Alterations in the Neurological System (CH 11) Flashcards
brain initiates what actions
voluntary and involuntary
Meninges (protection of the brain)
-each layer and what it does/where its located
Dura mater
-Outer layer
Subdural space
Arachnoid
-Middle layer
Subarachnoid space
-Contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Pia mater
-Adheres to the surface of the brain
CSF (protection of the brain)
-
- Cushion for brain and spine
- Formed constantly in the ventricles
- Flows through ventricles into subarachnoid space
- Equal amounts of CSF need to be produced and reabsorbed to maintain intracranial pressure (ICP)
Blood Brain Barrier (protection of the brain)
- Controls balance of electrolytes, glucose, and proteins in the brain
- Lipid-soluble substances can easily pass.
- Poorly developed in newborn children
4 functional areas of the brain
Cerebral Hemispheres
Diencephalon
Brain Stem
Cerebellum
Cerebral Blood Supply
autoregulated, maintained constant
Autoregulation (Increased carbon dioxide levels, decreased blood pH, decreased blood pressure) —all result in what?
immediate local vasodilation
Circle of Willis
- Arrangement formed by anastomoses between the major arteries
- Primary structure for CNS circulation
- Structure allows blood to pass even if an artery is occluded on either side (collateral circulation)
Neurons
regeneration?
where do they conduct impulses?
- Do not regenerate if neuronal body is damaged
- Conduct impulses throughout CNS PNS
Any disruption
in CNS physical structure, or action of neurotransmitters will lead to what?
alterations in normal neurological function
Intracranial Pressure (ICP)
Increase in blood, CSF, or edema of brain tissue causes increase in pressure in the brain.
Ischemia and eventual infarction of brain tissue
Increased ICP is common in many neurologic problems.
Brain hemorrhage, trauma, cerebral edema, infection, tumors, abnormal circulation of CSF
Intracranial Pressure (ICP)
why it occurs, what it can lead to, neurological problems caused by ICP
Increase in blood, CSF, or edema of brain tissue causes increase in pressure in the brain.
Ischemia and eventual infarction of brain tissue
Increased ICP is common in many neurologic problems.
Brain hemorrhage, trauma, cerebral edema, infection, tumors, abnormal circulation of CSF
what is compressed with ICP
Brain tissue is the only thing that can be compressed, CSF or intravascular blood (fluids) cannot be compressed, they can just increase in volume
Increased Intracranial Pressure
early signs
(picture in slides)
Decreasing level of consciousness, lethargy,
Decreased pupillary responses,
Severe headache,
Vomiting
increased ICP
late signs
(picture in slides)
Cushing Reflexes:
Increased Pulse Pressure
Decreased Heart Rate
Bradypnea (slow breathing rate)
