Alliances & Treaties Flashcards
1
Q
1728 Sino-Vietnam territorial dispute
A
- Qing China, Lê Dynasty - Tonkin region
- Unclear border demarcations, overlapping claims, local ethnic group allegiances
- Negotiated settlement clarified borders without resolving tensions
2
Q
1793 MacCartney Mission
A
- Western trade regulated through Guangzhou (southeast coast)
- Local corruption - 4% tax > 20%
- Language, women
- Aim: alter Sino-Western relations, free trade and diplomatic representation on equal terms
- “tributary envoy” - 80th birthday
- Kowtow (both knees, 9 times) - British monarch (1 knee, 1 time) - Chinese official of similar rank to kowtow to King’s portrait
- Rejected trade-related proposals
3
Q
1839-42 First Opium War
A
- Opium from British India - tea trade + Chinese ban - low efficiency, corruption
- Lin Zexu - destroy all British opium + compensation from British government
- Tianjin - poorly defended > Preliminary treaty - Hong Kong, compensation, equal status
- China: embargo > surrender - excrement, urine
- British withdrawal from Guangzhou - 6 million silver dollars - skewed official Chinese report
- Yangtze river, Great Canal > Nanjing
4
Q
Treaty of Nanjing
A
- Cession of Hong Kong island
- Monetary compensation (greater than previously negotiated)
- Fiver treaty ports - Guangzhou (Canton), Xiamen (Amoy), Fuzhou (Foochow), Ningbo (Ningpo), Shanghai
- Negotiation of custom tax
5
Q
1856-60 Second Opium War
A
- GBR, FRA - trade privilege
- Excuses: raid of ship, arrest of sailors, denigration of GBR flag; killing of FRA missionary
- Outcome: Guangzhou occupied, Tianjin attacked
6
Q
1858 Treaty of Tianjin
A
- Expansion of treaty ports
- Right of missionary work
- Envoys stationed in Beijing
7
Q
1859 Attack on Beijing, Yuanmingyuan Palace
A
- GBR, FRA missions - enter Beijing to exchange signed treaties - route, scale, arms - armed conflict
- Negotiations failed - mission detained - occupation of Beijing, burning of Yuanmingyuan Palace
8
Q
1860 Treaty of Beijing/ Convention of Peking
A
Parties: Qing Dynasty, GRB, FRA, Russian Empire
1. Kowloon - GRB
2. FRA - “religious and charitable establishments which were confiscated from Christians during the persecutions of which they were victims shall be returned to their owners”
3. Russian Empire - Manchuria (shut off Chinese access to Sea of Japan)
9
Q
1884-85 Sino-French War
A
- Defended Taiwan - ^administrative control later
- Consented to French colonisation of Vietnam
10
Q
1871 Sino-Japanese Treaty
A
- exchange diplomatic missions and consuls
- mutual access to treaty ports
- mutual recognition under consular jurisdiction
- controversies over the term “emperor”
11
Q
1872 Invasion of Ryukyu
A
Unilateral declaration of abolishment of Ryukyu throne by Japan
12
Q
1874 Invasion of Taiwan
A
- (nominal) retaliation on behalf of Ryukyu residents killed in Taiwan in 1871
- defeated - climate
- Chinese compensation and acquiescence to Japanese claim over Ryukyu
13
Q
1879 Annexation of Ryukyu
A
- China did not recognise annexation - could not help regain independence
- Ryukyu official sough refuge in China
14
Q
Attempts by France and U.S. for Korea to open up
A
- 1873 debate on invading Korea
- 1875 Ganghwa incident - first military attack on Korea
- 1876 Japan-Korea Treaty of Ganghwa - treaty ports, Korea as independent state (Logic of appropriateness > Logic of consequences, Yangban - Chinese tributary system)
15
Q
1882 Japan-Korea Treaty of Jemulpo
A
Japanese army gains right to station forces in Korea to protect diplomatic missions
16
Q
1882 China-Korea Treaty
A
Korea remained China’s vassal - Chinese concessions, consular jurisdiction
17
Q
1894-95 First Sino-Japanese War
A
- Donghak peasant revolution (Neo-Confucian movement that rejected Western ideas, technology, Christianity, domestic exploitation)
- China > Asan > Japan - withdrawal refused by Japan
- pro-Japanese cabinet
- Japanese attack on Chinese navy = formal declaration of war
- Land battle - Korea > China
- Naval battle - Yellow Sea
- Japanese victory - modernization > China lacked modern army, support from central government, corruption and bureaucracy > poor management
18
Q
Treaty of Shimonoseki
A
- cession of Taiwan (including Pescadores Islands > Formosa-Japan War) and Liaodong Peninsula (returned for additional monetary compensation - after Russian, German, French intervention)
