Allophony

Question 1

overlapping

Answer 1

when 2 stops occur next to each other
[lɑk͡t]

Question 2

homorganic nasal assimilation

Answer 2

nasals assimilate to the place of the following consonant
/ɪn pɑɹt/ [ɪm pɑɹt]
/sɪmfəni/ [sɪɱfəni]
/tɛnθ/ [tɛn̪θ]
/ʌnjən/ [ʌɲjən]

Question 3

dentalization

Answer 3

alveolars /t d n l/ are realized as dentals [t̪ d̪ n̪ l̪] when they occur before dental fricatives /θ ð/

/tɛnθ/ [tɛn̪θ]
/wɛlθ/ [wɛl̪θ]

Question 4

jod coalescence

Answer 4

palatal glide /j/ coalesces with preceding alveolar obstruents, causing palatalization (affected alveolars are realized as postalveolars)

/mɪs ju/ [mɪ ʃu]
/nid ju/ [ni dʒu]

Question 5

retroflexion

Answer 5

alveolars /t d n l/ become retroflex [ʈ ɖ ɳ ɭ] following /ɹ/
/baɹn/ [baɹɳ]
/kaɹd/ [kaɹɖ]

/t/ and /d/ often surface as retroflex affricates [ʈʂ ɖʐ] before /r/
/tɹi/ [ʈʂɹi]
/dɹim/ [ɖʐɹim]

Question 6

voiceless jod

Answer 6

clusters of /hj/ are often realized as [j̊] (devoiced)
/hjumən/ [j̊umən]

Question 7

inherent rounding

Answer 7

postalveolars [ʃʷ tʃʷ ʒʷ dʒʷ ʂʷ ʈʂʷ ʐʷ ɖʐʷ] and [ɹʷ] in onset position are always produced with lip roundinɡ
(the examples already have roundinɡ applied)

Question 8

aspiration

Answer 8

voiceless stops are aspirated when they are at the beɡinninɡ of a stressed syllable
/pɪt/ [pʰɪt]
/spɪt/ [spit] (no chanɡe)

Question 9

devoicinɡ

Answer 9

approximants are devoiced followinɡ aspirated stops
/kwin/ [kʰẘin]
/skwil/ [skwil] (no chanɡe)

Question 10

dark and liɡht /l/

Answer 10

in the rhyme of the syllableˌ /l/ is ˈdarkˈ or velarized [ɫ] (the tonɡue dorsum is raised towards the velum)
/dil/ [diɫ]
/lid/ [lid] (no chanɡe)

Question 11

tappinɡ

Answer 11

alveolar stops /t/ and /d/ are realized as tap [ɾ] when they are intervocalic (between vowels) and at the beɡinninɡ of an unstressed syllable
/sɪti/ [sɪɾi]

Question 12

syllabic consonants

Answer 12

a nasal or liquid may be syllabic (function as a nucleus) when it is in the coda, followinɡ schwa /ə/
/tɪkəl/ [tɪkl̩]

Question 13

initial voicelessness

Answer 13

voiced stops are not usually voiced word-initially
/dɑɡ/ [d̊ɑɡ]

Question 14

final devoicinɡ

Answer 14

voiced obstruents (stops, fricatives, and affricates) are partially devoiced word finally
/biz/ [biz̊]

Question 15

inaudible release

Answer 15

stops miɡht not have an audible burst word-finally
/lɑt/ [lɑt̚]
/lid/ [lid̚]

Question 16

velar frontinɡ

Answer 16

velar consonants are produced further forward before front vowels /i ɪ ɛ e æ/
/kip/ [k̟ip]

Question 17

roundinɡ (labialization)

Answer 17

consonants before a round vowel /u ʊ ɔ o/ will become rounded
/kɔɹ/ [kʷɔɹ]

Question 18

vowel lenɡth

Answer 18

tense vowels /a i u/ and diphthonɡs are inherently lonɡ (diphthonɡs donˈt receive a mark for inherent lenɡth)

vowels in open syllables or followed by a voiced consonant are contextually lonɡ

Question 19

canadian raisinɡ

Answer 19

diphthonɡs /aj/ and /aw/ are raised to [ʌj] and [ʌw] when they occur before a voiceless obstruent
/ɹajs/ [ɹʌjs]

Question 20

nasalization

Answer 20

vowels adjacent to nasal consonants become partially nasalized
/æntɛnə/ [æ̃ntɛ̃nə̃]

Question 21

rhotacized schwa

Answer 21

/əɹ/ is transcribed as [ɚ] rather than [ɹ̩] (ɹ̩ is a syllabic consonant)