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ap human geography > All Units > Flashcards

All Units Flashcards

1
Q

What is blockbusting?

A

Real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that people of color will soon move

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2
Q

What is boomburb?

A

Rapidly growing (double digit growth) suburban cities with a population greater than 100,000

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3
Q

What is the Burgess Concentric Zone Model?

A

Describes expansion in concentric rings around the central business district

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4
Q

What is Christaller’s Central Place Theory?

A

There can only be one large central city, which is surrounded by a series of smaller cities, towns, and hamlets

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5
Q

What is a Disamenity Zone

A

Poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not even connected to city services (amenities) and are controlled by gangs and drugs

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6
Q

What is an edge city?

A

Urban area with large suburban residential and business area surrounding it

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7
Q

What is environmental injustice?

A

When people are disproportionately impacted by environmental factors because of discrimination

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8
Q

What is an exurb?

A

Residential, prosperous, but rural areas beyond the suburbs

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9
Q

What is the Galactic City Model (Peripheral Model)?

A

Made up of an inner city, with large suburban residential and business areas surrounding it

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10
Q

What is gentrification?

A

Urban or suburban neighborhood transitions from housing people of low income status to housing middle class families

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11
Q

What is the Gravity Model?

A

Model used to estimate the amount of interaction between 2 cities

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12
Q

What is a green belt?

A

Ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area

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13
Q

What is the Harris and Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model

A

Growth is independent of the central business district

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14
Q

What is high density housing?

A

Highest density of residents per unit area of land

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15
Q

What are high order goods

A

Example would be cars are a luxury and not purchased often

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16
Q

What is housing discrimination

A

Members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods

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17
Q

What is the Hoyt Sector Model?

A

Describes the growth of US cities based on economic and physical geography

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18
Q

What is inclusionary zoning

A

Municipal and county planning ordinances that require or provide incentives when a given percentage of units in a new housing development be affordable by people with low moderate incomes

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19
Q

What is land tenure?

A

Relationships that individuals and groups hold with respect to land and land based resources, such as trees, minerals, pastures, and water

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20
Q

What is the Latin American City Model?

A

Combines elements of latin american culture and globalization by combining radial sectors and concentric zones

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21
Q

What are low order goods?

A

Small market areas and provide goods and services that are purchased more frequently than higher order goods and services

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22
Q

What is a megacity?

A

City that has a very large and growing population over 10,000 people

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23
Q

What is a metacity?

A

Urban areas with over 20 million people and are ranked by population size

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24
Q

What is mixed land use?

A

multiple land uses in the same space or building

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25
Q

What is new urbanism?

A

Seeks to encourage local community development and sustainable growth in an urban area

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26
Q

What is a primate city?

A

City that functions as by far the largest city in the country it inhabits

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27
Q

What is the rank size rule?

A

Rank of a city’s population within a country will be approximately the largest city’s population divided by the rank of the city in question

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28
Q

What is red lining?

A

Illegal practice of refusing someone credit, a loan, or insurance, or adding unfair terms in those contracts based on race or ethnicity

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29
Q

What is site?

A

Exact location of a city

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30
Q

What is situation?

A

Location of a place relative to other places

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31
Q

What is slow growth cities?

A

Urban communities where the planners have put into place smart growth initiatives to decrease the rate as which the city grows horizontally to avoid the adverse affects of sprawl

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32
Q

What are smart growth policies?

A

Urban planning and transportation theory that concentrates growth in compact walkable urban centers to avoid sprawl

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33
Q

What is the Southeast Asian City Model?

A

High class residential zones that stem from the center, middle class residential zones that occur in inner city, low income squatter settlements that occur in the periphery

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34
Q

What are squatter settlements

A

Buildings aimed to provide housing and shelter for poor people in a city

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35
Q

What is the Sub Saharan African City Model?

A

Contains pre colonial, european colonial, and post colonial elements and is/was segregated by race

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36
Q

What is the suburb?

A

Outer districts of urban areas

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37
Q

What is suburban sprawl?

A

Developed over large areas of land, usually farmland or greenfields

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38
Q

What is transportation oriented development?

