Alterations in Hematological Functions Prt. 3

Question 1

Multiple Myeloma (MM)

Answer 1

B cell cancer characterized by malignant proliferation of plasma cells that infiltrate bone marrow and aggregate into tumor masses in the skeletal system

Question 2

what happens in patients with Multiple Myeloma?

Answer 2

Because of the large number of malignant plasma cells, an abnormal antibody called M-protein becomes the most prominent protein in the blood

Question 3

What type of proteins does the myeloma frequently produce?

Answer 3

Bence Jones Proteins

Question 4

What is found in the urine of patients with MM and how is this dangerous?

Answer 4

Immunoglobulins or proteins. It is toxic to renal cells and may cause renal failure

Question 5

Signs and Symptoms of Multiple Myeloma?

Answer 5

• -Hypercalcemia (dues to release of calcium due to breakdown of the bones)
• -renal failure
• -bone lesions
• -Bone pain may be first symptoms

CRAB and A/G reverse: 
C - Calcium (hypercalcemia)
R - Renal Failure ( increase globulin)
A - Anemia
B - Bone Pain 
--A/G Reverse: Albumin decreases, Gloobulin increases

Question 6

Thrombocytopenia, Immune (idiopathic) thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT), and Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia Purpura (TTP) are all what?

Answer 6

Disorders of Platelets

Question 7

Thrombocytopenia

Answer 7

The decrease in the number of circulating platelets in the blood
** <150,000/mm^3

Question 8

What are the normal levels of platelets?

Answer 8

150,000mm^3 - 450,000mm^3

Question 9

What do these values in relation to Thrombocytopenia mean?
<50,000mm^3
<15,0000mm^3
<10,000mm^3

Answer 9

<50,000mm^3: hemorrhage from minor trauma
<15,0000mm^3: spontaneous bleeding w/o trauma
<10,0000mm^3: severe bleeding

Question 10

Causes of Thrombocytopenia

Answer 10

• -Hypersplenism-overactive spleen function that results from splenomegaly. Causes RBC to be destroyed, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia.
• -Autoimmune disease
• -Hypothermia
• -Viral or bacterial infections that cause disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
• -Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT)
• -HIV
• -Drugs
• **Splenomegaly: enlarged spleen, can result in abnormalities w/ in the blood

Question 11

What is the most common sign you’ll see when there are not enough platelets?

Answer 11

Bruising

Question 12

Petechia vs Purpura

Answer 12

Petechia: Small bleeds that are less than 3mm (small red dots)

Purpura: Reddish-purple bleeds that are greater than 3 mm (looks like bruises)

Question 13

Ecchymosis vs Epistaxis

Answer 13

Ecchymosis: Ecchymosis occurs when blood leaks from a broken capillary into surrounding tissue under the skin. This causes discoloration. Large, soft tissue bleeding

Epistaxis: aka nose bleeds; acute hemorrhage of the nostril, nasal cavity, or nasopharynx

Question 14

What do plasma cells do?

Answer 14

Plasma cells help you fight infections by making antibodies that recognize and attack germs.

Question 15

Thrombus vs. Embolus

Answer 15

Thrombus: A stationary clot that is attached to a vessel wall

Embolus: A thrombus that has detached from the vessel wall and is traveling through the bloodstream.

Question 16

What causes alterations in the process of coagulation?

Answer 16

Vitamin K deficiencies

Question 17

Why is Vitamin K important

Answer 17

• It assists is not hemorrhaging or bleeding out
• *Vitamin K is necessary for synthesis and regulation of prothrombin, the procoagulant factors (II, VII, IX, X), and anticoagulant factors proteins C and S**

Question 18

Hemostasis

Answer 18

stopping the flow of blood, keeping blood within the damaged vessels. One of the first steps in the wound healing process

Question 19

Vitamin K deficiency causes problems in what major organ and how does this affect the body?

Answer 19

Liver; Liver disease causes a broad range of hemostasis disorders:

• -Defects in coagulation
• -Fibrinolysis (prevents blood clots from growing and becoming problematic by breaking clots down)
• -Platelet number and function

Question 20

Vasculitis

Answer 20

Inflammation of blood vessels

Question 21

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

Answer 21

Complex, acquired disorder in which clotting and hemorrhage simultaneously occur

Question 22

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is not a disease but a sign of an underlying disorder.
True/False

Answer 22

True

Question 23

Treatment for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

Answer 23

Removing the stimulus that causes it