Alterations in Hematological Functions Prt. 3 Flashcards
Multiple Myeloma (MM)
B cell cancer characterized by malignant proliferation of plasma cells that infiltrate bone marrow and aggregate into tumor masses in the skeletal system
what happens in patients with Multiple Myeloma?
Because of the large number of malignant plasma cells, an abnormal antibody called M-protein becomes the most prominent protein in the blood
What type of proteins does the myeloma frequently produce?
Bence Jones Proteins
What is found in the urine of patients with MM and how is this dangerous?
Immunoglobulins or proteins. It is toxic to renal cells and may cause renal failure
Signs and Symptoms of Multiple Myeloma?
- -Hypercalcemia (dues to release of calcium due to breakdown of the bones)
- -renal failure
- -bone lesions
- -Bone pain may be first symptoms
CRAB and A/G reverse: C - Calcium (hypercalcemia) R - Renal Failure ( increase globulin) A - Anemia B - Bone Pain --A/G Reverse: Albumin decreases, Gloobulin increases
Thrombocytopenia, Immune (idiopathic) thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT), and Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia Purpura (TTP) are all what?
Disorders of Platelets
Thrombocytopenia
The decrease in the number of circulating platelets in the blood
** <150,000/mm^3
What are the normal levels of platelets?
150,000mm^3 - 450,000mm^3
What do these values in relation to Thrombocytopenia mean?
<50,000mm^3
<15,0000mm^3
<10,000mm^3
<50,000mm^3: hemorrhage from minor trauma
<15,0000mm^3: spontaneous bleeding w/o trauma
<10,0000mm^3: severe bleeding
Causes of Thrombocytopenia
- -Hypersplenism-overactive spleen function that results from splenomegaly. Causes RBC to be destroyed, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia.
- -Autoimmune disease
- -Hypothermia
- -Viral or bacterial infections that cause disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
- -Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT)
- -HIV
- -Drugs
- **Splenomegaly: enlarged spleen, can result in abnormalities w/ in the blood
What is the most common sign you’ll see when there are not enough platelets?
Bruising
Petechia vs Purpura
Petechia: Small bleeds that are less than 3mm (small red dots)
Purpura: Reddish-purple bleeds that are greater than 3 mm (looks like bruises)
Ecchymosis vs Epistaxis
Ecchymosis: Ecchymosis occurs when blood leaks from a broken capillary into surrounding tissue under the skin. This causes discoloration. Large, soft tissue bleeding
Epistaxis: aka nose bleeds; acute hemorrhage of the nostril, nasal cavity, or nasopharynx
What do plasma cells do?
Plasma cells help you fight infections by making antibodies that recognize and attack germs.
Thrombus vs. Embolus
Thrombus: A stationary clot that is attached to a vessel wall
Embolus: A thrombus that has detached from the vessel wall and is traveling through the bloodstream.
What causes alterations in the process of coagulation?
Vitamin K deficiencies
Why is Vitamin K important
- It assists is not hemorrhaging or bleeding out
- *Vitamin K is necessary for synthesis and regulation of prothrombin, the procoagulant factors (II, VII, IX, X), and anticoagulant factors proteins C and S**
Hemostasis
stopping the flow of blood, keeping blood within the damaged vessels. One of the first steps in the wound healing process
Vitamin K deficiency causes problems in what major organ and how does this affect the body?
Liver; Liver disease causes a broad range of hemostasis disorders:
- -Defects in coagulation
- -Fibrinolysis (prevents blood clots from growing and becoming problematic by breaking clots down)
- -Platelet number and function
Vasculitis
Inflammation of blood vessels
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Complex, acquired disorder in which clotting and hemorrhage simultaneously occur
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is not a disease but a sign of an underlying disorder.
True/False
True
Treatment for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Removing the stimulus that causes it