A

Mixed use residential and commercial area designed to maximize access to public transport

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39
Q

What is urban hierarchy?

A

A ranking in settlements according to their size and economic functions

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40
Q

What are urban models?

A

Theoretical frameworks used in urban sociology to describe the way in which cities grow and develop

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41
Q

What is urban renewal?

A

Cities remove residents from low income areas and rebuild the area to attract higher income residents

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42
Q

What is urban sustainability?

A

Urban area to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

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43
Q

What is urbanization?

A

People live and are employed in a city

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44
Q

What is a world city?

A

Urban areas that function as major nodes in the world economy

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45
Q

What are zones of abandonment?

A

All people left area because they chose a better living area

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46
Q

What is zoning?

A

Dividing area into zones reserved for different purposes such as residence and business and manufacturing

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47
Q

What is agribusiness?

A

The set of economic and political relationships that organize food production for commercial purposes

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48
Q

What is aquaculture?

A

The cultivation or farming (in controlled conditions) of aquatic species, such as fish

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49
Q

What is the Bid Rent Theory?

A

Geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand for real estate change has the distance from the central business district (CBD) increases

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50
Q

What is the Columbian Exchange?

A

Transfer of plants, animals, disease, and technology between the old world from which columbus came and the new world which he found

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51
Q

What is commercial agriculture?

A

Form of agriculture undertaken in order to generate products for sale off of the farm in order to make a profit

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52
Q

What is the commodity chain?

A

Linked system of processes that gather resources, convert them into goods, package them for distribution, disperse them, and sell them on the market

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53
Q

What is commodity dependency?

A

When peripheral economies rely too heavily on the export of raw materials, which places them on unequal terms of exchange with more developed countries that export higher value goods

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54
Q

What is community supported agriculture (CSA)?

A

People who have pledged to support one or more local farms, with growers and consumers sharing risks and benefits of food production

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55
Q

What is deforestation?

A

destruction of forest or forested areas by human or natural means

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56
Q

What is desertification?

A

Process by which previously fertile lands became arid and unusable for farming

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57
Q

What are extensive farming practices?

A

Agricultural production system that uses small inputs of labor, fertilizers, and capital, relative to the land area being farmed

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58
Q

What is fair trade?

A

Concept used in developing countries to help create sustainability

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59
Q

What are feedlots/concentrated animal feeding?

A

Places where livestock are concentrated in a very small area on hormones and hearty grains that prepare them for slaughter

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60
Q

What are operations (CAFOs)?

A

Animal feeding operation that concentrates large numbers of animals in relatively small confined places

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61
Q

What is the first agricultural revolution?

A

The transition from hunting and gathering to planting and sustainability

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62
Q

What is a food desert?

A

Area that has limited access to affordable and nutritious food

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63
Q

What is food insecurity?

A

People who don’t know where their next meals are coming from

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64
Q

What are genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?

A

Crop whose genetic structure has been altered to make it more useful and efficient for human purposes

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65
Q

What is global food distribution?

A

Food supply is part of a larger chain that reaches all corners of world affected by political systems, infrastructure, and patterns of world trade

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66
Q

What is the global supply chain?

A

System of organization people, technology, activities, information and resources involved in moving a product or service from supplier to customer

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67
Q

What is globalization of agriculture?

A

System of agriculture build on economic and regulatory practices that are global in scope and organization

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67
Q

What is the green revolution?

A

Development of higher yield and fast growing crops through increased technology, pesticides, and fertilizers transferred from the developed to developing world to alleviate the problem of food supply in those regions

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68
Q

What is the Industrial Revolution?

A

Period of rapid development of industry

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69
Q

What are intensive farming practices?

A

Form of subsistence agriculture in which farmer must extend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land

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70
Q

What is irrigation?

A

Water is spread from its natural source over a much larger geographic range to aid agricultural production

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71
Q

What are land use patterns?

A

The way land is used within a given area

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72
Q

What are local food movements?

A

Connect food producers and consumers in the same geographic region to develop more self reliant and resilient food networks; improve local economies or to affect health, environment, community. or society of a particular place

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73
Q

What is the long lot survey system?

