alll Flashcards
agonist
form of non-covalent binding with structural similarity that stimulates signal-transduction.
antagonist
covalent binding with structural similarity that blocks signal-transduction
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
– toxins like sarin, soman and tabun. Cause paralysation.
Reactive oxygen species
hydroxyl radicals (OH), superoxide anion radicals (O -) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
Haber-Weiss reaction
– Reaction where active hydroxyl radicals are formed (OH) from less reactive O - and H O , using both Fe2+ and Fe 3+
Methemoglobinemia
Disease that occurs after ingestion of nitrate; increases the methaemoglobin formation rate 1000x, acutely increasing the methaemoglobin levels
Hydroxyl radicals
*OH, very reactive oxygen species.
Phagocytosis
cell eating; ingestion of particles. Only in specialized cells.
Pinocytosis
cell drinking; ingestion of drops. In almost all cells.
Active transport
Movement of chemicals against electrochemical or concentration gradient. Uses ATP.
Passive diffusion
Movement of chemicals down a concentration gradient. No ATP used.
First pass effect
Toxic compounds that are metabolized and excreted in the gut wall and liver before reaching the systemic circulation.
Blood-brain barrier
The brain is hard to reach, because the blood-brain barrier is less permeable.
Placental barrier
The placenta is less hard to reach, because the placentalbarrier is more permeable.
ADME characteristics
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion.
Facilitated diffusion
Similar to simple diffusion, but involves two groups of integral membrane proteins.
Peyer’s patches
– Special tissue in the lumen of the G.I. tract. This tissue traps foreign particles, surveilling them, and destroying them.
Biotransformation
Metabolism
Phenotypic polymorphism
External factors influencing enzyme patterns involved in biotransformation
Bioactivation
The metabolic activation of xenobiotic compounds into reactive, toxic compounds.
Mercapturic acid pathway –
A glutathione-dependent pathway for the detoxification of a number of compounds
Monooxygenase reaction
A reaction that incorporates 1 O into a substrate. Reaction causes by cytochrome P450.
Heteroatom de-alkylation
BMD
Bench Mark Dose: dose causing the BMR.