- Independence of Korea
- War idemnity ~16,000,000 pounds of silver
- expansion of treaty ports
- right to industrial investment
19
Q
Sino-Russian secret agreement
A
- secret grant - right to use any Chinese port during war to contain Japanese pressure
- leaked - Western concessions
- Outcome: Russian, British, German, French demands for long-term lease of strategic ports (organised hypocrisy) (Italy rejected)
20
Q
Open Door Policy
A
- 1898 Spanish-American War > US influence in Asia
- China to be open to all countries for trade and investment
- respecting Chinese territorial integrity
21
Q
1899-1901 Boxer Rebellion
A
- resistance against spread of Christianity, foreign dominance in North China
- attacked foreigners and Chinese christians
- sieged foreign legations in Beijing
- Western support for Hundred Day Reform swayed Chinese government support for siege
- 8 countries joint force to occupy Beijing - liberate embassy zone
- no declaration of war
- southern provinces reached individual agreements
22
Q
1901 Boxer Protocol
A
indemnity - 450 million taels of fine silver - retuned to support education in China
23
Q
1904-05 Russo-Japanese War
A
- Russian occupation of Manchuria during Boxer Rebellion
- Japan sought Russian expulsion - KOR, MAN
- Japanese victory - signs of Total War (nationwide mobilisation)
- Russian recognition of exclusive Japanese influence in KOR, South MAN, cession of 1/2 Sakhalin Island
- Influences: 7 month route of Russian fleet, purchase of Japanese war bond by Jewish Americans
23
Q
1902 Anglo-Japanese Alliance
A
- common interests in China and Korea against Germany and Russia
- Japan-Russia direct conflict of interest
- German-Russian temporary alliance - shared interests in Europe
24
Treaties involved in Japanese Annexation of Korea
1. 1904 Japan-Korea Treaty - KOR obliged to assist Japan in war
2. 1904 Japan-Korea Agreement - consultation before signing international treaties
3. 1905 Japan-Korea Treaty - protectorate of Japan - no diplomatic sovereignty
4. 1907 Japan-Korea Treaty - guidance of Japanese resident general on domestic affairs
5. 1910 Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty - formal annexation, noble status of royal family preserved
25
1921 Four Power Treaty
US, JAP, UK, FRA
1. respect status quo in Pacific
2. do not seek expansion
3. superseded 1902 Anglo-Japanese Alliance
26
1922 Nine Power Treaty
4 powers + CHN, ITA, NET, POR, BEL
1. continuation of Open Door Policy
2. no country shall seek interests and privileges in China that are superior to any other country
27
1922 Sino-Japanese Treaty
Jiaozhou Bay (Shandong Problem) returned to China
28
1929 Sino-Soviet Conflict
1. NE Chinese authorities attempted to recover NE section of Chinese Eastern Railway
2. Soviet military attack - victory
3. Chinese weakness - Japanese ambitions
4. CCP supported USSR
5. USSR - Heixiazi Island
6. Sino-Soviet border dispute - 2004 settled 1/2
29
1931 Sino-Japanese Clash
1. Wanpaoshan incident - ditch
2. Mukden incident - railway explosion - Lytton report
3. 1932 Proclamation of Manchuko - disperse international pressure and consolidate control (legitimising the action as a way to stabilize the region - self-governing entity)
30
1932 Proclamation of Manchuko
1. Pu Yi (last emperor) > governor of Manchuko
2. disperse international pressure and consolidate control (legitimising the action as a way to stabilize the region - self-governing entity)
3. economic development plan
4. preservation of Chinese and Mongolian language and culture
31
Japanese policies in Manchuko and Korea
1. Slogan: "Japan and Manchuria have one heart and one mind," "The inland and Chosun is one entity"
2. Worship of Japanese emperor: Daily remote worship in schools; daily remote worship across entire society
3. Language: Promotion of Japanese education, Chinese as official language; Japanese as national language
4. Economy: Self-dependent; military-oriented industrialisation
32
Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army
1. Led by CCP > USSR
2. guerrilla warfare - Sino-Korean mountains
3. Korean communists > NK leadership
3. ceased 1941 Soviet-Japan Neutral Treaty
33
1937-45 Second Sino-Japanese War
1. Marco Polo Bridge Incident
2. Nanjing Massacre
3. Bombing of Chongqing - wartime capital - 6 years, 10,000 civilians killed
4. collaborationist regimes - "save the country in a curved way" (organized hypocrisy) - helped Japanese military control occupied areas to reduce war damages - leaders executed for treason
5. 1943 Greater East Asia Conference - Burma, Manchuko, Chinese collaborationist regime, Japan, Phillippines, Thailand, India - southeast Asian leaders did not face conviction after the war
34
WW2
1. Cairo Declaration
a. China, US, UK fight until Japan's unconditional surrender
b. Japanese withdrawal from Pacific territories
c. Japanese return of Chinese territories occupied since First Sino-Japanese War (Taiwan, Manchuria)
d. support for Korean independence
2. Chinese army - Burma - international obligations
3. Sino-British joint force victory in Burma
4. 1944 - setback on Chinese frontline - unchanged ~1945
35
1953 Korean War Armistice
27/07/1953
1. signed between armies and not countries
2. SK army did not participate - Rhee Syngman's opposition
3. established de-militarized zone (DMZ)
USSR-PRC
1. Nikita Khrushchev pressed Mao Zedong to concede on POW issue - accelerate armistice
2. agreement - principle of voluntary repatriation under supervision of neutral countries
36
1951 1st US-Japan Security Treaty
1. US can place troops in Japan without prior government consent
2. US troops can participate in suppression of domestic protests with government permission
3. US is not obliged to protect Japan from third-party attacks
37
1953 US-ROK Mutual Defence Treaty
1. US can place troops in SK ~mutual agreements
2. mutual support in case of attack* US controlled SK troops through UN Command
38
1954 US-ROC Mutual Defence Treaty
1. US can place troops in Taiwan and Pescadores (excluding off-shore islands) ~mutual agreements
2. mutual support when West Pacific territory is attacked
39
1960 2nd US-Japan Security Treaty
1. revision of 1951 treaty
2. placement of US troops ~ mutual agreement
3. removal of cause on domestic protests
4. mutual support in case of third-party invasion
*protests from Japanese public - total abolishment of military treaty
40
South Korea-Japan Normalisation
1. 1945
2. financial compensation
3. fishing rights East Sea/ Sea of Japan
4. historical interpretation: validity of 1910 Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty
5. sovereignty of Dokdo/ Takeshima
6. legitimacy of SK government over entire Korea
41
Treaty of Basic Relations Between Japan and the Republic of Korea
1. normalized diplomatic relationship (stagnated from 1910-1945)
2. "construction first, unification later" Park Chung Hee
3. Japanese industry: expand Korean market
4. domestic opposition in Korea (forced labour, wartimes sexual slavery)
42
1958 Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
1. PRC bombed KMT Kinmen - air, naval, and amphibious operations
2. post Khrushchev's visit to China - Sino-Soviet collusion - undermining Khrushchev's effort for peace with capitalist countries
3. domestic ideological fever // check extent of American commitment to defend ROC
4. initial intent: occupy Kinmen
5. US persuasion of ROC to give up the island (US-ROC mutual defence treaty does not cover offshore islands)
6. ROC withdrawal - solidify Taiwan Strait split
7. ceremonial bombardment since 1979 - odd-number, no even-number, no public holidays ~Chinese Civil War = ongoing - Taiwan Strait Split is not permanent
43
Sino-US Rapprochement
1. escalating conflict with USSR >/ full-scale war
2. isolation: "Half a Korea, half a Vietnam, one whole Albania"
3. US trapped in Vietnam War - honourable withdrawment
4. "Ping-Pong Diplomacy" 1971 World Table Tennis Championship - "the small ball drives the big ball" (Zhuang Zedong)
5. 7/71 secret visit by State Secretary Henry Kissinger
a. gradual reduction of troops in Taiwan,
b. support PRC for UN seat,
c. peaceful resolution of Vietnam conflict
6. agreed on President Nixon's formal visit the next year
44
UN General Assembly Resolution 2758
1. recognition of PRC as legitimate China
2. US, Japan propose dual representation - PRC Security Council, ROC remains in UN - rejected by both
3. ROC withdrew from UN before vote
45
1972 Communique on Taiwan, Korea, Vietnam Between US and PRC
1. PRC maintained revolutionary stance (anti-imperialist) - statement of position, not compromise after negotiation (somewhat of an organized hypocrisy, but yet not?)