A

Long rectangular plots of farmland to give equal access to the river

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74
Q

What is market gardening?

A

Small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers

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75
Q

What is the metes and bounds survey system?

A

Uses physical features of local geography along with directions and distances to define and describe boundaries of land parcels

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76
Q

What are mixed crop/livestock systems?

A

Both animal and crop are farmed in same area

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77
Q

What is mono cropping?

A

Growing a single crop year after year on same land in the absence of rotation through other crops or growing multiple crops on the same land

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78
Q

What is monoculture?

A

The deliberate cultivation of only one single crop in a large land area

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79
Q

What is multi cropping?

A

Growing two or more crops in the same space during a single growing season

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80
Q

What is nomadic herding (pastoral nomadism/transhumance)?

A

Seasonal movement of livestock along routes to regions with available grazing land and water sources

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81
Q

What is organic farming?

A

Reluctance to use biotechnology in farming

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82
Q

What is pastoral nomadism?

A

A way of life of peoples who do not live continually in the same place but move cyclically or periodically

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83
Q

What is plantation agriculture?

A

Production of one or more usually cash crops on a large swathe of land

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84
Q

What are rural settlement patterns?

A

The way in which people live and build communities in rural area, or areas outside of urban centers

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85
Q

What is the second agricultural revolution?

A

Used increased technology from industrial revolution as a means to increase from productivity through mechanization

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86
Q

What is shifting cultivation (slash and burn)?

A

Farming by clearing land for farming by slashing vegetation and burning debris

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87
Q

What is soil salinization?

A

Occurs when soil in an arid climate has been made available for agricultural production using irrigation

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88
Q

What is subsistence agriculture?

A

Food production mainly for the family

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89
Q

What is suburbanization?

A

Growth of cities outside of an urban area

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90
Q

What is sustainable agriculture?

A

Farming methods that preserve long term productivity of land and minimize pollution

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91
Q

What are terraces?

A

Building a series of steps or flat land for farming on the sides of hills or mountains

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92
Q

What is the township and range survey system?

A

Rectangular land division scheme to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the US interior

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93
Q

What is urban farming?

A

Production, distribution, and marketing of food and other products within the geographical limits of a metropolitan area

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94
Q

What are value added foods?

A

Production of a product in a manner that enhances its value

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95
Q

What is the Von Thunen Model?

A

Theory that predicts humans will use land in relation to the cost of land and the cost of transporting products to market

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96
Q

What is agglomeration?

A

A localized economy in which a large number of companies and industries cluster together and benefit from the cost reductions and gains in efficiency that result from this proximity

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97
Q

What is commodity dependence?

A

When peripheral economies rely too heavily on the export of raw materials, which places them on unequal terms of exchange with more developed countries that export higher value goods

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98
Q

What is comparative advantage?

A

The ability of a country, firm, or individual to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than other producers

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99
Q

What is complementary advantage?

A

When 2 regions specifically satisfy each other’s needs through exchange of raw materials and or finished goods

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100
Q

What is dependency theory?

A

Holds that LDCs are highly dependent on foreign factories and technologies from MDCs to provide employment and infrastructure

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101
Q

What is ecotourism?

A

A type of tourism that focuses on experiencing natural areas while minimizing the negative impact on the environment

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102
Q

What is an export processing zone?

A

areas found in many regions of the developing world

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103
Q

What are footloose industries?

A

One which is not tied to any particular location or country and can relocate to another place without effect from factory or production such as resources, land, labour, and capital

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104
Q

What is formal and informal economic activity?

A

Formal: organized, regulated, and structured economic activity that’s recognized and supported by government
Informal: economic activity not regulated or recognized by government

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105
Q

What are free trade agreements?

A

Designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs quotes, and preferences on most goods and services between them

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106
Q

What are free trade zones?

A

Allow for goods from foreign countries to be imported without a tariff, that is, without being taxed for the sake of being foreign goods

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107
Q

What is the gender inequality index (GII)?

A

Composite metric of gender inequality using 3 dimensions, reproductive health, empowerment, and the labour market

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108
Q

What is gini coefficient?

