Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Blandede bolcher Molecular Pathology > Alt det gode > Flashcards

Alt det gode Flashcards

Alllllt det gode

1
Q

WHat is HNPCC and what causes it?

A

Hereditary non-polyposis cancer. Miscmatch repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Xeroderm Pigmentosum

A

Excision repair faulty -> can’t repair UV cross linking of pyrimidines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Epithelial and mesenchymal markers

A

Epi: E-cadherin, beta catenin. Mes: Vimentin, fibronectin.

Cell loses epithelial markers, gain mesenchymal markers, and vice versa after metastasis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does the metastatic cell travel in the blood?

A

Platelet adhesion for immune escape and escape from anoikis. Called “embolism”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Factors for angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis?

A

VEGF for angio, PDGF for lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are paraneoplastic syndroms?

A

Tumor tissue produces hormones or hormone-like molecules.
Hypercalceima: Parathyrodea like molecule
Hypoglycemia: Insulin like substance
Hyponatromia: ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What causes cancer pain?

A

Bradykinin, prostaglandin, ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What opposes angiogenesis? How does the tumor react to anti-angiogenesis treatment?

A 
Avastin
Produce other angiogenic factors
Progenitor cells recruited from bone marrow
Pericytes protect vessels
Tumor migrates to oxygen rich tissue.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which signature does BRCA have?

A

Signature 3. Treat with cisplatin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Markers for liver cancer?

A

EpCAM and/or AF protein. 4 combinations: With or without each of the two.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Molecular classes of breast cancer?

A

Luminal A and B. Estrogen receptor positive. Treat with aromatase (prevents estrogen)
Basal like /3x negative. treat with platin
Normal breast
HER2: treat with Ab.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Li-Fraumeni syndrome?

A

Defect p53

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Chromothripsis?

A

One event creating several mutations or SVs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Role of androgen receptor in SVs?

A

Androgen receptor creates transcriptional factories which promotes SVs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Familial adenomatous polyposis?

A

Caused by defect APC. Several polyps in colon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is CUP?

A

Cancer with Unknown Primary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Causes of cellular damage?

A

Loss of ATP -> defect Na/K -> swelling -> burst
Calcium influx -> activation of proteases, phospholipases, dnases. Also makes mitochondria permeable. -> apoptosis.
oxidative stress -> destroys protein, dna, phospholips.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is phosphatidylserin a sign of?

A

Apoptosis. Flips to extracellular.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Mallory body?

A

Protein accumulation in cytoplasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pyroptosis?

A

Inflammatory cell death. Caspase 1 activated. Can be seen with salmonella.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Autophagy?

A

Organelles/proteins in double membrane (ER folds around it). Autophagosome fuses to lysome - autolysosome. Cancer cells use it to gain energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Papoptosis?

A

Non caspase apoptosis. No karryolysis. Swelling. Seen in ALS and huntingtons. Maybe early evolutionary apoptosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Proteins used for Leukocytes into inflammed tissue?

A

Rolling: L, E and P selektin.
Adhesion: ICAM, VCAM
Diapedesis: PECAM.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Chemotactic factors? Among others…?

A

C5a from complement, IL-8, bacterial debris.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Macrophage actication?

A

INF-gamma activates to M1. Phagocytic. ROS. Produces TNF and IL1.
M2: angiogenic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is LOX?

A

LOX crosslinks elastin and collagen -> stiffening of tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Factors responsible for fibroblast activation?

A

TGF beta crucial. Activates SMAD2/3 pathway and also MAPK pathway. Mechanic stress opens Ca2+ pores -> calcineurin.
Target TGF beta signalling. ab’s against receptor, inhibitor against SMAD3 or RTK.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis?

A

1) Provocation (eg. smoking) causes apoptosis/necrosis and activation of PAD, which makes citrullinated protein (CCP). Can be presented on MHC II, especially by DR1 and DR4 allells. Antibodies produced against CCP.
2) PAD reaches joint with provocation? CCP made. Antibodies react to CCP -> immune complexes
3) Chronic rheumatoid arthritis. Plasma cells produce abs against immune complex. These abs are called Rheumatoid factors.
DR1 and DR4 allels of MHCII may be important for ag presentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Classification criteria RA?

A

Swollen/tender joints, synovities. Rheumatoid RF or anti-CCP. Acute phase reactants ESR or CRP.
Can be seen on MR, often not X-ray

30
Q

Cells in RA?

A

In pannus: T, Mø, fibroblasts, plasma cellls

In synovial fluid: Neutrophils, immune complexes.

31
Q

RA outside of joints?

A

Nodules: Skin, lungs, heart
Vasculitis: Skin, PNS
Pericarditis.

32
Q

Risks in ostearthritis?

