alterations in female reproductive system ch 25

Question 1

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding

Answer 1

• Abnormal bleeding in duration, volume, frequency, or regularity; present for majority of previous 6 months
• PALM-COEIN
• Heavy or irregular bleeding without disease
• Perimenopause

normal cycle 28 days w 7 day variation (21-35)

Question 2

Amenorrhea PRIMARY

Answer 2

• Failure of menarche and the absence of menstruation by 13 years of age without the development of secondary sex characteristics
or by 15 years of age, regardless of the presence or absence of secondary sex characteristics

Classifications: compartments I through IV

Question 3

Amenorrhea SECONDARY

Answer 3

Absence of menstruation in women who have previously menstruated

o1-	Pregnancy (most common cause)
o	Anovulation
o	Dramatic weight loss
o	Malnutrition or excessive exercise
o2-	Thyroid disorders
o	Hyperprolactinemia
o	Polycystic ovary syndrome
o	Common during early adolescence, perimenopause, and lactation 

Clinical manifestations
Infertility, vasomotor flushes, vaginal atrophy, acne, osteopenia, hirsutism

Question 4

Endometriosis

Answer 4

o Is functioning endometrial tissue or implants outside the uterus
o Responds to hormone fluctuations of the menstrual cycle

causes
o Retrograde menstruation, endometrial cells spread through vascular or lymphatic systems,

o Clinical manifestations
o Infertility and pain, dysmenorrhea, dyschezia (pain on defecation), dyspareunia (pain on intercourse)

Question 5

Fibrocystic breast changes

Answer 5

nonproliferative lesions
heterogenous group of diagnosis
can be suspicious on mammography

cysts burst, scar tissue and increased fibrosis until menopause then regresses

r/t
hormones, genetics

Question 6

Galactorrhea

Answer 6

Inappropriate lactation of a woman who is not pregnant or nursing

o Primary causes: hormone imbalances caused by hypothalamic-pituitary disturbances, pituitary tumors, or neurologic damage

o Treatment: correct underlying cause

Question 7

Leiomyomas [Fibroids]

Answer 7

benign tumors of smooth muscle cells in the myometrium
very common

o Risk factors
o Nulliparity, obesity, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), diabetes mellitus,

Clinical manifestations
o Abnormal uterine bleeding, pain

Question 8

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Answer 8

an acute inflammation caused by infection
o May involve any or all organs of the upper reproductive tract

o Sexually transmitted diseases migrate from the vagina to the upper genital tract.

o Clinical manifestations
o Sudden, severe abdominal pain with fever or no symptoms at all

Question 9

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Answer 9

o Dysfunction in ovarian follicle development
(AT LEAST TWO OF THE FOLLOWING)
o Irregular ovulation
o Elevated levels of androgens
o Appearance of polycystic ovaries on ultrasound

o Leading cause of infertility in the United States

Those with this syndrome have a three times greater chance of uterine cancer later in life.

Clinical manifestations
o Dysfunctional bleeding or amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, acanthosis nigricans, and infertility