Allgemein Flashcards

Question

Corsica Problem

Answer 1

•G conquered Bonifacio in 1195 from Pisans which was a nest of pirates and an important center to control Corsica •Corsica close to G and P and closest big island belonging formally to marquis of Tuscany and later pope granted archbishop of Pisa (military leader)and promoted the P to take possession • G put pressure on pope and he gave them also a bishop in 1133 • no resources but important geographical position Sardegna: - divided into four states from single families

Answer 2

• Venetian merchants (1254 to 1324 in Venice) • traveled through Asia (among Silk Road ) with uncle and father in 1271 and return 1291/95 • got captured and imprisoned by G. During war • superficial info about China and his experience • not first European in China but in Mongolian capital (khanbaliq later Beijing)—-) European like Russians and Armenians traveled till Karakorum •polos had titles of „simur“ and „wutuo“ and had privileged merchants for the Khan and traded in his behalf and probably foreign advisors • debate if he ever went to China cos no Chinese sources about him •acre and con. As starting point for expediton •book: Il milione written account of journey Italian merchants in China: •V and G merchants dominated the Eiroasian trade •G as experts on the condition, travel and trade in China and preferred to travel via Central Asia or via Tana, Kaffa in Black Sea • many famous Italian families (Francesco pegolo) • few settled down in China (tombstone of 1342 of Villoni family) •1338 Francesco Balducci Pelogotti discovered way to China via Sea of Azov - Chinese goods like silk, brocade, ginger, Tibetan musk • Europeans brought amber and corals • pelogottis book : practica Della mercatura as a guide for merchants ( like a Turk speaking translator, 60 ppl for protection and how to trade heavier and lighter goods) • Chinese trade very profitable Italian Friars: •1292 John of montecorvino comes to khanbaliq and starts Christian missionary and first archbishop of khanbaliq • baptized Nestorian prince and 6k other ppl • he learned th Mongolian language and preached in it •couldn’t baptisze the Kahn but built Christian community • Christian missionaries built a fondaco a hostel in Quanzhou (Andrew of Perugia and Jacob of Florence as bishops) •1306 place of worship in khanbaliq •all Franciscans sent by pope

Answer 3

Development of privacy • always closely intertwined with sea trade (but also on land) •Italian mostly attacked Muslim traders and towns to seize goods and to expand their own towns, especially smaller towns •solution: ppl moved to the hills for protection. •piracy shifted to sea attacks - large galleys modeled on BE dromon which could quickly convert from a carriage of goods / pilgrims to a warship • political instability in MT in 9/10th •11th: peace restored and trading of merchants and sailors regained but potential violonece remained 12th: some records of pirate activity but mainly individual actions and not organized (like Genoese bigger fleets) —) piracy not yet really profitable 13/14th: employment of corsairs by the government - piracy as a means to destroy international competition in maritime trade - letter of marque(kaperbrief) assigned by government authorized corsairs to capture ships from their enemies (legally) Corsairs and pirates- difference? •pirates: commuted maritime seizures on own behalf and on any merchant vessel/ coastal settlement without being subject to a political authority •corsairs: (privateers)- acted under a authority or direct control of political entity , focusing on merchants of entity’s economic rivals —) distinction became hazy as corsairs could be pirates and vice versa —) pirates were actively hired as corsairs and had protection by the law and enhanced social status Motivation behind employment : •enforcement of strategic, economic and political Interests •piracy as a legitimate way to seizing vessels for owns own fleet and to prosecute crimes on the sea —) government defines what’s illegitimate •reinforcement of military endeavors and justification for aggressive actions in foreign affairs Corsairs/Pirates: •increasing profits from legitimate deals by illegitimately seizing (luxury) commodities •established new contacts to potential trade partners and explored new trade routes • communal life was based on equality and alternative way to secure livelihood Measures to control piracy: - real pirates (acting on their own) could be condemned to death and property confiscated -corsairs/pirates: only illegitimate when from rival nation. - if corsairs acted unlawful their actions could be liable in judicial proceedings Venice: •1255 maritime law required privately owned sailing ships to carry arms and protect valuable commodities—) could be used against illegitimate piracy under the pretense of defending themselves • prohibited citizens from official reprisal operations • venetian fleet was corsairing but not formally employed Genoa: •officium robarie: established to examine complaints from trading partners robbed by the Genoese •1344: formal instruction to carry arms due to internal political instability —) piracy •1350-1500: restrictions on letters of marque ENRICO Pescatore: •descendant of a G noble family (di castello) •collaboration with Guilhemo Grasso, count of Malta and admiral of Sicily , and later married his daughter and later inherited count title when grasso was killed •authority at court of Palermo and influential member of government •supported the exclusion of Pisan merchants from Sicily trade •control of exports and revenues •1204: commandos of G. Fleet and naval expedition under pretense of a avenging a pisan attack but wanted to occupate Syracuse - reaffirms G position next to V. And dominate major ports along the route to Middle East (no official consent by municipality) •1206: control over candia and proclaimed himself lord of Crete •1207: V reconquer Candia but Pescatore stayed in control of rest of island •1211: forced to renounce all claims on Crete •1220: admiral of Sicily • protected G commercial interests throughout his career as both, a Corsair and a pirate