A

A statistical measure of economic inequality in a population

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109
Q

What is gross domestic product (GDP)?

A

Total value of goods and services produced within the borders of a country during a specific time period, usually one year

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110
Q

What is gross nation income (GNI) per capita?

A

Total income generated by a country’s residents, including domestic and international sources, divided by the population

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111
Q

What is gross national product (GNP)?

A

Total value of goods and services, including income received from abroad, produced by the residents of a country within a specific time period, usually one year

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112
Q

What are growth poles?

A

Specific area or sector that drives economic development in a region

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113
Q

What is the human development index (HDI)?

A

Measures the status of life in any given place based off of life expectancy, education levels, and income per capita

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114
Q

What is infant mortality rate?

A

How many babies, per thousand births, die before their first birthday

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115
Q

What is international division of labor?

A

Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low paid, less skilled workers from more developed to less developed countries

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116
Q

What is the international monetary fund?

A

Intergovernmental organization that provides short term loans to governments that are in economic crisis

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117
Q

What is just in time delivery?

A

A method of managing inventory that provides products only as they are needed, rather than storing them

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118
Q

What is the least cost theory?

A

Where to house production and manufacturing facilities based on the least possible combination of costs, derive the greatest possible profit

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119
Q

What is a less developed country (LDC)?

A

Country that’s at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development

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120
Q

What is literacy rate?

A

Percentage of people ages 15 and up who can, with understanding, read and write a short, simple statement on their everyday life

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121
Q

What is mercosur?

A

South American organization whose purpose is to expand trade, improve transportation, reduce tariffs, avenge member countries

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122
Q

What is a microloan?

A

Small loans provided to individuals or small businesses

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123
Q

What is a more developed country (MDC)?

A

Country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development

124
Q

What is the multiplier effect?

A

How many times money spends circulates through a country’s economy

125
Q

What are neoliberal policies?

A

Economic policies that promote free market principles, such as deregulation, liberalization, and privatization

126
Q

What is a newly industrialized country (NIC)?

A

Developing economies that have advanced towards industrialization and might become developed, at some point, in the near future

127
Q

What are nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)?

A

Organization focused on humanitarian issues, often social problems with a political aspect

128
Q

What is OPEC?

A

Organization aiming to control prices of oil (organization of the petroleum exporting countries)

129
Q

What is outsourcing?

A

Process of moving industrial production or service industries to external facilities or organizations often out of the country

130
Q

What are post fordist methods of production?

A

A shift in the way goods are produced, characterized by a move away from mass production and towards more flexible, customized production methods

131
Q

What is the primary sector?

A

The portion of the economy conserved with the direct extraction of materials from earth’s surface, generally through agriculture, although sometime by mining, fishing, and forestry

132
Q

What is the quaternary sector?

A

The industry based on human knowledge which involves technology, information, financial planning, research, and development

133
Q

What is the quinary sector?

A

Important extension of the tertiary sector

134
Q

What is Rostow’s stages of economic growth?

A

5 steps through which all countries must pass to become developed

135
Q

What is the secondary sector?

A

Processing or refining of natural resources

136
Q

What is the semi periphery?

A

Countries that have a standard of lining lower than those in the “core” but much higher than those in the “periphery”

137
Q

What are special economic zones?

A

Designated areas within a country that have special economic regulations that are more favorable than the regulations that apply in the rest of the country

138
Q

What are sustainable development goals?

A

Set of 12 goals adopted by the united nations in 2015 to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure peace and prosperity for all

139
Q

What are tariffs?

A

Taxes on items leaving or entering a country, often used to raise the price of imported goods

140
Q

What is the tertiary sector?

A

Anything that has to do with the sale or exchange of goods

141
Q

What is Wallerstein’s world systems theory (core-periphery model)?

A

World is one interconnected collection of nations and states

142
Q

What is the World Trade Organization?

A

Creates policies on global trading

143
Q

What is the African Union (AU)?

A

An organization of african states established in 2002 as successor to the OAU

144
Q

What is an antecedent boundary?

A

The name of a boundary between two states that is created before the area is populated with human society

145
Q

What is the Arctic Council?

A

The leading intergovernmental forum promoting cooperation, coordination and interaction among the arctic states

146
Q

What is the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)?

A

An organization of countries in southeast asia set up to promote cultural, economic and political development in the region

147
Q

What is an autonomous region?

A

An area of a country that has degree of autonomy , or has freedom from an external authority

148
Q

What is the Berlin Conference?

A

Dividing up the continent of africa among the various european imperial powers

149
Q

What is boundary delimitation?

A

The process of mapmakers placing the boundary on the map

150
Q

What is boundary demarcation?

A

Identified by physical objects, like walls, signs, and fences

151
Q

What are choke points?

A

Geographic locations where the flow of people and goods can be constricted and choked off in the event of a conflict

152
Q

What is a consequent boundary?

A

A boundary between opposing cultural, ethnic, or political groups, that was established to settle disputes, end wars, and establish a clear separation between groups

153
Q

What is a contiguous zone?

A

An area seaward of the territorial sea in which the coastal state may exercise the control necessary to prevent infringement of its customs, fiscal immigration, and sanitary laws

154
Q

What is decolonization?

A

Process by which colonies become independent of the colonizing country

155
Q

What is the demilitarized zone (DMZ)?

A

An area in which treaties or agreements between states, military installations, activities, or personnel

156
Q

What is devolution?

A

The transfer of power from a central government to a lower level of government, such as a regional or local government

157
Q

What are economies of scale?

A

The reduction in the per unit cost of production as the volume of production increases

158
Q

What is ethnic cleansing?

A

When a people group commits mass expulsion of mass killing of a particular ethnic group whom they do not want to exist either in a particular region or in the world as a whole

159
Q

What is the European Union?

A

Economic alliances of major western european nations that coordinate trade immigration and labor policies, making its members one economic unit

160
Q

What is the exclusive economic zone (EEZ)?

A

A sea zone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources

161
Q

What is a federal state?

A

A system of government where power is shared between a centralized government and various regional authorities

162
Q

What is genocide?

A

Violence against members of a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group with the intent to destroy the entire group

163
Q

What is a geometric boundary?

A

A boundary created by using lines of latitude and longitude and their associated arcs

164
Q

What is gerrymander?

A

Political group tries to change a voting district that gives them an advantage

165
Q

What is imperialism?

A

The production of a country extending its power and influence over other countries, typically through the use of military force, economic coercion, or cultural domination

166
Q

What are international agreements?

A

An alliance of two or more countries seeking cooperation with each other without giving up either’s autonomy or self determination

167
Q

What are international sanctions?

A

Political and economic decisions that are part of diplomatic efforts by countries

168
Q

What are international waters (high seas)?

A

The areas of the sea that are not under the jurisdiction of any country

169
Q

What is irredentism?

A

A political movement that’s strongly tied to nationalism

170
Q

What is the law of the sea (UNCLOS)?

A

Each coastal nation has territorial sovereignty over 12 miles of water off their coast and maintains exclusive economic rights over 200 miles of water off their coast

171
Q

What is the median line principle?

A

The principle that a nation’s maritime boundaries should conform to a median line equidistant from the shores of neighboring nation states

172
Q

What is a multi national state?

A

A sovereign entity that comprises two or more nations or states

173
Q

What is a multi state nation?

A

When a nation stretches across borders and across states

174
Q

What is a nation?

A

A group of people band together by some sense of a common culture, ethnicity, language, shared history, and attachment to a home land

175
Q

What is a nation state?

A

A state in which the cultural borders of a nation correspond with the state borders of a country

176
Q

What is neocolonialism?

A

The control of less developed countries by developed countries through indirect means

177
Q

What is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)?

A

Encouraged trade between the US, Mexico, Canada

178
Q

What is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)?

A

A political alliance agreeing to defend against communist advances

179
Q

What is redistricting?

A

The process of drawing electoral district boundaries

180
Q

What is a relic boundary?

A

A former boundary that is no longer in use but still visible as a relic on the ground

181
Q

What is a semi autonomous region?

A

Area where a group has some type of political autonomy

182
Q

What is a shatterbelt?

