Alterations of Hematologic Function

Question 1

Anemia (definition)

Answer 1

the reduction in the total circulating red cell count or a decrease in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin

Question 2

What do anemias result from

Answer 2

blood loss
impaired RBC production
increased RBC destruction

Question 3

Two categories of anemia

Answer 3

megaloblastic and microcytic-hypochromic

Question 4

megaloblastic anemia

Answer 4

cells are challenged to make DNA, RNA still produced at normal speed. RBCs have an abnormal nucleus and the cell itself grows larger before the nucleus can accommodate. RBCs prematurely die

Question 5

Microcytic-hypochromic anemia

Answer 5

abnormally small erythrocytes that contain unusually amounts of hemoglobin.
Most common anemia: iron deficient anemia

Question 6

-cytic refers to

Answer 6

cell size

Question 7

-chromic refers to

Answer 7

hemoglobin content

Question 8

Anisocytosis is defined as

Answer 8

RBCs that are developed in various SIZES

Question 9

Poikilocytosis is defined as

Answer 9

RBCs that are developed in various SHAPES

Question 10

Pathophysiology related to anemia

Answer 10

reduced oxygen carrying capacity of RBCs — causes hypoxia

Question 11

Symptoms of mild anemia

Answer 11

problems for the individual during physical exertion

Question 12

Symptoms of progressive anemia

Answer 12

compensation in cardiovascular, respiratory, and hematologic systems

Question 13

Pernicious Anemia

Answer 13

type of megaloblastic anemia caused by B12 deficiency. Often associated with autoimmune issues and gastritis

Question 14

Pathophysiology related to pernicious anemia

Answer 14

absence of the intrinsic factor in the gut

Question 15

Environmental conditions that contribute to chronic gastritis

Answer 15

excessive alcohol or hot tea ingestion and smoking

Question 16

Clinical manifestations of pernicious anemia

Answer 16

weakness
fatigue
paresthesias of feet, fingers
difficulty walking
loss of appetite, abdominal pain
weight loss
sore tongue
beefy red glossitis
hepatomegaly (liver enlargement) and right sided heart failure
splenomegaly (spleen enlargement)

Question 17

Folate Deficiency anemia

Answer 17

caused by a deficiency in folic acid (folate)

Question 18

Does the body store folate for later use

Answer 18

no

Question 19

clinical manifestations of folate deficiency

Answer 19

severe cheilosis (scales and fissure of the lips and corners of the mouth)
stomatitis(inflammation of the mouth)
painful ulcerations of the buccal mucosa and tongue (burning mouth syndrome)
dysphagia
flatulence (large amounts of gas)
diarrhea

Question 20

causes of iron deficiency anemia

Answer 20

dietary deficiency
impaired absorption
increased need/demand
chronic blood loss

Question 21

IDA is a hypochromic-microcytic anemia (true or false)

Answer 21

true

Question 22

early symptoms of IDA

Answer 22

nonspecific (vague)

• fatigue
• weakness
• shortness of breath
• pale earlobes, palms, and conjuctivae

Question 23

progressive symptoms of IDA

Answer 23

brittle, thin, coarsely ridged and spoon shaped fingernails
burning mouth syndrome
soreness along with redness of the tongue and burning
difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)

Question 24

posthemorrhagic anemia

Answer 24

normocytic-normochromic anemia caused by acute blood loss

Question 25

clinical manifestations of blood loss (low volume)

Answer 25

``` low blood pressure low cardiac output low central venous pressure increased heart rate dyspnea low oxygen saturation fatigue ```

Question 26

hemolytic anemia is associated with...

Answer 26

premature accelerated destruction of RBCs

Question 27

clinical manifestations of hemolytic anemia

Answer 27

symptoms of any anemia with jaundice