A 
Age (strongest factor)
Female
Joint alignment (crooked back etc)
Hereditary (collagen dysfunction)
Joint injury
Obesity
33
Q

Symptoms osteoarthritis?

A

Pain, crepitus, swelling, tenderness, stiffnes.
Thickening of bone in subchondral layer.
Bone spurs
Fluid filled sacs in bone
Articular cartilage broken down. Cartilage fibrillation. Proteoglycan loss -> can’t hold water

34
Q

Cytokines in osteoarthritis?

A

TGF beta: Cartilage hypertrophy, bone spurs.

TNF a and IL1 -> IL6 + IL8 -> MMPs. IL6 promotes IL1. IL1 also promotes MMPs. Break down proteoglycans.

35
Q

Platelet coagulation:

A

vWF. Platelet bind, release granules, attract platelets via Gplb receptor. Ca2+ release from platelets important for coagulation cascade.
Collagen negative charge activates. Phosphatidylserin flips on platelets -> CC. Complexes on platelets -> faster CC.

36
Q

Inhibition of CC:

A

Protein C and cofactor protein S inhibit factor V.

37
Q

Thrombofilia

A

Increased blood clot risk. Factor V leiden: Highter risk of DVT. V can’t be inactivated by ATC.

38
Q

Origin of osteoclasts and osteoblasts?

A

Mesenchymal stem cells -> osteoblasts. Stimulated by m. stress, sex steroids, wnt.Wnt inhibits inhibitors of B-catenin. Sclerostin inhibits Wnt.
Hematopoietic stem cels -> osteoblasts.
RANK/RANK-ligand interaction (inhibited by posteoprotegrin)
M-CSF/M-CSF receptor interaction

Menopause: INcreased RANK expression

Treatment: ^osteoblasts teriparatide, down osteoclasts with bisphosphonates.

H8 promotes osteoblast diff and bone mass.

39
Q

Layers of the heart

A 
Fibrous layer
Parietal pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Visceral pericardium
Myocardium
Endocardium (Endothelium, dense connective with smooth muscle, connective tissue)
40
Q

Conduction system of the heart:

A

Sinoatrial node -> AV node -> right and left bundle branches -> purkinje fibers

41
Q

Layers of vascular system

A

Intima: Endothelium, basal membrane, loose connective tissue (internal elastic membrane)
Media: Smooth muscle cell with elastin and reticular fibers
Adventitia: Vaso vasorum + nervi vascularis

42
Q

Layers of skin:

A

Epidermis: Stratum corneum, granule, spinosum, basale. basal membrane.
Dermis: Papillary layer, reticular layer.

43
Q

Respiratory system

A 
Conductictive system (down to bronchi):
Goblet cells (mucus)
Ciliated columnar epithelium.

Bronchioles:
Simple columnar/cuboidal
Clara cells (surfactant)

Terminal bronciole, respiratory bronciole, alveolar duct, alveolar sack, alveole

44
Q

How do pathogens escape/fight immune system

A

Inhibit phagocytosis, phagosome/lysosome fusion, recognition. Viral latency, antigen display. Antigenic variation.
Resistance to anti microb peptides
Change net surface charge
Carbohydrate capsule

Neutrophil make NETs

Manipulate immune system: Virus can remove MHCII, modulate cellular behaviour. Regulation of apoptosis.. Hide.

45
Q

Exotoxins of bacteria

A

Enzymes. Coagulase, hyaluronidase.

46
Q

Examples of infections

A

Legionella. In water in amoeba. Hot water tanks.

zika virus:
Placental/fetal, birth + breastfeeding spread.
Microcephaly. Novobiocin.

HIV utilizes CD4 receptor on T-cell. Influenza uses Sialic acid to get into the cell.

Pathogen uptake via M cells (salmonella)

47
Q

Recognition of microbes

A

Recognise PAMPS, LPS, flagellin. TLR,

Intracellular:
NOD like: peptidoglycan
RIG-like: Viral RNA

48
Q

Antigenic variation

A

High mutation rate: HIV, influenza

Genetic reassortment
Change of phenotypes, eg. HxNx influenza

Genetic rearrangement .Trypanosoma. Variant surface glucoprotein. Changes which one it expresses.

49
Q

Injury

A

Bacterial: Stress cell with ROS -> necrosis -> inflammation

Viral: Toxins. Shut down cell function. ACtivate cas. Oncogenic transformation.

50
Q

Warburg effect

A

Only glycolysis, no oxidative phosphorylation. Causes acidic environment. Extra metabolites for DNA, protein

51
Q

How does inflammation attribute to cancer?