A

A geographical region that’s endangered by local conflicts within the states or between countries in the region as well as the involvement of opposing great powers outside the region

183
Q

What is sovereignty?

A

The political authority of a state to govern itself

184
Q

What is a state?

A

A politically bound area controlled by an established government that has authority over its internal affairs and foreign policy

185
Q

What is a stateless nation?

A

A nation of people without a state that it considers home

186
Q

What is a subsequent boundary?

A

A boundary that is established after the settlement in that area occurred

187
Q

What is a super imposed boundary?

A

Political barriers drawn in an area with complete disregard for the cultural, religious, and ethnic divisions within the people living there

188
Q

What is supra nationalism?

A

The process of nation states organizing politically and economically into one organization or alliance

189
Q

What is territorial sea?

A

A belt of coastal waters extending at most 12 nautical miles from the baseline of a coastal state

190
Q

What is The Paris Agreement?

A

A global agreement that aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change

191
Q

What is a unitary state?

A

A system of political organization in which most or all of the governing power resides in a centralized government, in contrast to a federal state

192
Q

What are the United Nations (UN)?

A

An international organization formed in 1945 to increase political and economic cooperation among member countries

193
Q

What is Acculturation?

A

The adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another

194
Q

What is agriculture theory?

A

Transitioning from extensive subsistence agriculture to more intensive cultivation of the land to support greater populations

195
Q

What is assimilation?

A

The process through which people lose originally differentiating traits, such as dress, speech, particularities or mannerisms, when they come into contact with another society or culture

196
Q

What are centrifugal forces?

A

Forces or attitudes that divide a state; pull population apart

197
Q

What are centripetal forces?

A

Attitude that unifies people and enhances support for a state

198
Q

What is colonialism?

A

The process by which one nation exercises near complete control over another country which they have settled and taken over

199
Q

What is conquest theory?

A

Theory of how proto - indo - european diffused into europe

200
Q

What is contagious diffusion?

A

The distance controlled spreading of an idea through a local population by contact from person to person

201
Q

What is creolization?

A

The process in which two or more languages converge and form a new language

202
Q

What is cultural convergence?

A

A trend where two cultures that interact a lot start to appear more similar to each other

203
Q

What is cultural divergence?

A

The result of the restriction of a culture from the outside cultural influences

204
Q

What is cultural relativism?

A

Understanding a culture on its own terms rather than judging it by the standards or customs of one’s own culture

205
Q

What is culture hearth?

A

A place of origin for a widespread cultural trend

206
Q

What is dialect?

A

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocab, spelling, and pronunciation

207
Q

What are ethnic cultures?

A

Identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth

208
Q

What is an ethnic neighborhood?

A

An area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background

209
Q

What is ethnicity?

A

Identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth

210
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

The belief that one’s culture is inherently superior and other nations are underdeveloped because their culture’s different

211
Q

What is expansion diffustion?

A

What innovations spread to new places while staying strong in their original locations

212
Q

What is gender role?

A

Difference between men and women in their opportunities, rights, benefits, behavior, or attitudes

213
Q

What are gendered spaces?

A

Areas in which particular genders of people are considered welcome or appropriate and other types are unwelcome or inappropriate

214
Q

What is hierarchical diffusion?

A

When and idea spreads by passing first among the most connected individuals, then spreading to other individuals

215
Q

What are indigenous communities?

A

Communities that live within, or are attached to, geographically distinct traditional habitats or ancestral territories, and who identify themselves as being part of a distinct cultural group

216
Q

What is Indo - European language family?

A

The language family that includes all european languages and india and iranian

217
Q

What are interfaith boundaries?

A

The boundaries between the world’s major faiths, such as christianity, muslim, and buddhism

218
Q

What are intrafaith boundaries?

A

Describes the boundaries within a major religion

219
Q

What is a language family?

A

A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history

220
Q

What is a lingua franca?

A

A language that combines simple words from multiple languages

221
Q

What is local culture (folk culture)?

A

A group of people in a particular place who see themselves as a collective or community, who share experiences, customs, traits

222
Q

What are material culture traits?

A

Anything that can physically be seen on the landscape

223
Q

What is multiculturalism?

