corticosteroids​

Cytotoxic drugs​-Methotrexate​

Biologic injection/infusion​

49
Q

Immune response in disease management​

A

Using the body’s immune system to attack pathologic cells
​- cancer treatment

50
Q

Immune response in the prevention of disease​

51
Q

Anaphylactic Reaction - Pathophysiology​

A

Exaggerated systemic immune response due to a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction​

Triggers​- Insect stings, Food allergies, Drug allergies​

52
Q

what happens during anaphylaxes?

A

Swelling airway (bronchoconstriction- close)- give drugs that broncho dilate (open up)​

Vasodilation and blood pressure drop​

53
Q

Anaphylactic Reaction Pathophysiology ​

A

Antigen exposure stimulates an IgE-mediated response in a previously sensitized individual.​

Degranulation of mast cells and basophils causes local and systemic responses. (inflammatory)​-

Dilation of vascular smooth muscle​

Constriction of bronchial smooth muscle​

Increase in vascular permeability​

54
Q

Anaphylactic Reaction Clinical Manifestations​

A

Phase 1 & 2

55
Q

Phase 1 (anaphylactic reaction)

A

Difficulty breathing​

Skin flushing and itching​

Angioedema​

56
Q

Phase 2 (anaphylactic reaction)

A

Difficulty breathing​

Severe hypotension​

Severe edema

57
Q

Anaphylactic Reaction Diagnostic Criteria​

A

History and physical examination​

Allergy testing

58
Q

Anaphylactic Reaction Treatment​

A

Symptomatic
Preventative

59
Q

Symptomatic (anaphylactic reaction treatment)

A

Drugs to relax bronchial smooth muscle​

Drugs to constrict vascular smooth muscle​

Limit inflammation​

epinepherine

60
Q

Preventative (anaphylactic reaction treatment)

A

Desensitization to allergen​

61
Q

Rh factor means are patient + or -, usually with O blood ppl​

Moms (–) dad (-) baby +​

Antibodies develop mom is ok​

First baby is good

A

Second baby antibodies will attack mom because its positive and mom is negative​

​

Mom needs to be desensitized by Rhogam or else​

62
Q

Rh Isoimmunization:​
Pathophysiology​

A

Type II cytotoxic antibody-mediated reaction​

Direct antigen-antibody hypersensitivity reaction involving the Rho(D) antigen on red blood cells​

Antibodies against the Rh antigen (anti-D) attack red blood cells causing hemolysis​

Often occurs in Rh-negative mothers exposed to fetal Rh-positive antigen​

63
Q

fetal affects (Rh Isoimmunization)

A

Anemia​

Hydrops (edema)​

Death

64
Q

infants (Rh Isoimmunization)

A

Kernicterus (bilirubin deposits in brain)​

Lethargy​

Hearing loss​

Cerebral palsy​

Learning problems​

65
Q

Rh Isoimmunization:​
Diagnostic Criteria​

A

History and physical examination​

Screening tests​-Identification of D antigen and anti-D antibodies​

Diagnostic tests​
-Amniocentesis to measure bilirubin​

-Fetal blood sampling to determine anemia​

66
Q

AIDS:​
Pathophysiology​

A

Altered host defense resulting from secondary immunodeficiency​

Infection of CD4 helper T lymphocytes with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)​

Results in loss of cell-mediated and humoral immunity due to loss of CD4 TH1 lymphocytes​

67
Q

AIDS:​
Clinical Manifestations​

A

Immunosuppression

opportunistic infections which can cause fungal infections and pnemonia

Kaposi sarcoma- cancer

68
Q

AIDS:​
Diagnostic Criteria​

A

History and physical examination​- Risk factors​, Signs and symptoms of infection​

Laboratory analysis- Detection of antibodies to HIV​, HIV viral load​, CD4 T helper lymphocyte cell counts​

69
Q

AIDS:​
Treatment​

A

Antiretroviral therapy (ART)​

Drugs used in combination​

70
Q

Antiretroviral therapy (ART)​

A

Suppress viral load​

Restore or preserve immune function​

Reduce morbidity and mortality​

71
Q

Drugs used in combination​

A

Reduce the development of drug resistance​

Pathophysiology (2 decks)

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