ALL Victim Services Flashcards For The Whole Textbook!

Question 1

United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Answer 1

United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights: the declaration is a document drafted by representatives with different legal and cultural backgrounds from around the world. Its aim is to set a commo

Question 2

Victims’ of Crime Act (VOCA)

Answer 2

Victims’ of Crime Act (VOCA): the act established the Crime Victims Fund, which was made up of federal criminal fines, penalties, forfeitures, and special assessments, for state compensation programs and local victim assistance programs. Subsequent revisions to the act expanded victim eligibility to include victims of domestic violence, drunk driving accidents, nonresident commuters and visitors, and saw the establishment of the Office for Victims of Crime

Question 3

Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) of 1994

Answer 3

Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) of 1994: enacted as part of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, it acknowledges domestic violence and sexual assault as crimes, along with providing federal resources to encourage community-coordinated responses to combating violence against women

Question 4

Precipitation:

Answer 4

the extent to which the victims contributed to the criminal event that harmed them, and it can take two forms, victim facilitation and victim provocation

Question 5

Facilitation

Answer 5

: when the victim, often unknowingly, makes it easier for offenders to target him or her or set in motion the events that lead to the victimization

Question 6

Provocation:

Answer 6

occurs when the victim overtly acts to incite another person to commit an illegal act resulting in his or her victimization

Question 7

Functional responsibility:

Answer 7

the role victims play in not provoking others into victimizing or harming them, and the idea that victims should also do everything possible to prevent a victimization from occurring

Question 8

Routine Activity Theory:

Answer 8

this theoretical perspective argues not why certain demographics are susceptible to criminal victimization but rather why daily routine activities create the opportunity for criminal victimization (Cohen & Felson, 1979). The propositions of this theory are that for victimization to take place, there must be three elements: (1) a motivated perpetrator/s, (2) suitable targets (victim), and (3) the absence of a capable guardian at a given place and time

Question 9

Opportunity Model:

Answer 9

takes from the lifestyle-exposure and routine activity theory and expands on them and identifies further factors that may play an integral role in victimization. These factors are exposure, guardianship, proximity of potential perpetrators, attractiveness of potential targets, and properties of specific offences. The inclusion of these factors relocates the prominence of the theory from the characteristics of the perpetrator to the characteristics of the situation

Question 10

Social Learning Theory:

Answer 10

individuals learn behavior by observing and imitating other people through the absorption of experiences and reinforcement. In other words, behavior that is either rewarded, or goes unpunished, develops into the observer’s library of what is acceptable behavior

Question 11

Low Self-Control Theory:

Answer 11

low self-control is the most important predictor for delinquent and analogous behaviors (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990; Jones & Quisenberry, 2004). Why some people turn to criminal behavior and others do not is because offenders have a propensity or tendency to take advantage of opportunities for criminal behavior. This propensity to engage in criminal behavior results from a lack of direct control or guidance by parents or caregivers early in life

Question 12

Control Balance Theory:

Answer 12

proposes that deviance, defined as behavior that the majority regard as unacceptable or that typically evokes a collective response of a negative type, is caused by the amount of control that individuals exercise relative to the amount of control to which they are subject

Question 13

Crime in the United States:

Answer 13

an annual report released by the FBI that is a valuable resource to understand the trend, the number, and rate of violent and property crime offenses in the nation and by state

Question 14

National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS):

Answer 14

national data collection system that gathers each reported crime incident and arrest for 46 specific crimes called Group A offenses as well as 11 lesser offenses from the arrest data

Question 15

National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS):

Answer 15

the most comprehensive nationwide household survey providing a detailed picture of crime victims and the consequences of crime, unreported crime, and victimization trends

Question 16

International Crime Victim Survey (ICVS)

Answer 16

the most comprehensive large-scale crime and victimization surveys conducted in 78 countries by 2005

Question 17

Fear of crime:

Answer 17

an emotional response to a sense of insecurity and being a victim of crime

Question 18

Recurring victimization:

Answer 18

occurs when a person or place is victimized more than once by any type of victimization

Question 19

Repeat victimization:

Answer 19

occurs when the same victimization happens more than once to the same individual, household, place, business, vehicle, or other target

Question 20

Near-repeat victimization:

Answer 20

a victimization that occurs in a place that is close by or near in proximity to a place that was victimized previously

Question 21

Polyvictimization: a person experiences multiple victimizations of different kinds, such as sexual abuse, physical abuse, bullying, and or exposure to family violence

Answer 21

a person experiences multiple victimizations of different kinds, such as sexual abuse, physical abuse, bullying, and or exposure to family violence

Question 22

Intangible costs of victimization:

Answer 22

costs such as pain, suffering, and reduced quality of life and fear of crime, as well as psychological costs to the offender’s family and community, are more difficult to measure, but economists make efforts to use varied methods to place a dollar value on those losses