A

Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shades certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics

224
Q

What are nonmaterial culture traits?

A

Anything on the landscape that comprises culture that cannot be physically touched

225
Q

What is placelessness?

A

The loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next

226
Q

What is pop culture?

A

Culture that is not tied to a specific location but rather a general location based on widespread diffusion

227
Q

What is race?

A

A categorization of humans based on skin color and other physical characteristics

228
Q

What is relocation diffusion?

A

When people move from their original location to another and bring their innovations with them

229
Q

What is sequent occupance

A

The nation that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape

230
Q

What is stimulus diffusion?

A

When an idea diffuses from its cultural hearth outward, but the original idea is changed by the new adopters

231
Q

What is syncretism?

A

The blending of cultures and ideas from different places

232
Q

What is a toponym?

A

They’re place names (names of countries, cities, states, etc)

233
Q

What is a universalizing religion?

A

They offer belief systems that are attractive to the universal population

234
Q

What is agricultural population density?

A

The number of farmers per unit area of farmland

235
Q

What is arithmetic population density?

A

This method calculates the population density by dividing the total population of an area by the total land area

236
Q

What are anti natalist policies?

A

The policy of the government to slow the population growth by attempting to limit the number of births

237
Q

What is an asylum?

A

The protection from oppression or hardship offered by another country

238
Q

What is a baby boom?

A

A large increase in the number of babies born among a particular group of people during a particular time

239
Q

What is a baby bust?

A

Rapid decline in fertility rates

240
Q

What is a birth deficit?

A

When the number of births is lower than the number of deaths

241
Q

What is brain drain?

A

The emigration of knowledgeable, well educated, and skilled professionals from their home country to another country

242
Q

What is carrying capacity?

A

The ability of the land to sustain a certain number of people

243
Q

What is chain migration?

A

Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

244
Q

What is counter migration?

A

The return of migrants to the region from which they earlier emigrated

245
Q

What is crude birth rate (CBR)?

A

Total number of births in a year for every 1,000 people live in society

246
Q

What is crude death rate (CDR)?

A

The ratio of the number of deaths yearly per 1,000 people in a given population

247
Q

What is the demographic transition model?

A

A tool demographers use to categorize countries’ population growth rates and economic structures

248
Q

What is dependency ratio?

A

The percentage of people within a population who’re either too young or old to work

249
Q

What is dependent population?

A

The number of people in a country whose labor supports the rest of the country that’s incapable of working

250
Q

What is echo (population)

A

The generation born after the baby boomers

251
Q

What is ecumene?

A

Land that’s permanently populated by human society

252
Q

What is the epidemiological transition model?

A

Changing patters of population distributions in relation to changing patterns of mortality, fertility, life expectancy, and leading causes of death

253
Q

What is an ethnic enclave?

A

A small geographical region in which a large number of immigrants have congregated

254
Q

What is forced migration?

A

The movers have no choice but to relocate to somewhere else

255
Q

What is the gravity model of migration?

A

It explains that more populous places may attract goods and services, more jobs, and the flow of information more than less populous areas

256
Q

What are intervening obstacles?

A

An environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration

257
Q

What is Malthusian Theory?

A

Theory that the world’s population was growing faster than the rate of food population (mass starvation would occur)

258
Q

What is migration?

A

Moving from one region or country to another

259
Q

What are neo Malthusians?

A

People who believe the population is growing too quickly for agricultural production to keep up

260
Q

What is physiological population density?

A

The number of people per unit of agricultural land

261
Q

What is population density?

A

The number of people who live in a defined land area (sq miles/km)

262
Q

What is population distribution?

A

The pattern of where people live

263
Q

What is the population pyramid?

A

They show the age and sex demographics of a particular country, city, or neighborhood

264
Q

What are pro natalist policies?

A

Policies which are designed with the purpose of increasing the birth rate/fertility rate of an area

265
Q

What are pull factors?

A

Positive factors that attract people to new areas from other areas

266
Q

What are push factors?

A

Something that encourages an individual to migrate away from a certain place

267
Q

What is Ravenstein’s laws of migration?