A 
Strom cells + leukocytes produce growth factors and proteases (breakdown of cell-cell contact -> movement and growth)
Mø integrins -> no anoikis.
VEGF for angiogenesis.
TNF + EGF -> mobiolity.
TGF beta -> epithelium => mesenchymal
52
Q

Diagnose of diabetes? Tests?

A

7/11 - resting over 7 mmol, after 75 g glucose over 11. Glycated hemoglobin over 6,5%

Symptoms: Drink water, eat a lot, pee a lot…
Glucose tolerance test (75 g)
Insulin tolerance test. +/- labelled glucose, see how much is taken up with insulin.
Clamp test: Constant insulin, variable glucose. How much glucose for constant blood sugar?

Type 1: loss of beta cell mass. Absolute insulin deficiency.
Type 2: Insulin resistasnce and failing Beta cell compensation
progressive loss of beta cell mass.

53
Q

Diseases as consequence of diabetes?

A

Retinopathy, neuropathy, cerebrovascular disease, coronary heart disease, nephropathy, foot ulcers

54
Q

Other types of diabetes?

A

Gestational diabetes: Mother has high glucose in blood during pregnancy for sake of child -> diabetes.
MODY 3: Maturity onset of diabetes of the young. Type 3: Genetic mutation in HNF1 alpha -> reduced Beta cell function. Treat w sulfornytureas

55
Q

Tissue regulation of blood sugar?

A

Adipose, liver and muscle have uptake. Glucogenesis. Lipogenesis in adipose and liver.

56
Q

Molecular mechanism of insulin resistance?

A

TNF alpha w. receptor or lipotoxicity -> TRAF -> inhibitory kinases of insulin pathway. Glucotoxicity -> RAGE receptor -> inhibitory kinase of insulin pathway.

57
Q

Inflammatory response in diabetes?

A

Type 1: CD8 kills beta cells through FAS or granzymes. INF gamma and TNFa -> apoptosis + Th4 and Mø activation.
Blockage of TNFa -> better.
Inhibitor of IL1 -> type 1 better.
IL1 induce apoptosis in Beta cells. Produced by inflammasome. Produced by leukocytes?.

Type 2: Mø: IL-1 production. Glucose also induces IL-1 production? Only low grade insulitis.

58
Q

Stages of brain development and their diseases

A

Proliferation - Microcephaly, megalencephalis
Migration - Heterotropic, lissencephaly (agyric)
Apoptosis/Maturation - Polymicrogyric, focal cortical dysplasis, post mig microcephaly

Methamphetamin mestrer to telefoner.

59
Q

Diseases

A

Stroke: Hemorrhagic or ischemic.
Prion: AD (Abeta fibrils), Parkinsons (lewy body formation) ALS (motor neurons)

60
Q

Clinical features of MS?

A

Clinical features: Time and space dissociation, multiple areas, attack = sudden appearance and worsening (minimum 1 month apart)
Forms: Relapse remitting, progressive 1 and 2, progressive relapsing.

61
Q

Mechanisms of MS?

A 
Autoreactive T-cells -> Mø activation -> myelin degradation.
HLA association
Myelin basic protein one antigen.
EAE scores (mouse model)
Treatment
-Attacks: Steroids
-Immunosuppresive: INF-beta
62
Q

Histology and function of liver?

A

Central vein, portal triad, bile canaliculi, sinusoids, fenestra w/o diaphragms, space of disse.
Bile salts, gall bladder

63
Q

Histology and function of pancreas?

A

Exocrine: Acini, intercalated ducts (squamous), lobular ducts (columnar)
Endocrine: aplha, beta and delta cells (somatostatin)

64
Q

Histology and function of kidney?

A 
Podocyte on glomerulus -> filtration slits
Bowmans capsule (parietal layer, visceral layer)
Proximal tubule -> most exchange
Arteriole
65
Q

Thyroid gland

A

C cells secrete calcitonin. Colloid > glucoprotein

66
Q

GI tract

A

Mucosa: Lining epithelium, lamina propria, muscolaris mucosae
Submucosa: Connective tissue, glands
Muscularis externa
Serosa/adventitia

67
Q

Stomach

A 
Cardiac, fundic, pyloric glands.
Chief cells (pepsinogen), parietal cells (HCl), Mucous cells
68
Q

Small intestine

A

Crypts of lieberkuhn + villi

Goblet cells, paneth cells (antimicrobial), M-cells (immunological)

69
Q

Colon and appendix

A

Colon: No villi
Appendix: Lots of lymph tissue

70
Q

Uterus

A

Endometrium (stratum funcionale, stratum basale). Recoil of arteries leads to ischemia and menstrual phase.
Myometrium
Perimetrium (serosa)

71
Q

Cervix

A

Endometrium. Transition zone.

Blandede bolcher Molecular Pathology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions