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Pathology Week 1 > Alterations In Pulmonary System > Flashcards

Alterations In Pulmonary System Flashcards

1
Q

Avatge CO2 concentration in blood

A

35-45 mm Hg/ 23-29 Meq/l

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2
Q

Average oxygen saturation in blood

A

95%-100%

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3
Q

Dyspnea

A

Subjective sensation of difficulty or uncomfortable breathing.
Ex: Asthma, pneumonia, Bronchiolitis

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4
Q

Orthopnea

A

Difficulty breathing while lying down

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5
Q

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

A

Difficulty of breathing at night, during sleep

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6
Q

Hyperpnoea

A
  • Abnormal breathing pattern
  • Increasing respiratory rate
  • Kussmaul respirations
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7
Q

Cheyne-stroke respirations

A
  • Irregular breathing with low pauses up to 60 sec (shallow and deep breathing)
    Ex: with head injury or end of life
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8
Q

Hypoventilation

A
  • Decreased respiratory rate
  • Triggering Hypercapnia (increased CO2 levels)
  • Body gets acidic from extra CO2
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9
Q

Hyperventilation

A
  • Increased respiratory rate
  • Triggering Hypocapnia (decreased CO2 levels)
  • Body gets alkaline from less CO2
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10
Q

Hemoptysis

A 
Bloody sputum (ריר) with coughing 
Ex: Tuberculosis, Cystic Fibrosis
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11
Q

Cyanosis

A
  • Blueish discoloration of skin and/or mucus
  • Decreased O2 circulation
  • Sign of pulmonary or circulatory disease
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12
Q

Clubbing / Acropaquia

A
  • Enlargement of fingernails, with some-like shape
  • Is the result of chronic Hypoxia
  • Sign of chronic pulmonary disease
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13
Q

Abnormal Sputum (ליחה/ריר)

A
  • Green, tan, purulent, Black, not clear, cough cough excretions
  • Sign of pulmonary disease
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14
Q

Hypercapnia

A

Increased of CO2 levels in the blood

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15
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Decreased oxygen levels in blood

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16
Q

Hypoxia

A

Decreased oxygen levels in tissues

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17
Q

Acute respiratory failur

A

Can’t breath independently, have to wear ventilator

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18
Q

Pulmonary edema

A

Excess fluid/water in lung space that comes from the blood vessels to the respiratory membrane. When there is too much of fluid and the membrane can’t hold it, it goes into the alveoli.
Classic signs: pick and frothy sputum, crackles, dyspnea.

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19
Q

Aspiration

A

Passage of fluid and or solid particles (חלקיקים) into the Bronchi

20
Q

Atelectasis

A

Collapsed alveoli, 2 kinds:

  • Compression (דחיסה)
  • Absorption (ספיגה)
21
Q

Compression atelectasis

A

External pressure, decreased compliance (inability-to breath well)
Example: tumor

22
Q

Absorption Atelectasis

A

Blockage of Bronchi, with removal of air from obstructed alveoli.
Signs: dyspnea, increase white blood cell count, gauging and fever if infected.
Ex: post-op patient

23
Q

Bronchiolitis

A

Inflammatory obstruction of small airways, most common in children.
Occurs in adults with chronic Bronchitis.
Results from viral or bacterial infection or inhalation of toxic gases.

24
Q

Bronchiolitis Obliterans

A

Late stage fibrotic disease of small airways stiff lungs that don’t move well or don’t recoil (לא נסוג).
Can occur with all causes of Bronchiolitis

25
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Presence of air in inter-pleural space.

Decreased Blood pressure, hypoxemia, tracheal deviation, dyspnea

26
Q

Pleural effusion

A

Results from pleural abnormality that leads to fluid collection in between them.
Ex: transudative, exudative, hemothorax, empyema and chylothorax

27
Q

Transudative effusion

A

Watery fluid collection in the pleura (נוזלי כמו מים)

28
Q

Exudative effusion

A

Increased white blood cells and protein concentration in fluid collection between pleuras (סמיך כמו דם)

29
Q

Hemothorax

A

Blood in pleural space- rules out lung cancer

30
Q

Empyema

A

Infected pleural effusion with pus (מוגלה)
Vomica- מה שבנאדם משתעל כשהמוגלה נכנסת לריאות
Piothorax/mbm - כשהמוגלה נכנסת לריאות

31
Q

What is the main factor for abscess in the lungs?

A

Ammonia

32
Q

Chylothorax

A

Collection of milky straw colored lymphatic liquid in pleural space

33
Q

Abscess formation

A

Cavity full of pus (increased white blood cells)

The condition caused after pulmonary disease/injury for example pneumonia

34
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis

A

Excessive amount of fibrous or connective tissue in interstitial tissues of the lung, it will never disappear.

The condition caused by a pulmonary disease

35
Q

Chest wall restriction

A

Compromised chest wall
לחץ על החזה
Deformation, immobilization, defective repair and or obesity.

Pectus carinatum - חזה נפוח ובטן נכנסת לבפנים
Pectus Excavatum - חור בחזה

36
Q

Flail chest / paradoxical ventilation

A

Instability of a portion of the chest wall, floating piece of chest wall due to multiple consecutive rib fractures.

37
Q

Pneumoconiosis אבקת ריאות

A

Cumulative and fibrotic disorder.
Breathing pollution that cause this disease.
Decreased effective lung volume.
Progressive respiratory insufficiency

Causes: silica, asbestos, coal, wood dust.

38
Q

Allergic alveolitis

A

Allergic, inflammatory response to alveolar level.
Lung inflammation that occurs after repeated, prolonged exposure to allergens.

“Hypersensitivity pneumonitis”

39
Q

ARDS

A

Acute respiratory distress syndrome
נוזל ממלא את האלביולי ומונע שחלוף גזים תקין.
פחות חמצן ומגיע אל הדם והגוף נושף פחות פחמן דו חמצני

40
Q

Postoperative respiratory failure

A

Atelectasis (collapse), pneumonia, pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism

41
Q

COBD

A

Obstructive pulmonary disease - airway obstruction that is worse with expiration.
Common signs - dyspnea and wheezing
Common disorders - asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis

42
Q

Asthma

A

Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways, can lead to a total obstruction.
Causes: allergic increased mucus, bronchial constriction, hypoventilation, increased air flow resistance, whizzing, dyspnea and tachypnea

43
Q

How many phases of asthma

A 
4:
Mild intermittent
Mild persistent 
Moderate persistent 
Severe persistent
44
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

Hyper-secretion of mucus and chronic productive cough.
נגרם מסיגריות, כשזה נמשך לפחות 3 חודשים בשנה למשך שנתיים זה נחשב ברונכיטיס כרוני.

תוצאה של ליחה מוגברת בגודל של הבלוטות.

45
Q

What is Blue bloaters

A

People who smoke and have chronic bronchitis

46
Q

Emphysema

A

התאים באלביולי מתחברים ונהיים פחות תאים, ואז קשה להחליף את החמצן עם הדם וקשה לשאוף החוצה.
Most common symptom: dyspnea

47
Q

What is pink puffers

A

אנשים שמעשנים וקשה להם להחליף את החמצן ולהוציא פחמן דו חמצני מהאלביולי

Pathology Week 1 (3 decks)

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