2. US continued formal ties with ROC until 1979 - de facto embassy in Beijing
46
1972 Sino-Japanese Rapprochement
1. Kissinger's visit to PRC - "Nixon Shock" - pressures to reduce foreign policies
2. 7/72 new PM Tanaka - Japan announce independent foreign policy away from US
"It used to be sufficient for us to merely hear what the Americans said, but that era has ended, and now we must think with out own mind and will."
3. Tanaka visited PRC - established formal diplomatic relations - PRC ~legitimate government of China + Taiwan is part of China - "Tanaka Shock"
4. de facto - Sino-US-Japan Alliance against USSR aggression
47
4/7/72 Joint Statement
1. Park Chung Hee + Kim Il Sung
2. Senior officials visited the other Korea and met with top leaders in June
3. peaceful reunification without foreign intervention
4. national unity beyond ideological differences
5. communication channel for Red Cross Associations
6. NK infiltration tunnels construction continued
48
June 23rd Declaration 1973
1. SK Park Chung Hee proposed simultaneous membership for SK, NK
2. no longer required third countries to recognize SK government as sole legitimate government of entire Korean peninsula (abandonment of Hallstein Doctrine)
3. open door policy to socialist countries
4. NK against - "attempt to solidify division of Korea"
49
1975 Unification of Vietnam
1. victory of communist North
2. consolidated Kim Il Sung's determination in military unification
3. 1978 Red Cross communication channel severed
50
1980 Gwangju Uprising
1. Chun Doo-hwan government cracked down through military force
2. US-ROK Mutual Defence Treaty - SK public assumed US support for military force against domestic protestors
3. anti-American sentiment
4. US did not actively support Chun's action (SK government retained power to deploy military forces during peaceful times)
51
1987 Democratic movement
1. Chun Doo-hwan planned to use military force - US government (Ronald Reagan) opposition
2. US resolutions supported democratisation of SK
3. Chun stepped down - free elections restored
52
1978 Post-Mao Reform
1. class struggle > socialist modernization
2. command economy > market economy (gradual expansion)
3. ^foreign engagement, security and economic needs
4. 1 party dictatorship - capitalist aspects
5. interim leader Hua Guofeng visited 8 countries in less than 2 years (Mao visited USSR 2 times in 27 years)
53
1975 Sino-Vietnam War
1. post unification Vietnam sided with USSR
2. geopolitical conflict with China - betrayal during struggle against US
3. Vietnam - Cambodia's Pol Pot - invade
4. China - Vietnam - undermine Vietnamese, USSR - US favour
5. Chinese domestic reasoning: Deng Xiaoping's effort to control army
6. Chinese army in poor condition after Cultural Revolution
7. ^numbers - controlled Northern Vietnam - withdrew
8. China, Vietnam - double claim as war victors
9. 1st full-scale war between communist party-states
54
1985 Sino-Soviet Normalization
1978 post-Mao reforms - downplayed ideological dispute with USSR
1982 - "Soviet revisionists' (x)
1982, 84, 85 - "Funeral Diplomacy"
1. 1985 Gorbachev's Glasnost reform
2. 1987 Perestroika - democratic socialism - support from Eastern Europe, Vietnam; opposition from PRC, NK
3. domestic politics: USSR's move away from Marxist-Leninist ideology - different opinions would not affect Sino-Soviet relations
4. foreign policy: Brezhnev Doctrine - 1989 withdrawal from Mongolia, Afghanistan, Brezhnev Doctrine repealed 1991 - eliminated Soviet military threat to China
5. 5/89 Gorbachev visited China - friends, not comrades ~ 1989 Democratic Movement (3/6/89 Tiananmen Square massacre)
6. victim: NK - economic stagnation, stopped concessional and barter trade