Answer 4

1. political system of Venice • ruled by noble families •important councils - council of 10, small council and wise men •office of doge with increasing power over the century • conspiracy and execution of doge unusual • population minimized by plague • several wars • tensions btw ppl and noble class Marin Falier -1274 -several offices: council of 10 (1315-20,1323), Captain of the sea 1345-46, Major: chioggia 1342&49; serravalle, treviso Embassador to Austria, Avignon — already powerful with all those offices Doge 1355 ( vor Dandalo) - some sources describe him as noble and wise and some (cortusi) that he wanted peace with G and understood ppl needs Consequences: beheaded, possessions confiscated and Damnatio memoriae Conspiracy: - election 11.9 1354 - insult of his wife by a young nobleman that was persecuted but too miildly (strong dislike of this class but seems like a rumor and first source far later) -oder Gegensatz of noblemen and seamen (blamed nobili for loss of sea battle of Porto Longo 1354) -third doge of his family -conspiracy with popoli and wanted to kill noble leyer but plans was exposed -beheaded 1355 -why: - eastbalishing a Kindom of tyrannies from a biased Venetian source and became sovereign like in other upper Italian cities Strong showcase of personal motivation wants to paint venices stable political System with wise noblemen and dutiful citattadini (administration)and popolani -Plan: G. Fleet attacks and nobleman are being summoned at st marks to kill after that all other noble families and doge as signore and popoli instead of nobles but plan fails cos doge gave different instructions and is suspicious - official sources destroyed -beheaded on. Scala foscara where he gave oath of promissione (constitution of Venice)

Answer 5

- Commonwealth of Aragonese ppl and Balearic Islands alongside BCN - Capital of principality of BCn and ruled by count and 25k population in 14th(smaller than Venice or G but biggest in Aragon) -415 visigots invasion , 715 conquest Umayyads, 801 Reconquista left by carolingians 878: independent counts and no more ties to Carolingians 1164: dynasty union btw BCN and Ara. 1258: establishment of ara. Legal codes (consulate of the sea) 1280: development of municipal fleet 1359: battle of BCN against Castile Portugal and Grenada (only couple of hours cos strong crossbowmen) Economy: -different to counterparts in MT - private owned fleet by crown and focus on commercial interest -maritime strength: ships built till late 17th and vital for crown and commerce 1229-35 conquest of Balearen 1282: occupation of Sicily - trade across MT and Low Countries Naval capacity: - galleys built in series and fitted with bombards by middle 14th •Catalan Tartares as smaller vessels for fishing commerce and warfare •production capacity by 1571 allowed to deploy 50 ships to battle of lepanto - difference to Italian commune: monarch with central power who could force and had to be served - being part of a kingdom meant manpower, resources network ports

Answer 6

Venice: 100k inhabitants Genoa(50k) - public organization and fleet as public affair and managed by the state ; protection of routes : responsibility of the government -Venetian mude (convoys): public- private partnership as periodic convoys -incanto: public galleys rented to private individuals or groups •697: first doge of venice Venice (r.s Lopez): centralization process at the first place, where the interest of the community and collective, good, coherent government, and less internal fightings Political development: •9-10th: doges had strong powers like little kings. Monopoly of some families : orseolo, candiani 1032: revolt against orseolo family. Then monoplz of Michiel -doge had some councillors 1172: revolt and political reformation: official commission created to elect the doge -conquest of Constantinople in 1204 created wealth of Venetian families Venetian government (after 1172 reform) 1. Assemblea popolare 2. Magior consiglio (300-400) - actually highest entity but in reality no real power 3. I Quaranta finances and laws 4.senato (60) -foreign policy 5. Consiglio ducale (9 plus 1) operative government 6. Doge ( highest magistrate and kept in check but elected for life) —-) Venice as a very organized state and everyone had a task (rich and poor serve in same events or organizations) 1297- reform of Serrata del Maggior Consiglio An organized Population: - no foreign podesta, strong feeling of independence - about 100 families involved in the government , 500 in administration -all Venetian officials could be put on trial( falier) -from 1250 growing importance of the new and rich merchants (popolo) -development of the scuole (religious confraternities) Serrata del maggior consiglio: 1297 reform : enlargement of the maggior consiglio, but also closure of it -number increase to 1100 -membership almost heriditary -almost a ruling class (no newcomers) - very stable but slow system with low risk of one powerful man to take over and only collapsed with Napoleon after 1000y •beginning of 1200 rich ppl and merchants to rival noblemen Genoa: 50k and never had a public fleet - in case of need renting galleys from private citizens who were obliged to do -laws to build uniform galleys -contract with private groups for public tasks Genoa(Lopez): fewer and more powerful families, no possibility for the government to central Isa. Private model and individual initiative, family of group enterprises. Two political and commercial systems that are so opposite but with same success

Answer 7

- Arab word: house of construction as a kind of factory where ships were built, kept and repaired - V. Arsenal became famous as largest one in MT( takes a big chunk when seen on a map) -4K ppl working there (and not allowed to work outside ) - city by itself with bakery water storage - Dante describes is as hell (places it in his inferno) Genoa Arsenal: - small and outsourced in surrounding region - set of rules to follow how to build galleys for everyone the same -privateer in charge of decentralization Two political and commercial systems that are so opposite but with same success

Answer 8

•medieval nautical chart using navigation form 13 to 15th •beginning of the professional cartography •from Italian portulano- relating to ports or harbors and shows the coastline (from one port to the next) -rhumb lines for compass navigation (capes rivers delta etc) • drawn in special type of parchment calf skin as more durable •only coastline not Landesinnere •carte Pisano 1258 to 1291 oldest one existing today •empirical knowledge based on experience and navigation etc •production most likely in V and G also from Catalonia (more detailed and Jewish cartographers good connections to ct, Arabs jews w diplomatic ties to Mongolia and therefore also inland details) •some from Portugal and Arabic world (taking over that technique) - main focus is MT region -piece by piece map that cartographer has obtained from every region and assembled it like a mosaic - Catalan atlas 1375 details w precious gold silver material and eastern part rougher and more focus on. West •portions charts as a means to show wealth •but also in use that’s why not many survive •controversy over its origin and accuracy - cos far too accurate for medieval technology and similar to Mercator projection used in modern times —-) coupled from previous civilizations? - mystery how they could be so accurate - radkarte (t and o mal): with Jerusalem in middle and divided into Europe (left), Africa (right) and Asia (top); East for Eden meist oben - map of space and time and very theological - Greek Tau als Verweis auf Cross und Universum —) portolan charts more scientifical

Answer 9

1293: tensions and troubles in the Levant Second Venetian- Genoese war 1294: battle of laiazzo: Genoese victory - pope bonfaace VIII: call to stop but no one listens 1295: genoa armed fleet of 165 galleys ( one of the biggest in MA) —) internal struggles in Genoa btw G and gihibellins (1296) and political changes in Venice (1297) A Mediterranean Conflict: 1296: Venetian fleet burns Genoese colony of pera (block trade of enemy and control straight) 1298: geonoese fleet wants to attack Adriatic 7.9 1298: battle of Curzola: 86 G. Galleys and 96 Venetian galleys —-) decisive victory for G: captured btw 78 and 86 galleys •venetians suffered 7k prisoners and 5-7k death —) came close to destroying V. But had to come back and deal with the internal struggle (Grimaldi family that was expelled came back) —) flight of the griffon 1. Increased numbers of galleys and fleets in late 13th 2. Genoa won and started its apogee

