Alphabetics & Fluency Flashcards
Phonological Awareness
Recognition of the distinct segments of spoken sound: words, syllables, and phonemes
Phonemic Awareness
Recognition of phonemes, ability to segment words into constituent phonemes, ability to blend phonemes and substitute phonemes to make new words
Phoneme
Smallest unit of sound
Indicated by slashes / /
Syllable
A word or distinct segment of a word that is naturally pronounced in a single, uninterrupted vocalization
Voiced (and unvoiced) consonants
Voiced consonants make your vocal cords vibrate; unvoiced do not
Morpheme
Smallest unit having meaning: base words, prefixes, and suffixes
Brackets are used to indicate morphemes { }
Phonics
Study of relationships between sounds and their written form
Grapheme
(Letters) written representation of a phoneme, and is usually the letter (or letters) that make that sound
Digraph
Grapheme containing two letters
couples of letters who surrender their individuality and produce a totally different sound altogether
Onset and Rime
Parts of syllables; the onset is the first consonant, and the rime is made up of the vowels that follow and consonants that follow the onset
Syllabication
the division of words into syllables, either in speech or in writing
Synthetic phonics
Begins by teaching aspiring readers the basics of grapheme-phoneme relationships. Students then learn to blend these patterns into words.
Another hallmark of synthetic phonics instruction is practice.
Synthetic phonics
Begins by teaching aspiring readers the basics of grapheme-phoneme relationships. Students then learn to blend these patterns into words.
Starts at the phoneme level and builds toward the word level
Another hallmark of synthetic phonics instruction is practice.
Systematic
deliberate and measured
Leads students from phonemes to groups of phonemes to words
Explicit
clear and to the point, deliberate course of action in introducing phoneme-grapheme relationships
Segmenting
Breaking down words into phonemes that comprise it
Tying the phonemes to the graphemes via one-to-one correspondence boosts the phonemic awareness skill of segmenting up to a phonic application
Segmenting
Breaking down words into phonemes that comprise it
Tying the phonemes to the graphemes via one-to-one correspondence boosts the phonemic awareness skill of segmenting up to a phonic application
Decoding
Using phonemic knowledge and prior knowledge of spelling conventions to read a word
recognizing the various forms that appear in written English will help students draw sounds from written words, blend those sounds, and arrive at the intended word
Analogy Phonics
You discuss a word that is already familiar to your students, thereby activating prior knowledge. Then you simply have them make a textual connection between a new word that is very closely related to a familiar word
Recognizing when words begin or end with the same sound
Analytic Phonics
Starts like_____and ends like______. You are not discussing individual phonemes outside the context of a real word, as in analogy phonics
Analytic phonics uses full words instead of phonemes out of context
Starts at the whole word level and then analyzes their component phonemes
Embedded Phonics
Addressing a word type as it happens, rather than as an explicit strategy in anticipation of encountering such a word
Spelling Phonics
After you have the students break their words up into phonemes, they get to pick out letters to match those individual phonemes. Then they put them all together and read the blended concoction.
Begins with a spoken word and ends with a written word
affix
an additional element placed at the beginning or end of a root, stem, or word, or in the body of a word, to modify its meaning.
prefixes and suffixes
consonant blends
two or three letters come together to form a phonemic blend, but the sounds that distinguish one letter from the other remain
“Blend is a word that contains two blends”
AKA consonant clusters
May appear at the beginning of the word, within the middle of a word, and/or at the end of a word
consonant digraphs
multiple consonants come together surrendering their individuality and produce a totally different sound altogether
/ch/, /sh/, /wh/, /th/
etymology
the study of word origins, as well as the different meanings the word has had throughout its history
explicit word study is the vehicle for teaching etymology, as the meanings of roots are not always intuitive
morphology
the study of the prefixes and suffixes that one might tack onto roots
orthography
NOT the physical act of writing; it’s about spelling and the conventions that govern how we spell
automaticity
the ability to quickly and easily decode words (different skill than fluency)
drilling skills so student can perform without obscuring higher-order objectives
rhymes
same ending sound
allieration
same beginning sound
fluency
second nature
acquired knowledge that has been practiced to the extent that it, too, appears innate, or automatic
sum of reading rate and accuracy
prosody
the appropriate inflection or expression with which a student reads–is directly related to comprehension, which is synonymous with understanding
prefix
begins a word and changes the word’s meaning or makes a new word
suffix
ends a word and can indicate whether a word is a noun, verb, adjective, or adverb
Can also modify and extend meaning
adage
a pithy phrase or saying people adopt over time because they believe it holds some validity or truth
“You can’t judge a book by its cover.”
