All Units 1-10 Final Quiz Flashcards
Gold was one reason Europeans came to America, new job opportunities and more money opportunities. Glory was the second reason Europeans came to America. After traveling to America, they were hoping to conquer the land for themselves. Lastly, Europeans came to America hoping to spread the word of God and seek religious freedom
3 G’s
A group of investors who pool their money together in the hopes of making more money. They often funded settlers into the New World in an attempt to ease the overcrowding in Europe.
Joint Stock companies
A joint stock company that funded a group of settlers to go into the New World to establish a permanent colony in Virginia (Jamestown).
Virginia Company
Granted permission to settle Jamestown and thus started English rule over much of North America.
First Virginia Charter
Initially unsuccessful because many settlers refused to work. John Smith became the leader. Smith led raids on local native tribes for food. This angered Powhatan, the local chief.
Jamestown
The river that Jamestown was founded on. This river supplied food, water, and shelter for the people living in Jamestown and served as a vital part to their everyday lives.
James River
Came to Jamestown and became the leader coining the phrase “He who works not, eats not.” Much of our knowledge of the settlement of Jamestown comes from his book “A Historie of Virginia.”
John Smith
Due to an injury, John Smith had to return to England. Without leadership and the natives’ help, Jamestown ran out of food for the winter of 1610. By the end of the winter only 60 colonists were left alive.
Starving Time
The chief of the Powhatan federation that occupied the lands surrounding Jamestown at the time of its settlement. He was the father of Pocahontas
Powhatan
The daughter of Powhatan who allied with John Smith to promote peace between the Powhatan tribe and the English. She later married John Rolfe, an English settler who took control after John Smith got sick.
Pocahontas
Led Jamestown after John Smith’s departure. Rolfe introduced tobacco to Jamestown which led to its profitability. Married Pocahontas.
John Rolfe
Brought to the colony by John Rolfe, was important because it was the ticket to the colony’s survival after the “starving time.” Made Jamestown profitable.
Tobacco
The economic policy of European countries through which nations attempt to gain wealth through trade with other countries and exporting more than they import. Europeans held that colonies in the New World existed to make the home country wealthy and powerful as a source of raw materials and markets for manufactured goods. This caused European countries to compete for land in the New World.
Mercantilism
During the early years of Jamestown, the colony developed this representative government that marked the start of a representative government in the New World.
House of Burgesses
In 1620, the pilgrims left England to escape religious persecution and settled in the New World to form this colony in Massachusetts
Plymouth Colony
The first governor in the Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts. This guy wrote Of Plymouth Plantation, and it is regarded as the most authoritative account of the Pilgrims and the early years of the colony which they founded.
William Bradford
About the time Jamestown was founded, a group of people wanted to separate from the Church of England. These people were later called pilgrims.
Separatists
In 1620, about 100 pilgrims sailed for the New World in this ship.
Mayflower
Before coming ashore, 41 males signed this agreement which was the first form of government in the New World and promised “just and equal” laws.
Mayflower Compact
The first winter for the Plymouth Colony was very difficult. Native Americans began aiding the colonists by giving them food. This specific Native American showed the colonists how to farm and fish, thus helping the colony survive.
Squanto
Puritans began having disagreements with the Church of England. In 1630, 900 Puritans left England led by this guy and settled in New England and formed the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
John Winthrop
The goal of this colony led by John Winthrop was to form a theocracy. Some individuals disagreed with the strict religious codes of the Puritans and were exiled or left to form other New England colonies.
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Allowed the Puritans to begin settling in New England. This changed the landscape of the English colonies.
Charter of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
There was no separation between the church and the government.
Theocracy
These people were composed of several rich business owners and merchants in England. This religious group held very strict religious beliefs and did not practice religious tolerance for others. They left England to “purify” the church.
Puritans
The Puritans came to the New World in order to freely worship, however, they did not tolerate other religions. In 1692, hysteria about witches swept through Salem, Massachusetts. The events that followed caused many people began to form new colonies.
Salem Witch Trials
Were an assembly of townspeople that decides local issues.
Town Meeting
Was expelled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony because she didn’t follow the Puritan’s religious rules. She left and formed a colony in Rhode Island.
Anne Hutchinson
Disagreed with the treatment of Native Americans, so he founded the colony of Providence, Rhode Island.
Roger Williams
Disagreed with the teachings of the Puritans and formed the colony of Connecticut.