Answer 10

Pera: ( peran en Sykais: fig field on the other side) •425: integral part of Con. And full Cory rights in 6th •Venice attain exclusive privilege to trade in C without paying customs (992/1092) • Maritime city states built fondachi - Till 1171: G. Establish a colony in Galatea to trade within Black Sea (1155)—) clashes with V and G. Colony is damaged and BE emperor evicts V.and seizes assets 4th Crusade: • crusaders, attack, and sack C •in Latin empire (1204 to 1261) •1261 Nicean empire retakes C - Genoese colony from 1267/68 (given to g by treaty of Nympheum) -fortifications 1348 -under the rule of Genoese podesta -1296 burned down by V. •rebuilt and fortified (even tho prohibited) •usurps trade in port of C and rise of new center of trade in Bospurus and established trade network in Black Sea - several names interchangeable (galata, pera etc) -growth to a large near autonomous state and podesta disregarding orders from G. - greatest of the colonies of G.and big catholic influence within a region of orthodox and Muslims -fall of C. In 1453: - podesta given leave to negotiate with sultan - double strategy of staying neutral (but secretly support for C) -no sacking or destruction by ottomans and had to break city walls and pax taxes but could keep churches —) port loses significance in 16th but cultural mixed neighborhood -two most important ghibelin families (spinola and doria) in charge of P (ghibelin and emperor city) - signed independent cities not asking G with ottomans or BE and had own foreign policies

Answer 11

- ianuensis civitas in extremo Europae -besieged by tartars in 1346: plague started frome three -founding date unclear (maybe 1266) and first G. Coming in 1270 - gained by G from khan (but claims to have built it on ruins of Thedosia so a Mongolian city before) -population: 20-100k unclear but big city and big port( still smaller than others w 20galkeys) -heart of the Genoese colonies in Black Sea and end of silk route -1308 conquest of caffa (many wars with mongols) -1313 reorganization of colony offer reorganization Siege of caffa: •open conflict with Mongols and Italian city states 1343 •no official treaty after hostilities ended Importance of caffa: - size and location and accessibility to resources and important port outside of MT •slave trade and goods from China and grain •1457 falls to ottomans and limited influence starting in 1453 • several other ports in the region • European city in midst of mongol territory • eastern MT very interconnected world ( Muslims, mongols, Latin and Greek) Tana: main Venetian outpost in Black Sea •slave trade mainly by G. : Christian -pagan slavers from Russia and Asia •Genoese colonial empire: studies from michel balard V. Colonial empire: Freddy thiriet —) Black Sea becomes the Genoese lake Chios: 1356: Genoese private fleet was ordered to fight the Guelphs in Monaco—) when G. Run away fleet turns east —) conquer island of Chios •Maona is formed : patrons of the galleys were the shareholders of a new kind of company - formed Giustiani family •Chios lasted G. Till 1566 War of the straights: • tension after G. Conquest of Chios •1350 new war btw V and G •1351 alliance: V. BE, crown of Aragon versus Genoa (later joined by Hungary) —) Mediterranean total war 1352: bloody battle of the Bosporus -) Greek forces to sign peace w Genoa •aragonese target: Sardinia, against the doria family form G •1353: battle of Lojera : Catalan victory against G —) G in trouble, concession of rule of G. To the lord of Milan 1354: battle of sapienza: G. Victory against Venetians 1354: doge Marin falier beheaded for conspiracy 1355: difficult situation for both cities. Peace treats but fragile and ready for next war

Answer 12

• modern Greek scholarship calls it the Venetocracy •acquisition during 4th crusade from boniface of monteferat (exchange for support being Latin emperor) •occupied by Enrico pescatore (w Genoese support at first) until 1290 • control established btw 1290 and 1311 with Candia as its center • first time V. Governed a large area of land (food supplies) • stronger political presence in comparion to other colonies •implementation to mini- V. System •redistribution of land (to allure settlers for exchange of military help) •native Greeks were excluded from political life and land ownership • Greek church replaced by Latin church but no forced conversion •by 14th century Greek families became more prominent • resentment towards latins (stayed more in the city) Revolts and uprisings: • nine uprisings in 13th and with concessions to Greek like landownership •alexios calergis revolt (1282) - intermarriage btw Greek and V. Nobles were allowed and changed demographics •restrictions were removed and relaxed •revolt of St Titus (1363-64): -latins and Greek revolt together against V (and 1 y of independence from V) -last big revolt till ottomans conquest in 17th —) Crete important as a strategic point for network, and safe place for convoys and fleets - largest island of Mt: big population and land (resources and manpower needed after Black Death) - modern era towers became more slaves or prisoners as they were needed (they were underskilled and received for punishment)

