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z F14 pile > alterations in fluid & electrolyte balance > Flashcards

alterations in fluid & electrolyte balance Flashcards

1
Q

diffusion

A

movement of molecules down a concentration gradient (high to low concentration)

PASSIVE

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2
Q

colloid osmotic (oncotic) pressure

A

pressure created by plasma proteinspulls fluid back into blood vessels at venous end of capillary bed

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3
Q

osmotic pressure

A

minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane;

the measure of the tendency of a solution to take in water by osmosis

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4
Q

arterial hydrostatic pressure

A

caused by the pumping action of the heart pushes water, electrolytes, nutrients through capillary walls

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5
Q

venous colloid osmotic (oncotic) pressure

A
  • created by plasma proteins- pulls WATER, electrolytes, cell waste products into capillaries- higher at VENOUS end, lower at arterial end
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6
Q

extracellular fluid types (2)

A
  • interstitial- intravascular (blood plasma)
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7
Q

ADH produced by…

A

posterior pituitary gland

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8
Q

ADH production stimulated by…

A

hypothalamus, after osmoreceptors triggered by high osmolality in internal carotid artery

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9
Q

sensation of thirst stimulated by

A
  • low blood volume- high plasma osmolality
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10
Q

thirst cascade

A
  • ADH secreted- Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone activated- water and sodium retained- urine output decreases
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11
Q

osmolarity

A

the osmotic concentration / liter of solution

number of milliosmoles in a liter of solution

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12
Q

osmolality

A

osmotically active particles / kg of water

number of milliosmoles in a kilogram of solution

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13
Q

dominant particle in ICF

A

K+

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14
Q

dominant particle in ECF

A

Na+

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15
Q

particles that govern osmolarity

A
  • electrolytes, especially sodium- glucose and urea- plasma proteins (albumin)
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16
Q

prostaglandin effects (x2)

A
  • increased vasodilation of renal capillaries - may reduce ADH effect
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17
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water only through a semipermeable (selectively permeable) membrane down its hydrostatic pressure gradient from the dilute fluid to the more concentrated fluid until a concentration equilibrium occurs

ACTIVE

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18
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

“water-pushing pressure” - force of the weight of water molecules pressing against the confining walls of a space

created by heart pumping: forces O2, H2O, nutrients across capillary walls into interstitial space;

higher at ARTERIAL end, lower at venous end

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19
Q

filtration

A

movement of fluid through cell or blood vessel membrane because of hydrostatic pressure differences on both sides of the membrane

water/solutes forced across semi-permeable membrane away from an area of high concentration

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20
Q

Sodium/Potassium pump

A
  • powered by energy from metabolism, ATP- O2, glucose must be available to make ATP- pumps sodium out, potassium into
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21
Q

ascites

A

abnormal serous fluid collection in peritoneum

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22
Q

effusion

A

escape of fluid into a part (ex: pleural, pericardial)

23
Q

examples of fluid shift

A
  • decreased vascular colloid osmotic pressure- increased capillary hydrostatic pressure- increased capillary permeability- lymph obstruction
24
Q

causes of decreased colloid osmotic (oncotic) pressure

A

decrease in serum protein (as in malnutrition, burns, nephrosis, or liver disease)

25
Q

hypervolemia

A

sodium and water excess, abnormal increase in blood volume

26
Q

hypovolemia

A

reduced circulating blood volume due to loss of water and electrolytes (primarily sodium)NOT THE SAME AS DEHYDRATION (loss of water alone)

27
Q

hypovolemia activates…

A

all the regulatory mechanisms: kidneys, adrenal gland, ADH, central nervous system

28
Q

oliguria

A

diminished urine excretion in relation to fluid intake

29
Q

causes of hypovolemia

A
  • blood loss- reduced fluid intake- excessive water loss- fluid lost to the interstitial space- loss of excessive water and sodium from GI track or via the urine or skin
30
Q

urine specific gravity

A

density of urine compared to water (indicates concentration of solutes)

31
Q

causes of hypervolemia

A
  • congestive heart failure- renal failure- cirrhosis of the liver- Cushing’s syndrome- Excessive use of corticosteroid drugs- Excessive use of salt (sodium chloride)- Excessive amounts of sodium-containing IV fluids
32
Q

electrolytes

A
  • when added, increase the ability of water to conduct electricityELECTRIC CHARGE!
33
Q

ECF electrolytes

A

Na+ Cl- HCO3-

34
Q

ICF electrolytes

A

K+ Mg2+ PO4-3 SO4-2 protein

35
Q

electrolytes reported in

A

mEq/Lthe number of electrolytes able to chemically combine in one liter of body fluid(sometimes mmol/L)

36
Q

electrolyte diffusion

A

ions moving toward opposite charges is called diffusion along the electrical potential gradient

37
Q

active transport

A

molecules move across cell membrane “uphill” against concentration gradient

38
Q

osmotic power

A

extent to which solutes (non-protein solutes) affect the movement of water

39
Q

K+ balance change leads to…

A

cells will fire excessively with little stimulation -or- cells will barely respond to stimulation(see in skeletal and heart muscle tissues)

40
Q

K+ importance (a few)

A

neuromuscular irritability especially heart (HYPERkalemia), intracellular osmotic activity and acid-base balance

41
Q

hypokalemia

A

low SERUM concentration K+

42
Q

osmotic diuretic

A

inhibits reabsorption of water and Na+

43
Q

kwashiorkor

A

adequate calories, lack of proteinsee hella fluid in abdomen

44
Q

marasmus

A

inadequate calories AND protein

45
Q

Na+ deficit

A

cell swelling and reduced neuromuscular functionlargely preventable

46
Q

hypernatremia

A

water loss exceeds sodium lossORgain sodium with no water loss

47
Q

edema

A

tissue swelling as a result of the accumulation of excessive fluid in the interstitial spaces

48
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

aka facilitated transport; diffusion across a cell membrane that requires the assistance of a membrane-altering system

49
Q

osmotic pressure in body primarily created by …?

A

sodium

50
Q

osmole

A

unit of osmotic pressure equivalent to the amount of solute that dissociates in solution to form one mole (avogadro’s number) of particles (molecules and ions)

51
Q

obligatory urine output

A

minimum amount of urine output required to excrete toxic waste products

400 - 600mL

52
Q

insensible water loss

A

water loss from skin, lungs, stool - that cannot be controlled

53
Q

isotonic dehydration

A

water and electrolyte loss

z F14 pile (2 decks)

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