A

A series of “laws” that attempted to explain and predict migration patterns both within and between nations

268
Q

What are refugees?

A

People who must leave their home area for their own safety or survival

269
Q

What are remittances?

A

Money that immigrants send back to family and friends in their home countries (often cash)

270
Q

What is return migration?

A

Moving back to where you came from

271
Q

What is social stratification?

A

The differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, production, and prestige

272
Q

What is step migration?

A

Migrating from farm to village to town to big city

273
Q

What is total fertility rate?

A

An estimate of the average number of children born to each female in her childbearing years

274
Q

What is voluntary migration?

A

When people relocate in response to perceived opportunity

275
Q

What is xenophobia?

A

Fear of dislike of foreigners significantly different from oneselft

276
Q

What is clustering?

A

Phenomena are arranged in a group or concentrated area

277
Q

What is time space compression?

A

The shrinking “time - distance” or relative distance, between locations because of improved methods of transportation and communication

278
Q

What is relative distance?

A

The degree of nearness based on time or money and is often dependent on mode of travel (about the length of time)

279
Q

What is elevation?

A

Distance of features above sea level usually measured in feet or meters

280
Q

What is distance decay?

A

Interaction between 2 locales declines as the distance between them increases

281
Q

What is regionalism?

A

A foreign policy that defines the international interests of a country in terms of particular geographic areas

282
Q

What is a physical map?

A

Shows the physical features and sometimes elevation of a particular area or region, using contour lines to represent changes in elevation and shape

283
Q

What is sustainability?

A

The use of earth’s resources in ways that ensure their availability in the future

284
Q

What are natural resources?

A

Materials from the earth that are used to support life and meet people’s needs

285
Q

What is spatial scale?

A

The extent of an area at which a phenomenon or a process occurs

286
Q

What are satellite navigation systems?

A

A system of artificial satellites capable of providing geospecific positioning everywhere in the world

287
Q

What is a cartogram?

A

Size of countries (or states, etc) are shown according to some specific statistic

288
Q

What is dispersal?

A

Phenomena are spread out over a large area

289
Q

What is absolute location?

A

Precise spot where something is according to a system

290
Q

What is dot density/distribution map?

A

Show specific location and distribution of data on a map using dots

291
Q

What is a perceptual/vernacular region?

A

An area that people believe exist as part of their cultural identity

292
Q

What is a reference map?

A

Shows the location of the geographic areas for which census data are tabulated and disseminated

293
Q

What is spatial pattern?

A

An analytical tool used to measure the distance between two or more physical locations or items

294
Q

What is a graduated symbols map?

A

They’re used to show a quantitative difference between mapped features by varying the size of symbols

295
Q

What is a census?

A

Complete count of a population (as of a state)
Purpose: helps the government decide how to distribute funds and assistance to states and localities

296
Q

What is a formal region?

A

An area defined by one predominant or universal characteristic throughout its entire area

297
Q

What is remote sensing?

A

Gathers information from satellites that orbit the earth or other craft above the atmosphere

298
Q

What is globalization?

A

The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale

299
Q

What is a thematic map?

A

Tells a story about a place. They display the same geographical or political data shown on general maps as a base layer but then map some physical, economic, or cultural phenomenon or top of that base layer

300
Q

What is a map projection?

A

Taking the curved surface of earth and displaying it on something flat

301
Q

What is environmental determinism?

A

A philosophy of geography that stated that human behaviors are a direct result of the surrounding environment

302
Q

What is possibilism?

A

Theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives

303
Q

What is the geographic information system?

A

Computer systems that store, analyze, and display information from digital maps or geospatial data sets

304
Q

What is relative location?

A

Description of where something is in relation to other things

305
Q

What is absolute distance?

A

Measured in feet, miles, meters, kilometers. Exact length of one point to another

306
Q

What is map distortion?

A

Misrepresentation of shape, area, distance, or direction of or between geographic features when compared to their true measurements

307
Q

What is a functional region?

A

An area organized around a central focal point or node

308
Q

What is a choropleth map?

A

Use colors/shades of one color to show location and distribution of spatial data

ap human geography (2 decks)

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