Answer 13

Cyprus: • to BE in 956 und Muslims expelled but many inner conflicts against emperor • conquest by Richard lionheart 1191 • 1196 koenigsherrshxact durch Anerkennung von Heinrich VI und gegen BE kaiser •Könige von Zypern auch Könige von Jerusalem (auch nachdem Königreich Jerusalem 1291 zerschlagen wird) 1373: tensions btw venetians and Genoese during coronation of James II — king favors venetians and as a response G. Occupies famagosta Tenedo Problem: • important island for its position and BE emperor promises both G and V • but weak emperor and so V. Occupies the island ans starts war in 1377 —-) last great Genoese -Venetian war • Hungary helps G. As they had interest of Dalmatia 1379: —) battle of Pula with Genoese victory and Ventian admiral arrested cos of his loss —) smaller fleets (21 against 21 galleys) —-) darkest hour of Venice 1379-1380 siege of chioggia: in the lagoonand terrible defeat for G. ( ships were filled with stones and sunk to trap G.) inside lagoon • one of the first naval battle using naval artillery 1381: peace of Turin : island of Tenedo as neutral zone—-) no one won the war —-) Venice could rise again after darkest hour and apogee in 15/16th —-) G never really recovered (too many resources and money) and decline and end as maritime power (focused on banking)

Answer 14

Aragon: composite monarchy with kingdom of Aragon (Zaragoza) kingdom of Valencia , balwaric island and county of Barcelona • 1137 originated through dynastic union of Aragon and county of BCN •1162 birth of crown through son becoming king Expansion: •1229 balearic islamds and island become important naval bases •1245: conquest of Valencia (remained independent kingdom) 1282: kingdom of Sicily where king takes advantage of Sicilian vespers - tried to conquer kingdom of Naples but failed 1297: James II was granted kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica Conquest of Sardinia: - multi party island : Doria(Genoese), republic of Pisa, commune sassari, gheradesca, Malaspina (Langobards), judicate of arborea 1323: Aragon territorial conquest 1326: Pisa surrenders and passes land to Aragon •judge of arborea becomes vassal of crown —) hostilities with malaspina - crown defeats Doria family —) judge Marianus VI broke alliance with Aragon. And allied with Doria and declared war on kingdom of Sardinia 1353: most of Island reconquered 1375: son continues expansion 1388: Eleanor of arborear made peace treaty w Aragon (sick of fivhting) and agreed of restitution of conquered territories - husband broke peace treaty and took most territories back but he and his son dies • William II of Narbomme inherits throne and internal struggles—) Aragon takes advantage of dynastic crisis (1408) and regains territory by purchasing it in 1420 for 100k florins • 70y of fighting and in end big success for Aragon Economic development: • originally agriculture •with territorial conquests —) crown becomes a trading economy •maritime law libre del cosulat de mar ( regulates piracy, ship construction) • Valencia had a strong maritime trade tradition (silk Industry) • bcn and Valencia ranked major MT seaports and Aragon a trading power in MT Outlook: 1410: male heritage of Catalan does win king Martin 1469: Ferndimad II married infant Isabelle of Castile —) dynastic union and foundation of unification of Spain