Connotative Words
Connotative refers to the implied meanings words have and are many times dependent on context to be correctly understood
happy vs. blissful
at first glance, the two may seem very close in meaning but blissful suggests a serene happiness and perhaps the sense that someone is unaware of something
denotative words
denotative refers to words that are specific in meaning and are lacking the connotative overtones, such as the names of objects
table
easily represented by a picture or symbol
idiom
a colorful word or expression used to convey an idea in an alternate way, idioms are figures of speech, colloquial terms whose meaning is not literal and doesn’t follow the definition of the words of which it is composed
“I’ve got a bone to pick with you”
Figurative Language
figurative language refers to an author’s use of a word or phrase in a way that is not intended to be interpreted literally
“My dog, Rainbow, likes to fetch.”
Metaphor
Metaphors are a type of figurative language. When an author compares two things by using one kind of object in place of another to suggest the likeness between the two, it is a metaphor
“My dog, Rainbow, has a cast-iron stomach”
simile
similies are a type of figurative language often confused with metaphors. When an author uses like or as in a comparison, it is a simile
“My dog, Rainbow, is as pretty as the morning sun.”
homophones
words that sound alike but are spelled differently and have different definitions
homonyms
words that sound alike but have different definitions
They are sometimes, but not always spelled differently
homographs
One word, different definitions and different pronunciations
inference
conclusions drawn from facts within a text
point of view
an author’s perspective or a device he or she employs to garner a particular response in a reader
facts
things that can be proven true
opinions
statements we believe to be true, but they are difficult or even impossible to prove
bandwagon
attempts to convince you to do or believe something because everyone else does
testimonial
attempts to convince you of worth because someone famous endorses a product or idea
emotive
uses words or images that appeal to the reader’s or viewer’s emotions. The appeal may be to positive emotions, such as success, or to negative ones, such as fear
everyday people
ordinary people convince you they can be trusted because they’re just like you
rich and famous
this technique suggest that you can be like the attractive, wealthy people who use this product
5 elements to plot
conflict, rising action, climax, denouement or falling action, resolution
Basic story elements of narrative text
plot, theme, characterization, setting, point of view
fables
moral or lesson, very often personify an object or animal
fairy tales
type of folktale that may use elements of royalty, magic, enchantment, and the supernatural
myths
stories that use the supernatural (gods, goddesses to interpret natural events
legends
stories based on a real-life hero and his or her mighty deeds
three elements of characterization
appearance, personality, behavior
3 types of point of view
first person, third-person limited, third-person omniscient
theme
underlying message of a story
setting
time (historical and otherwise) and place of a story
alliteration
repetition of initial consonant sounds in two or more words
hyperbole
phrase of grandiose exaggeration, usually with humor
metaphor
comparing two things by using one kind of object in place of another to suggest the likeness between the two
personification
language that endows objects or nature with human qualities
simile
like or as in a comparison
3 basic literary genres
poetry, prose, drama
poetry
literature written in metrical verse
speaker, sound, rhyme, rhythm
play
dramatic works intended for performance by actors
classical, tragedy, or comedy
one to three acts and convey action
prose
fiction or nonfictional words that attempt to mirror the language of everyday speech
any length (short story or novel)