Question 23

National Census of Victim Service Providers (NCVSP):

Answer 23

surveys victim service providers to better understand the field and includes such information as the type of organization and the types of victims served

Question 24

National Survey of Victim Service Providers (NSVSP):

Answer 24

follows up on the NCVSP, the NSVSP will seek more specific information about victim service providers

Question 25

Trauma:

Answer 25

the result of severe distress and causes damage. Some stressors may be single incidents of relatively short duration, whereas others may occur over longer periods of time, resulting in prolonged exposure to the threatening stressor

Question 26

Resources:

Answer 26

traits, characteristics, or abilities to meet the demands of a stressor event that can be available at the individual, family, or community level

Question 27

Coping:

Answer 27

the thoughts and acts that people use to manage the internal and external demands posed by a stressful or traumatic event

Question 28

Resilience:

Answer 28

a person’s ability to maintain a balanced state in the face of challenges. In other words, it is the ability to “bounce back” after being traumatized, where the person is able to process and make sense of the disruption in his or her life, identify his or her resources, and successfully handle the crisis

Question 29

Self-care:

Answer 29

is the opposite of self-harm. When victims engage in self-care they are expressing to others that they value their health and are finding ways to move on from the traumatic event. Self-care activities are important for every human being

Question 30

Community-oriented policing (COP):

Answer 30

addresses prevention, problem solving, community engagement, and partnerships to address crime and social order beyond traditional law enforcement practice

Question 31

Modus operandi (MO):

Answer 31

a term used by law enforcement to develop a description of the way particular criminals operate. Sometimes referred to by its initials, MO

Question 32

Crisis intervention:

Answer 32

provides immediate assistance by addressing the internal and external difficulties of individuals in crisis

Question 33

Child Protective Services (CPS):

Answer 33

a specialized component of the child welfare system, responsible for supporting and intervening for those children alleged to be abused, neglected, or exploited, and their families

Question 34

Adult Protective Services (APS):

Answer 34

social service agencies that respond to the abuse and neglect of older adults, individuals with disabilities, and others who are at risk for mistreatment and neglect

Question 35

Bystanders:

Answer 35

individuals who are neither victims nor perpetrators but they saw or know about a crime that happened to someone else

Question 36

Bereaved victims:

Answer 36

family members and friends who have lost a significant other to homicide

Question 37

Hate crime:

Answer 37

a criminal offense that is motivated by personal prejudice and directed at others because of their perceived race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, religion or disability

Question 38

Booking:

Answer 38

an arrestee is taken to the police station or jail, and personal information, alleged charge(s), fingerprints, and photographs are recorded

Question 39

Victim and Witness Assistance Programs:

Answer 39

programs that provide information on rights and services to victims and witnesses, and encourage victims to participate in the criminal justice system to the extent they wish

Question 40

Initial Appearance:

Answer 40

the defendant’s appearance before a magistrate or a judge in a reasonable period after his or her arrest

Question 41

Bail:

Answer 41

the money or equivalent property put up to secure the release of the defendant while he or she is awaiting the trial

Question 42

Plea bargain:

Answer 42

a negotiated agreement among the defendant, the prosecutor, and the court

Question 43

Preliminary hearing:

Answer 43

a hearing that determines if sufficient evidence exists to allow charges to be passed against the defendant

Question 44

Arraignment:

Answer 44

the defendant appears before a court and is notified of the formal charges and informed of his or her rights. Then, the defendant makes an admission of denial or guilt

Question 45

Subpoena:

Answer 45

a written order stating the time and place of appearance

Question 46

Retribution:

Answer 46

sentencing goal that considers punishment as justifiable or deserved given the seriousness of the crime that the offender committed

Question 47

Deterrence:

Answer 47

sentencing goal that discourages offenders and the general public from committing crime

Question 48

Incapacitation:

Answer 48

sentencing goal that disables offenders from committing a crime, mostly through imprisonment

Question 49

Restoration:

Answer 49

sentencing goal that focuses on restoring the harm done to victims, family, and friends of victims and the community

Question 50

Rehabilitation:

Answer 50

goal is to teach offenders skills and to address the needs of the offenders so that they will not commit crime in the future

Question 51

Victim impact statements (VIS):

Answer 51

the format of the VIS could be a written statement, a sworn or unsworn oral presentation, or even a prerecorded audio or video statement, and it commonly addresses the harm or trauma, the economic loss or damage to victims as a result of the crime, and a victim’s reaction to the proposed sentence or disposition

Question 52

Restitution:

Answer 52

the most common form of restitution is financial, which requires the offender to make payments to the victim for crime-related losses. Those would include medical expenses, lost wages, lost or damaged property, and funeral expenses