Thomas Hooker
A document written to govern the colony of Connecticut. It set up the government structure and powers of various officials
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
New York began as the Dutch colony. It began a huge economic success and attracted diverse colonists from all over the world. The English took over the colony peacefully in 1664 and renamed it New York.
New Netherlands
The leader of New Amsterdam who surrendered the colony peacefully to the English.
Peter Stuyvesant
New Netherlands practiced this in which the landholder had special privileges and rights to large areas of land.
Patroon System
A haven for Quakers and the tolerance that drew many different groups to the colony. Women were not overlooked in education or in the community and Native Americans were meant to be treated fairly
Colony of Pennsylvania
Led a group of Quakers to the New World and founded the colony of Pennsylvania as a haven for Quakers and a colony that practiced religious tolerance.
William Penn
A religious group that believed in equality, tolerance, and peaceful co-existence for everyone, including women and Native Americans. Women were considered to have spiritual equality with men.
Quakers
The capital city of Pennsylvania and attracted people from all over the world. “The city of brotherly love”
Philadelphia
Founded as a haven for English debtor colonies because English prisons were overflowing with debtors.
Georgia
The founder of the Georgia colony.
James Oglethorpe
Georgia was considered this type of colony, meaning it stood as a barrier between the British colonies and Spain’s colony: Florida.
Buffer Colony
A document that allied many colonies in New England in a defensive stance against the Native Americans.
New England Articles of Confederation
These people signed a contract to work from 4 to 10 years in exchange for a passage to the New World. At the end of their contract, they earned their freedom and rights of other citizens.
Indentured Servants
In the 1660s, wealthy Virginia farmers bought most of the good farmland near the coast. Many indentured servants moved inland to find farmland. However, the settlers that moved inland began fighting with the Indians. The British Governor William Berkeley refused to aid the settlers and a group of settlers in revolt against Jamestown and burned it to the ground
Bacon’s Rebellion
The journey that all slaves had to make to reach the colonies from Africa to the New World during the Atlantic Slave Trade. Over 20% died or committed suicide on this journey. A portion of Triangle Trade.
Middle Passage
Active rebellion and fighting back
Overt Resistance
The act of breaking tools, working slowly, pretending to not understand requests.
Passive Resistance
France claimed land in the Ohio River Valley. This was established primarily as a series of trading posts to help enrich the French fur trade and NOT as a permanent settlement.
New France Colony
People who were persecuted by Catholics and many of them emigrated from France.
Huguenots
Florida was the primary settlement, Catholic religious system; forced to obey Spanish king laws and were not allowed to make any of their own.
Spanish Settlements
An emotion packed Christian movement that swept through the colonies in the 1730s and 1740s. Spread the idea of religious freedom and tolerance and sparked the growth of new churches.
First Great Awakening
A leader of the First Great Awakening, authored “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.
Jonathan Edwards
A leader in the First Great Awakening; a preacher who made several tours through the colonies. His sermons were so profound that audience members often wept.
George Whitefield
By the mid-1700s both the British and the French held substantial land in North America. In 1753, the French began building forts to protect their claim on the Ohio River Valley. The governor of Virginia decided to send troops to the disputed area led by a 21-year-old officer named George Washington. Washington was defeated and sent back to the colonies
French and Indian War
One of the founding fathers of the United States, known for his unifying Albany plan
Benjamin Franklin
Tried to create a unified government for the 13 colonies during the French and Indian War.
Albany Plan
This was a cartoon created by Benjamin Franklin that represented the need for the colonies to join together for a common defense in order for their survival.
Join or Die
Written by Benjamin Franklin and contained many witty phrases and saying that are still a part of American culture today. Example “Content makes poor men rich; discontent makes rich men poor.”
Poor Richard’s Almanac
When a New York printer published criticism of the royal governor. He was found not guilty because his statements were true. He established the first important victory for freedom of the press in the English colonies of North America.
John Peter Zenger Trial
The Cherokee and the British became allies during the French and Indian War. The relationship soon began to deteriorate, and the two sides became hostile. In 1760, the Cherokees led by Attakullakulla laid siege to a fort in Tennessee. The colonial troops surrendered but the Cherokees killed 25 and enslaved 200 more. This led to the Cherokee War.
Massacre at Fort Loudoun
Ended the French and Indian War and defined the Appalachian Mountains as the boundaries for colonial settlement. It forbade any settlers from moving west of the Appalachian Mountains. Colonists often ignored this rule and crossed into the frontier creating conflict with Native Americans.
