Alterations of cardiovascular function Flashcards
What are the risk factors of varicose veins?
The risk factors include: age, female gender, family history, obesity, pregnancy, deep vain thrombosis, and prior leg injury.
How do you varicosities form?
Varicostities form by the obstruction of Venus flow leading to an increased in Venus pressure
How do venous stasis ulcers form?
If the blood is unable to return to the heart for reoxygenation, the blood will pool (remaining in one place for too long) and will eventually cause venous stasis ulcers.
What is the treatment for varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency (CVI)?
prevention includes elevate legs, compression stockings, and physical exercise. In regards to treatment of developed varicose veins it is a surgical procedure.
What is a thrombus and why are veins more susceptible to them versus arteries?
A thrombus is an attached blood clot to the vessel wall. Veins are more susceptible than arteries because they are smaller and can become clogged easily.
Explain the triad of virchow
The triad of virchow includes the three ways to promote thrombosis. Which includes venous stasis, venous endothelial damage, hypercoagulable states. venous stasis includes immobility, age, and heart failure. Venus endothelial damage includes trauma and IV meds. Hypercoagulable states includes inheritance, pregnancy, and hormone therapy.
How is thrombosis prevented, diagnosed, and treated?
To prevent thrombosis you must elevate the legs, maintain physical exercise, and utilize compression stockings. To diagnose thrombosis there will be evidence of pain and heaviness in the legs, restless leg syndrome, leg cramps and spasms, itchiness of the skin, varicose veins, swelling, and possible darkened leathery skin. Treatment of thrombosis is done with medication to break up the thrombosis and to thin the blood.
What is superior vena cava syndrome and what are the most common risk factors?
Superior vena cava syndrome is the blockage of the superior vena cava causing the back up of blood into the upper extremities and head. Common factors that cause this are cancers (that block the superior vena cava) and invasive therapies (such as central venous and pulmonary artery catheters).
What are the clinical manifestations of superior vena cava syndrome?
The clinical manifestations include facial edema and plethora and venous distention that is distal to the obstruction. So the venous distention would be seen on the chest and shoulder area of the patient.
What are the treatment options for non-malignant superior vena cava syndrome?
The treatment options for non-malignant superior vena cava syndrome include bypass, thombolysis (meds), stents (open).
How is hypertension defined?
The consistent elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure. The diagnosis is made between two separate visits to the doctor. Two readings are taken at least two minutes apart.
Compare primary and secondary hypertension.
Primary hypertension is caused from unknown sources, genetics, or environmental factors. Its risk factors include family history, diet, the intake of tobacco or alcohol, obesity, and glucose intolerance. In comparison to secondary hypertension, this is a result of another disease that raises peripheral resistance or cardiac output. For example kidney disease, adrenal corticoid tumors, and or drugs.
What are risk factors for primary hypertension?
Risk factors for primary hypertension include family history, diet, tobacco and alcohol intake, obesity, and/or glucose intolerance.
Be familiar with the classification of blood pressure for adults age 18 years and older.
A normal blood pressure is less than 120 systolic and less than 80 diastolic.
An elevated blood pressure is 120-129 systolic and less than 80 diastolic.
Stage one blood pressure is 130-139 systolic or 80-89 diastolic.
Stage two is a systolic pressure greater than 140 or a diastolic pressure greater than 90.
A hypertensive crisis is a systolic pressure greater than 180 and/or a diastolic pressure greater than 120.
What conditions make up metabolic syndrome?
Obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, and lipid disorders. The interaction between the three results in a higher risk for cardiovascular disease.
How does a shift in pressure-naturesis relationship contribute to hypertension?
The increasing blood pressure causes for a decrease of sodium exertion. The increased pressure is due to the increase in volume. (Where water goes salt goes.)
How does overactivity of the RAAS system contribute to hypertension?
The over activity increases salt and water retention but at the same time it resists the drop in blood pressure. This causes the hypertension and increase in volume.
How does obesity related changes contribute to hypertension?
Obesity increases the sympathetic nervous system activity. The sympathetic nervous system is known to increase blood pressure.
How does insulin resistance contribute to hypertension?
Insulin resistance decreases endothelial release of nitric oxide whose job is to decrease the blood pressure.
What can happen if hypertension is not controlled?
Cerebral edema, stroke, can then become encephalopathy.
Why is hypertension called the silent disease?
Because it may show no symptoms
How is hypertension diagnosed and treated?
Hypertension is diagnosed with two separate doctor visits. Each visit the blood pressure it will be taken two separate Times. The treatment for hypertension is a lifestyle change and if it does not alleviate the problem medication will be initiated if the patient is at stage two hypertension.