7. USSR demand - NK use convertible currency for trade 01/91, China 05/91- 70%v petroleum consumption
55
Soviet-South Korea Normalization
01/1991 > 09/1989 (UN Council)
1. 1970s dissatisfaction with NK - exclusion of ideology from foreign policy - SK economic lucrativeness - foreign trade, investment, loan
2. SK official recognition from USSR, PRC - undermine NK - commercial loans (~formal diplomatic ties)
3. territorial dispute with Japan - SK only willing strong Asian economy willing to help USSR
4. NK threatened to close Moscow embassy
56
Sino-South Korean Normalization
1983 Chinese Civil Aviation Hijacking Incident
1. Shenyang > Shanghai ~> SK - 1st official contact PRC-SK
2. 30 member Chinese delegation to SK
3. SK refused to extradite hijackers (~Taiwan) - crew, passengers, aircraft
4. agreement signed with PRC & SK names (initial plan: civil aviation authority only)
1985 Hijacking of Chinese Navy torpedo boat
1. 2 sailors killed captain > SK - returned - executed
2. Taiwan protested - SK "simple murder, no politics"
3. Chinese apology for "inadvertently" entering Korean waters
1990 Asian Games, Beijing, China
1. 1983 bid
2. 1986 Asian Games
3. 1988 Seoul Olympic Games
4. SK participated under own flag and name
1990
1. trade offices 7x Sino-NK trade
2. SK interest-free loan for diplomatic reasons
3. formal diplomatic relations - 1992 (concerns: Taiwan's diplomatic success after USSR collapse)
4. SK recognised PRC > ROC - embassy and consulate transferred
5. ROC economic measures: suspension of flights until 2004
57
Cross-Recognition
1. 1975 US - peace exchange between two Cold War Blocs
a. PRC, USSR - SK, NK
b. US, JAP - NK, SK
2. SK, JAP - support
3. USSR, PRC, NK - rejected - conspiracy to solidify Korea's division
4. 1980s Sino-SK, Soviet-SK normalization > NK cross-recognition
5. 1991 USSR supported SK UN application
6. PRC - NK - would not veto SK application
7. NK-SK joint application // SK - sole Korea - 09/1991
58
DPRK-US-JAP Normalization
1. No success
2. NK-JAP obstacles: NK kidnap of Japanese citizens in previous decades
3. Cross-recognition - exchange between two Cold War Blocs
4. USSR, PRC betrayed NK - no benefit from normalization with SK - US, JAP not obliged to normalize relations with NK
59
North Korean Nuclear Crisis
1. 1992 Inter-Korean Declaration on Denuclearization - stealthy development
2. 1993 formal withdrawment from UN Non-Proliferation Treaty
3. US demanded nuclear disarmament for normalization of diplomatic relations
4. nuclear development essential to national security - isolationism
5. Pres Jimmy Carter - NK - deal of civil energy support <> nuclear disarmament
60
2000 1st Inter-Korean Summit
13-15/3/2000
1. Kim Jong Il visited PRC before summit (1st NK leader in 13 years)
2. 130-person SK delegation Kim Dae-jung
3. no flags, anthems, flights
61
June 15th Joint Declaration
1. unification to be realised with Korean's own efforts
2. cooperation in non-political fields
3. invitation for Kim Jong-Il to visit Seoul
62
2002 Second North Korea Nuclear Crisis
1. US discovery of NK nuclear program
2. NK blamed US for failure to provide economic support
3. Six-Party Talk, Beijing, 2003 - 09/2005 - nuclear disarmament <> energy support - disagreement on order of process - agreement fell through
63
Six-Party Talk
1. 2005 - agreement > disagreement
2. 2007 - preliminary deals
64
2007 October 4th Joint Declaration
final spurt in SK-NK relations before termination
65
1990s Sino-US Tensions
(x) USSR threat
1. Crackdown of 1989 Democratic Movement > US sanctions against China
2. suspension of high-level visits, military embargo, cancellation of economic exchange
3. Japan opposed sanctions - isolating PRC > conservatism
4. mid-1990s market economy in PRC - political reform halted - Sino-US relations improved (97/98)
5.