Proclamation of 1763
The French and Indian War ended with this document, however, long lasting repercussions made this war a significant cause of the American Revolution. Following the war, Great Britain expected the American colonies to pay for the war debt. The colonists were also barred from exploring the newly acquired land. Additionally, this treaty gave Great Britain primary ownership of North America.
Treaty of Paris 1763
British parliament passed this, declaring that only British ships would be allowed to bring goods in the colonies and the colonies could only export goods to Great Britain.
Navigation Acts
The economic policy of European countries through which nations attempt to gain wealth through trade with other countries and exporting more than they import. Europeans held that colonies in the New World existed to make the home country wealthy and powerful as a source of raw materials and markets for manufactured goods. This caused European countries to compete for land in the New World.
Mercantilism
Britain was in war debt and thought that colonists should pay part of the debt through taxes. This was one of the first acts they created. This was when Parliament put a duty (tax) on several products including molasses.
Sugar Act of 1764
Another one of Britain’s taxes that required colonists to quarter, or house, British troops and provide them with supplies.
Quartering Act
Also another one of Britain’s taxes that required colonists to buy special taxed stamps for all sorts of items including letters and newspapers. This Act especially impacted the colonists because their main communication was through letters and newspapers and now they had to pay to communicate.
Stamp Act
An act of the Parliament of Great Britain, which accompanied the repeal of the Stamp Act 1765 and the changing and lessening of the Sugar Act. Parliament repealed the Stamp Act because boycotts were hurting British trade.
Declaratory Act
Colonists began to boycott some of the taxes by refusing to use the items being taxed. These acts said that Britain would no longer tax products or activities inside the colonies. It would only tax items brought into the colonies.
Townshend Acts
After the Townshend Acts were passed the colonists were very angry. On March 5th, 1770 an angry crowd gathered around a small group of soldiers. The soldiers fired into the crowd, killing five. John Adams defended the soldiers on trial. Only two were convicted and their punishment was to have their thumbs branded.
Boston Massacre
Although most of the taxes from the Townshend Act had been repealed, the tax on tea remained. The Sons of Liberty was a group of colonial leaders that met in secret to plan ways to resist British control. The Sons of Liberty threatened merchants and ship captains who brought tea to the colonies. No tea was brought to the colonies except to one port city, Boston. On the night of December 16, 1773, a large group of men disguised as Indians dumped thousands of dollars’ worth of tea into the Boston Harbor.
Boston Tea Party
In response to the Boston Tea Party, Parliament passed four laws meant to punish the colonists. The four laws were: closing of the Boston Harbor, two increased the power of the royal government, and the last strengthened the Quartering Act. Colonists were outraged and several colonial leaders met in Philadelphia for the First Continental Congress.
Intolerable Acts
The policy of the British government during the colonial period in which trade rules were rarely enforced and the colonies were allowed to govern themselves. This created a sense of individualism and promoted the tradition of self-government and widespread land ownership that led to the American Revolution.
Salutary Neglect
A group of radical colonial leaders that met in secret to plan ways to resist British control (patriots). They also led the Boston Tea Party.
Sons of Liberty
In 1775, colonial citizen soldiers known as minutemen began to store weapons in Concord. British troops sent out to capture the weapons; however, Paul Revere and William Dawes warned the patriots of the British advance. In the city of Lexington, about five miles from Concord, seventy seven minutemen awaited the British advance. Soon after the British arrival, a shot rang out; this became the first shot of the American Revolution.
Battles of Lexington and Concord
Located just outside the city of Boston. 10,000 American soldiers surrounded the city. This battle was when the British forces, led by General Howe, advanced up the hill 3 times. The first two times were unsuccessful, however, the third time was successful because the colonists ran out of ammunition. Although the British won the conflict, it was a moral victory for the patriots.
Battle of Bunker Hill
The colonist of the American revolutionary period who supported the British cause.
Loyalist
People who supported the colonies breaking away from British rule.
Patriot
Wrote many pamphlets and books. It used logic and emotion to support the argument for independence and raise the morale of the Continental Army.
Thomas Paine
Paine’s pamphlet that stimulated broad support for independence.
Common Sense
Thomas Paine later wrote a series of essays in his ongoing support of the American Revolution.
The Crisis
An American statesman and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. As a politician in colonial Massachusetts, Adams was a leader of the Sons of Liberty.