Question 53

Compensation:

Answer 53

victims are recompensed for crime-related financial losses. The money for the program comes mostly from court fees and fines that are collected from convicted criminals (Herman & Waul, 2004). In addition to the state funds, the federal government supplements the money through the Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) by the Office for Victims of Crime (OVC)

Question 54

Victim and Witness Protection Act of 1982

Answer 54

: the goals of the legislation are (1) to enhance and protect the necessary role of crime victims and witnesses in the criminal justice process; (2) to ensure that the federal government does all that is possible within limits of available resources to assist victims and witnesses of crime without infringing on the constitutional rights of defendants; and (3) to provide a model for legislation for state and local governments. (U.S. Department of Justice

Question 55

Expert witnesses:

Answer 55

can talk about opinions given their specialized area of knowledge, research, and experience

Question 56

Court-appointed special advocates (CASA):

Answer 56

help abused and neglected children find safe, permanent homes (National Court Appointed Special Advocate Association, 2017). Those advocates not only represent the children but also work with their families and assist them with the court proceedings

Question 57

Institutional corrections:

Answer 57

housing individuals in secure facilities, usually jails or prisons

Question 58

Jails:

Answer 58

local facilities generally hold individuals who are awaiting trial or awaiting transfer to other facilities after a conviction and misdemeanor offenders serving sentences of one year or less

Question 59

Prisons:

Answer 59

facilities that usually hold felony offenders who have been sentenced to one year or more

Question 60

Supermax prison:

Answer 60

the prison with the highest level of security that holds the most dangerous offenders

Question 61

Solitary confinement:

Answer 61

inmates are locked in their small cells alone 23 hours a day and spend one hour in a recreation space, which is only slightly larger than their prison cell. Inmates have little contact outside of guards and prison staff

Question 62

Community corrections:

Answer 62

sanctions that allow offenders to serve their terms in a community setting outside of jail or prison.

Question 63

Probation:

Answer 63

commonly used as an alternative to incarceration where offenders can live under supervision in the community

Question 64

Parole

Answer 64

: the conditional release of a prison inmate ending their term under the supervision of parole officers

Question 65

Day Reporting Centers (DRCs):

Answer 65

a one-stop center that addresses the criminogenic needs of the participants by providing comprehensive programs

Question 66

Electronic Monitoring (EM):

Answer 66

an intermediate sanction in which offenders are monitored through a GPS tracking device

Question 67

Impact of Crime on Victims Classes (ICVCs):

Answer 67

enhance adult offender acceptance of responsibility for their previous criminal conduct, understand the impact of crime on victims, develop personal safety skills, learn about healthy relationships with others, and contribute to their communities in a way to prevent future victimization

Question 68

Victim Impact Panels (VIPs):

Answer 68

consists of three or four speakers who have been seriously injured or whose friends or family members were killed by a drunken driver and who share their personal stories about how the accident affected their lives to a group of DWI offenders in a nonblaming manner

Question 69

Victim Notification System (VNS):

Answer 69

a free computer-based system through which federal crime victims can access information on an offender’s custody and release status

Question 70

Detention Facility:

Answer 70

a secure facility that places juveniles during juvenile court proceedings. It is sometimes called detention center or juvenile hall

Question 71

parens patriae:

Answer 71

the doctrine that gives the state the authority to act as the parent when a child’s parents fail to provide appropriate parental supervision

Question 72

Detention facility (juvenile hall):

Answer 72

A secure facility that places juveniles during juvenile court proceedings. It is sometimes called detention center or juvenile hall.

Question 73

Custody:

Answer 73

placing juveniles in a secure environment.

Question 74

Adjudicatory hearing:

Answer 74

the stage of juvenile court proceedings where the judge finds whether the allegations in the petition can be sustained

Question 75

Disposition hearing:

Answer 75

juvenile court proceedings in which a judge decides the most appropriate placement of an adjudicated juvenile

Question 76

Residential placement:

Answer 76

Residential placement: placement for youth in residential facilities that might be publicly or privately operated and could be a prison- or a home-like setting

Question 77

Aftercare:

Answer 77

upon release from an institution, a juvenile is often ordered to a period of aftercare, which is similar to adult parole

Question 78

Differential response (DR):

Answer 78

two-track system where the case is classified into an investigative response (IR) or an alternative response (AR)

Question 79

Crossover youth:

Answer 79

youth who experience maltreatment and engage in delinquency

Question 80

Dually involved youth:

Answer 80

youth who are simultaneously involved in the child welfare and juvenile justice systems

Question 81

Crossover Youth Practice Model (CYPM):

Answer 81

a model designed to achieve the efficiency and effectiveness of the welfare and justice systems to better address the needs of crossover youth

Question 82

Restorative justice:

