Alterations In Pulmonary System

Question 1

Avatge CO2 concentration in blood

Answer 1

35-45 mm Hg/ 23-29 Meq/l

Question 2

Average oxygen saturation in blood

Answer 2

95%-100%

Question 3

Dyspnea

Answer 3

Subjective sensation of difficulty or uncomfortable breathing.
Ex: Asthma, pneumonia, Bronchiolitis

Question 4

Orthopnea

Answer 4

Difficulty breathing while lying down

Question 5

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Answer 5

Difficulty of breathing at night, during sleep

Question 6

Hyperpnoea

Answer 6

• Abnormal breathing pattern
• Increasing respiratory rate
• Kussmaul respirations

Question 7

Cheyne-stroke respirations

Answer 7

• Irregular breathing with low pauses up to 60 sec (shallow and deep breathing)
  Ex: with head injury or end of life

Question 8

Hypoventilation

Answer 8

• Decreased respiratory rate
• Triggering Hypercapnia (increased CO2 levels)
• Body gets acidic from extra CO2

Question 9

Hyperventilation

Answer 9

• Increased respiratory rate
• Triggering Hypocapnia (decreased CO2 levels)
• Body gets alkaline from less CO2

Question 10

Hemoptysis

Answer 10

Bloody sputum (ריר) with coughing 
Ex: Tuberculosis, Cystic Fibrosis

Question 11

Cyanosis

Answer 11

• Blueish discoloration of skin and/or mucus
• Decreased O2 circulation
• Sign of pulmonary or circulatory disease

Question 12

Clubbing / Acropaquia

Answer 12

• Enlargement of fingernails, with some-like shape
• Is the result of chronic Hypoxia
• Sign of chronic pulmonary disease

Question 13

Abnormal Sputum (ליחה/ריר)

Answer 13

• Green, tan, purulent, Black, not clear, cough cough excretions
• Sign of pulmonary disease

Question 14

Hypercapnia

Answer 14

Increased of CO2 levels in the blood

Question 15

Hypoxemia

Answer 15

Decreased oxygen levels in blood

Question 16

Hypoxia

Answer 16

Decreased oxygen levels in tissues

Question 17

Acute respiratory failur

Answer 17

Can’t breath independently, have to wear ventilator

Question 18

Pulmonary edema

Answer 18

Excess fluid/water in lung space that comes from the blood vessels to the respiratory membrane. When there is too much of fluid and the membrane can’t hold it, it goes into the alveoli.
Classic signs: pick and frothy sputum, crackles, dyspnea.

Question 19

Aspiration

Answer 19

Passage of fluid and or solid particles (חלקיקים) into the Bronchi

Question 20

Atelectasis

Answer 20

Collapsed alveoli, 2 kinds:

• Compression (דחיסה)
• Absorption (ספיגה)

Question 21

Compression atelectasis

Answer 21

External pressure, decreased compliance (inability-to breath well)
Example: tumor

Question 22

Absorption Atelectasis

Answer 22

Blockage of Bronchi, with removal of air from obstructed alveoli.
Signs: dyspnea, increase white blood cell count, gauging and fever if infected.
Ex: post-op patient

Question 23

Bronchiolitis

Answer 23

Inflammatory obstruction of small airways, most common in children.
Occurs in adults with chronic Bronchitis.
Results from viral or bacterial infection or inhalation of toxic gases.

Question 24

Bronchiolitis Obliterans

Answer 24

Late stage fibrotic disease of small airways stiff lungs that don’t move well or don’t recoil (לא נסוג).
Can occur with all causes of Bronchiolitis

Question 25

Pneumothorax

Answer 25

Presence of air in inter-pleural space. | Decreased Blood pressure, hypoxemia, tracheal deviation, dyspnea

Question 26

Pleural effusion

Answer 26

Results from pleural abnormality that leads to fluid collection in between them. Ex: transudative, exudative, hemothorax, empyema and chylothorax

Question 27

Transudative effusion

Answer 27

Watery fluid collection in the pleura (נוזלי כמו מים)

Question 28

Exudative effusion

Answer 28

Increased white blood cells and protein concentration in fluid collection between pleuras (סמיך כמו דם)

Question 29

Hemothorax

Answer 29

Blood in pleural space- rules out lung cancer

Question 30

Empyema

Answer 30

Infected pleural effusion with pus (מוגלה) Vomica- מה שבנאדם משתעל כשהמוגלה נכנסת לריאות Piothorax/mbm - כשהמוגלה נכנסת לריאות

Question 31

What is the main factor for abscess in the lungs?

Answer 31

Ammonia

Question 32

Chylothorax

Answer 32

Collection of milky straw colored lymphatic liquid in pleural space

Question 33

Abscess formation

Answer 33

Cavity full of pus (increased white blood cells) The condition caused after pulmonary disease/injury for example pneumonia

Question 34

Pulmonary fibrosis

Answer 34

Excessive amount of fibrous or connective tissue in interstitial tissues of the lung, it will never disappear. The condition caused by a pulmonary disease

Question 35

Chest wall restriction

Answer 35

Compromised chest wall לחץ על החזה Deformation, immobilization, defective repair and or obesity. Pectus carinatum - חזה נפוח ובטן נכנסת לבפנים Pectus Excavatum - חור בחזה

Question 36

Flail chest / paradoxical ventilation

Answer 36

Instability of a portion of the chest wall, floating piece of chest wall due to multiple consecutive rib fractures.

Question 37

Pneumoconiosis אבקת ריאות

Answer 37

Cumulative and fibrotic disorder. Breathing pollution that cause this disease. Decreased effective lung volume. Progressive respiratory insufficiency Causes: silica, asbestos, coal, wood dust.

Question 38

Allergic alveolitis

Answer 38

Allergic, inflammatory response to alveolar level. Lung inflammation that occurs after repeated, prolonged exposure to allergens. “Hypersensitivity pneumonitis”

Question 39

ARDS

Answer 39

Acute respiratory distress syndrome נוזל ממלא את האלביולי ומונע שחלוף גזים תקין. פחות חמצן ומגיע אל הדם והגוף נושף פחות פחמן דו חמצני

Question 40

Postoperative respiratory failure

Answer 40

Atelectasis (collapse), pneumonia, pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism

Question 41

COBD

Answer 41

Obstructive pulmonary disease - airway obstruction that is worse with expiration. Common signs - dyspnea and wheezing Common disorders - asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis

Question 42

Asthma

Answer 42

Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways, can lead to a total obstruction. Causes: allergic increased mucus, bronchial constriction, hypoventilation, increased air flow resistance, whizzing, dyspnea and tachypnea

Question 43

How many phases of asthma

Answer 43

``` 4: Mild intermittent Mild persistent Moderate persistent Severe persistent ```

Question 44

Chronic bronchitis

Answer 44

Hyper-secretion of mucus and chronic productive cough. נגרם מסיגריות, כשזה נמשך לפחות 3 חודשים בשנה למשך שנתיים זה נחשב ברונכיטיס כרוני. תוצאה של ליחה מוגברת בגודל של הבלוטות.

Question 45

What is Blue bloaters

Answer 45

People who smoke and have chronic bronchitis

Question 46

Emphysema

Answer 46

התאים באלביולי מתחברים ונהיים פחות תאים, ואז קשה להחליף את החמצן עם הדם וקשה לשאוף החוצה. Most common symptom: dyspnea

Question 47

What is pink puffers

Answer 47

אנשים שמעשנים וקשה להם להחליף את החמצן ולהוציא פחמן דו חמצני מהאלביולי