Answer 15

BE Rule and Emigrate of Sicily: • old historiography: Sicily as backwards and dependent on north 536: start of Byzantine rule —) 660 to 665: Syracuse as capital of BE empire (?) 827 Arab conquest and emigrate of Sicily —) access to papyrus palms cotton —) island never rose to a cultural and political center of Islamic world Norman rule: 1060: Norman conquest by robert guiscard and Roger I • Norman rule: crossroads of Latin west, BE and Islamic world 1130: papal legitimation of title Rex siciliae •Roger II strong navy (conquest North African coast) but defeat of Alexandria 1174 • crusades: Sicily as staging area to holy land •12th: many G/V/P/A founded commercial districts for grain trade Imperial staufer: 1194: Pisans helped Henry VI to seize regnum •FII many treaties with north Italian cities (disadvantage for Sicilian) •liber Augustalis 1231: royal monopoly over salt, iron and silk —) loss of autonomous rights for Sicilian cities • deportation of Muslims to Lucera (damage to Muslim trading networks) •S stopped being Centre of royal power Angevine Dynasty: • pope claims feudal rights as a lord according to Constantine donation and gives it 1266 to Charles of Anjou —) wants to avoid being btw Holy Roman Empire and regnum • battle of Benevento defeat for Manfred and end of staufer dynasty • ambitious expansion policy in MT: requnquet of Constantinople (was taken again by BE and treaty of nympheum) and restablishment of Latin empire —-) V and P gave their fleets in return to get their privileges (G had them in Constantinople) Sicilian Vespers: •1282 revolt against French supremacy—) massacre •short lived leadership of communitas sicilae: after example Of north Italian commune —-) failed cos lack of unity and rivalries btw Sicilian cities • destruction of large part of angevine fleet for expedition to Constantinople Aragonese Rule: • peter III crowned king of Sicily in Palermo(hereditary rights cos related to Manfreds daughter Constanze)——) Integration in Aragonese - Catalan commonwealth 1302: peace of caltabellota: Frederick king of trinarcia (island and to Aragonese) and division of regnum Siciliae (Sicilia mainland citeriore to angevine)—) two kingdoms • many brutal conflicts until treaty of Avignon 1372–) no opportunity for economic recovery • great political instability: weak rulers and infant monarchs results in increase of power for feudal nobility • internal struggle : latins (pro-angevine) and Catalans (pro bcn) 1347: one of fist stops where Black Death arrived and many people died

Answer 16

• one of the four Maritime powers • economic powerhouse in commercial center in the 9th to 11th century • trade connections to the BE, Arabic world and Latin west_ —-> mediator and linking between the cultures Geography • Golf of Salerno between the tyrennian sea and the Latarri mountains •duchy Resources : timber ( shipbuilding weaponry) wine, food, chestnuts 339 BE cast rum and trading post 596: first, Bishop and development two at Civitas(city) 839: independency from the BE and Naples 954: Mastallo II first doge 1073: Norman conquest 1373: earthquake destroys the harbor Innovations: modern day, compass, tabula amalpgirana (code of maritime law), naval industry with the technical advances (dromon)

Answer 17

Structure: •consul System—) 1098: four to eight consuls elected yearly • emergence of factions •political power limited to noble families Civil wars: •1164: assasination of marchese Della Volta •Embriaci family ousted from G 1169: truce with intervention by archbishop Second Civil war: •1189-1194: ended with intervention of. Emperor Heinrich VI Podesta: center of new political organization: a non- Genoese podesta • various regulations were aimed at podestas neutrality in infection rivalry • Legislation, and major policy made by councils and to reduce influence of powerful families •policy setting separated from policy implementation Guelphs and Ghibellins: •Ghibellins: enhance power by siding with emperor •Guelphs: supported paper, and a post and imperial interference —) genoa sided with pope •—-) expelled Ghibelline, including Spinola and Doria family 1250: FII dies- Guelphs allowed Ghibillea to return (and even gave them compensation)to strengthen to nobility position against growing power of common people Rise of Popolo: •newfound wealth was an Evan Distributed • bro,disc Content and the Guelph-ghibelline divide continued •1257: common Pippo Cho ab Arms and proclaimed Guigelmo Boocanegra capitano del Popol—) popolo wanted to gain more power Captain of the people: • Government aparattus was restructured •podesta remind Head of the Commune and acted as point of Reference for Family with Long Standing Political Ties • popular faction was poorly organized • military aristocracy United to oppose boccaNegra • After five years end of the Government of Capitano, Del Popolo and a podestria regime was reinstated (with consilium)1270: riot doria and spinola against fieschi and Grimaldi 1290: major statutory reforms 1295: reinstated double captaincy 1300: reform 1339: Simone boccaNegra—-) doge of Genoese and defender of the Popolo