Answer 82

a framework that focuses on repairing the harm done to victims and the community through a process of negotiation, mediation, victim empowerment, and reparation

Question 83

Family group conferences:

Answer 83

an informal meeting coordinated with a trained facilitator whereby the offender(s), the victim(s), their families, other affected individuals, and anyone who supports the victim and the offender are the common participants in the conference

Question 84

Victim-offender mediation (VOM):

Answer 84

a trained mediator coordinates a meeting of a victim and an offender to discuss the offense for which they were involved and facilitate a dialogue. The mediator usually has a separate premeditation session with the offender and the victim

Question 85

Circles:

Answer 85

one of the restorative justice practices where the community members who has an interest in the case uses a circle to discuss the case to deal with the harm created by the offender, of healing the victim, and of restoring the community

Question 86

Family violence:

Answer 86

any assault, battery, sexual assault, sexual battery, or any criminal offense resulting in personal injury or death of one family or household member by another who is related to the victim either biologically or legally through marriage or adoption

Question 87

Neglect:

Answer 87

failure or refusal of a parent, guardian, or other caregiver to provide for a child’s basic needs. The abuse includes harm due to the action or inaction of the caregiver

Question 88

Child abuse:

Answer 88

the definition of child abuse and neglect contained in Section 3 of the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) (Peterson, Joseph & Feit, 2014) is “At a minimum, any recent act or set of acts or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker, which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation, or an act or failure to act, which presents an imminent risk of serious harm”

Question 89

Mandated reporting:

Answer 89

is the legislative requirement that certain professionals must report cases of suspected child abuse or neglect for investigation to a designated authority within a specified amount of time

Question 90

Trauma-informed care:

Answer 90

a strengths-based framework that is grounded in an understanding of and responsiveness to the impact of trauma, that emphasizes physical, psychological, and emotional safety for both providers and victims, and that creates opportunities for victims to rebuild a sense of control and empowerment

Question 91

Human trafficking:

Answer 91

the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation

Question 92

Elder abuse:

Answer 92

elder abuse and neglect is the intentional actions causing harm or creating serious risk of harm, whether or not harm is intended, to a vulnerable elder by a caregiver or other person who stands in a trusted relationship, or failure by a caregiver to satisfy the elders basic needs or to protect the elder from harm

Question 93

Incapacitated rape:

Answer 93

occurs when the victim cannot consent because of self-induced consumption of drugs, alcohol, or any other intoxicant

Question 94

Statutory rape:

Answer 94

refers to a relationship between a juvenile and an adult that is illegal under the age of consent status but does not involve the degree of coercion or manipulation sufficient to qualify under criminal statutes as a forcible sex crime (Lee & Jordan, 2014). The minimum age that most states set is between 14 and 18; however, the legal definitions and terminology for statutory rape vary between states

Question 95

Sexual coercion:

Answer 95

unlike using physical violence or the threat of physical violence to have sexual intercourse; sexual coercion is instead the act of using psychological manipulation, threat of nonphysical punishment, or pressuring or pestering for sex (Daigle & Muftic, 2016). Sexual coercion generally exists in environments where there is an imbalance in power and control, where offenders exploit behaviors or status that make people vulnerable to victimization through fear, obligation, and guilt and/or the ability to recognize sexually aggressive behavior

Question 96

Unwanted sexual contact:

Answer 96

may involve the intentional touching, either directly or through the clothing of any part of a person’s body without his or her consent, or of a person who is unable to consent or refuse. Furthermore, unwanted contact sexual can include the perpetrator making a person touch them

Question 97

Noncontact sexual abuse:

Answer 97

does not involve any physical contact between the perpetrator and the victim. The noncontact occurs without the victims’ consent or when they are unable to consent or refuse and includes sending unwanted pornographic images or videos via text messaging or e-mail or verbal sexual harassment (e.g., making sexual comments) (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). Some acts of noncontact sexual abuse can occur without the victim’s knowledge, where comments or pictures are posted on social networking sites or the Internet

Question 98

Title IX:

Answer 98

a civil rights law that prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any educational program or activity that receives federal funding. This includes most schools, including private institutions and grades K-12 (

Question 99

Cyber-crime:

Answer 99

the use of computer technology to engage in unlawful activity

Question 100

Cyber child sexual exploitation:

Answer 100

situations in which these abusive practices occur or are facilitated through the use of the Internet or other file-sharing and mobile communication technologies. Where a person, usually an adult, achieves sexual gratification, financial gain, or advancement through the abuse or exploitation of a child’s sexuality by abrogating that child’s human right to dignity, equality, autonomy, and physical and mental well-being

Question 101

Grooming:

Answer 101

often characterized as seduction, a slow and gradual process of active engagement and a desensitization of the child’s inhibitions, where the offender gradually gains power and control over the child