Alterations Associated with Menopause

Question 1

Define Climacteric

Answer 1

Change of Life;

Menopause

Question 2

Climacteric can be influenced by what?

Answer 2

1) Own Experience
2) Knowledge
3) Physical well-being
4) Family views
5) Marital Stability
6) Sociocultural Expectations

Question 3

How many years before Menopause does Perimenopause begin?

Answer 3

2 - 8 years preceding menopause

Question 4

What wanes during Perimenopause?

Answer 4

Ovarian function.

Question 5

Should a women going through Perimenopause still be on birth control?

Answer 5

Yes. They can still get pregnant.

Question 6

What happens to a woman’s libido during Perimenopause?

Answer 6

Decreases.

Question 7

What causes the characteristic symptoms associated with perimenopause?

Answer 7

Hormonal deficiencies.

Question 8

During Perimenopause, what causes decreased levels of estrogen?

Answer 8

Increased FSH levels.

Question 9

When does Menopause begin?

Answer 9

When estrogen levels are so low that menstruation stops.

Question 10

During the Menopause transition, what changes happen to the usual menstrual periods?

Answer 10

A lot of bleeding
Oligomenorrhea
Amenorrhea

Question 11

What would lab tests show during Perimenopause?

Answer 11

FSH Increased
Serum Estrogen Decreased
LH Increased

Question 12

What are the vasomotor symptoms of Perimenopause?

Answer 12

1) Hot Flashes
2) Night Sweats
3) Poor Sleep/ Insomnia

Question 13

What happens to the sexual organs during the transition to Menopause?

Answer 13

Uterine, Fallopian tube & Ovarian Atrophy

Question 14

What can happen to the vagina during the transition to Menopause?

Answer 14

Vaginal Dryness

Question 15

What can vaginal dryness cause?

Answer 15

Dyspareunia.

Question 16

Dyspareunia - Definition.

Answer 16

Painful intercourse.

Question 17

What happens to the libido during the transition to Menopause?

Answer 17

Libido decreases

Question 18

Back pain and mood changes are associated with what change to women?

Answer 18

Transition to Menopause.

Question 19

What is the typical age for Menopause?

Answer 19

50 - 52.

Question 20

What happens when someone is “becoming menopausal?”

Answer 20

Periods become lighter and less.

Question 21

What happens to the bleeding during the transition from Perimenopause to Menopause?

Answer 21

Abnormal Bleeding.

Question 22

Why would a woman need a myomectomy during her transition from Perimenopause to Menopause?

Answer 22

Fibroids;

The removal of which would allow the uterus to carry a pregnancy and allow the uterus to stretch.

Question 23

What is a myomectomy?

Answer 23

Removal of muscle in the uterus.

Question 24

What can bleeding after Menopause signify?

Answer 24

Cancer.

Question 25

Amenorrhea for how long can equal Menopause?

Answer 25

1 year.

Question 26

To get an idea of when a person will start the Menopause process, what history information would be most valuable?

Answer 26

The mother's females and when they started Menopause.

Question 27

What can happen if a women goes through Menopause before 40 years old?

Answer 27

1) Higher risk for Osteoporosis | 2) Require surgery and/or possibly a hysterectomy

Question 28

What psychosocial aspects should a nurse be observing a women while going through Menopause?

Answer 28

1) Positive Attitude 2) Effective coping 3) Time of personal growth

Question 29

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) is a combination of what?

Answer 29

Estrogen & Progesterone.

Question 30

What is the role of Progesterone in HRT?

Answer 30

It protects against cervical cancer.

Question 31

What must a woman have before starting HRT?

Answer 31

Uterus.

Question 32

Is there controversy with HRT?

Answer 32

Yes.

Question 33

What must a woman have had in order to receive Estrogen Replacement Therapy (ERT)?

Answer 33

Hysterectomy

Question 34

What are some contraindications for estrogen therapy?

Answer 34

1) DVT 2) Smoker 3) Family history of blood clots

Question 35

What are some alternatives to HRT?

Answer 35

1) Diet and Nutrition 2) Weight bearing exercise 3) Stress Management Techniques 4) Homeopathic & Herbal treatments

Question 36

What is one way to modify Diet and Nutrition as an alternative to HRT?

Answer 36

Avoid junk food.

Question 37

What are some examples of weight bering exercise used as alternatives to HRT?

Answer 37

Walking & Lifting weights

Question 38

What are some stress management techniques that can be used as alternatives for HRT?

Answer 38

1) Yoga 2) Stretching 3) Swimming 4) Jacuzzi 5) Biofeedback 6) Visualization

Question 39

What are some examples of Homeopathic and Herbal Treatments?

Answer 39

Phytoestrogens

Question 40

Where can Phytoestrogens be found and give some examples?

Answer 40

Foods | Red Sage, Mexican Yam

Question 41

What is Osteoporosis?

Answer 41

Metabolic disease in which bone demineralization results in decreased density and resultant fractures.

Question 42

What areas are most commonly affected by Osteoporosis?

Answer 42

1) Wrist 2) Hip 3) Vertebrae

Question 43

Women lose _____ of their bone mass during their lifetime.

Answer 43

40 - 45%

Question 44

Up to what age do women need to be consuming as much calcium as possible?

Answer 44

25.

Question 45

What type of bone do women lose first?

Answer 45

Trabecular (spongy) bone

Question 46

After women lose Spongy bone, what is the next type of bone to be lost?

Answer 46

Cortical (compact) bone

Question 47

What is used to measure Bone Marrow Density (BMD)?

Answer 47

DEXA scan.

Question 48

What does a DEXA scan measure?

Answer 48

The amount of calcium in the bone.

Question 49

Which bones does a DEXA scan examine?

Answer 49

Look at the spine and left femur.

Question 50

Osteopenia - Definition

Answer 50

"lack" of bone mass

Question 51

What T score would be needed to classify as Osteopenia?

Answer 51

1 - 2.5

Question 52

Osteoporosis - Definition

Answer 52

"loss" of bone mass

Question 53

What T score would be needed to classify as Osteoporosis?

Answer 53

greater than 2.5

Question 54

Primary Osteoporosis: who usually gets it?

Answer 54

1) Postmenopausal women | 2) Men in 50s and 60s

Question 55

Why does a Postmenopausal woman get osteoporosis?

Answer 55

Lack of Estrogen

Question 56

Why do men in their 50s and 60s get osteoporosis?

Answer 56

Decreased levels of testosterone.

Question 57

How does someone get Secondary Osteoporosis?

Answer 57

1) Hyperparathyroidism 2) Long term use of corticosteroids 3) Prolonged immobilization

Question 58

Why would a COPD patient be at risk for developing Secondary Osteoporosis?

Answer 58

Because of long term use of corticosteroids.

Question 59

Why would a patient with spinal chord injury be at risk for developing Secondary Osteoporosis?

Answer 59

Prolonged immobilization.