Sam Adams
A merchant, statesman, and prominent Patriot of the American Revolution. He served as president of the Second Continental Congress and was first and third Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. He is remembered for his large and stylish signature on the United States Declaration of Independence.
John Hancock
An American Founding Father, the principal author of the Declaration of Independence, and the third President of the United States. He was a spokesman for democracy, and embraced the principles of republicanism and the rights of the individual with worldwide influence. At the beginning of the American Revolution, he served in the Continental Congress, representing Virginia, and then served as a wartime Governor of Virginia.
Thomas Jefferson
A brilliant piece of writing that was constructed on ideas from the Enlightenment. It uses step by step logic to explain the reasons why the colonists wanted to break away from Britain and lists their complaints against the king. It embodies the ideas that “all men are created equal” and are entitled to the “right of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
Declaration of Independence
A British fort in northern New York. Ethan Allen led a group of patriots called the Green Mountain Boys and captured the British fort during a surprise attack. It gave the Continental Army much needed cannons, which they took back to Boston.
Fort Ticonderoga
During the winter of 1777-1778, Washington was forced to encamp his men with little to no supplies in this place which became a rallying cry for Americans and their will to be independent.
Valley Forge
A leader of the Continental Army in the American Revolution, president of the Continental Congress, and was chosen as the first President of the United States.
George Washington
A war hero and leader in the Continental Army. He felt undervalued by Congress and deserted the patriot cause and joined the British.
Benedict Arnold
A French noble who volunteered and became a high ranking officer in the Continental Army
Marquis de Lafayette
A German military man who helped train the volunteer forces for the patriots during the American Revolution.
Friedrich von Steuben
Known as the “swamp fox” led small bands of guerilla warfare soldiers to slow the advance of the British.
Francis Marion
German mercenaries serving in the British forces during the American Revolution.
Hessians
30,000 British troops landed in New York in June of 1776. They defeated Washington and his army and forced him to flee frantically. On Christmas night, 1776, Washington led a surprise attack against German Hessians and was victorious. Later, Washington led another surprise attack on British forces. Both of these two battles were successful.
Battles of Trenton and Princeton
John Burgoyne, a British general, had a plan to end the Revolutionary War once and for all. He planned to lead an attack from three sides and surround Washington’s army. The plan backfired when one of the forces made a detour to capture Philadelphia. This battle was the turning point battle of the Revolutionary War because France decided to become an ally.
Battle of Saratoga
A decisive victory in South Carolina for the Patriot militia over the Loyalist militia in the Southern campaign of the American Revolutionary War. The battle took place on October 7, 1780, North Carolina in rural Cherokee County, South Carolina, where the Patriot militia defeated the Loyalist militia commanded by British Major Patrick Ferguson.
Battle of Kings Mountain
General Cornwallis led the entire British army to a coastal Virginian city. He was expecting for British warships to reinforce him there, but he did not know that the French Fleet was on its way. George Washington surrounded the city by land. The British were forced to surrender. The final battle of the Revolutionary War.
Battle of Yorktown
The Continental Congress created this plan for the whole nation. Congress could make laws, declare war, coin or borrow money, and run a postal service. However, Congress could NOT regulate trade, collect taxes, or enforce a common currency. In addition, there was NO executive branch and no system of national courts under this.
Articles of Confederation
Congress had to devise a system for land sales and settlement. Surveyors divided public lands into townships, 6 miles on each side. This would result in a grid of squares. Within each township there would be a grid, 1 mile on each side. These 36 sections would be sold for no less than one dollar an acre.
Land Ordinance of 1785
Congress passed this to establish rules for how new territory would be governed. It guaranteed basic rights for settlers and banned slavery there. It set a three-step process for admitting new states. When a territory was just starting to be settled, Congress would appoint a governor, a secretary, and three judges. Once a territory had 5,000 free adult male settlers, it could elect a legislature. When a free population reached 60,000, the territory could ask to become a state. In time, five states-Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin- were carved out of the new land.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
An attempt by Tennessee settlers to create a new state out of the Watauga and surrounding settlements. Due to North Carolina’s opposition over losing territory, they were not able to garner enough votes in Congress to be admitted. It is an example of the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation requirements for statehood.
Lost State of Franklin
The economic depression hit farmers in Massachusetts especially hard. As the crop prices declined, many farmers were unable to pay their taxes. The state government began to seize farms in order to compensate for the tax money owed. This was an uprising in which a group of farmers tried to seize guns from a state warehouse. The rebellion was eventually stopped by the state militia. As a result of this event, our country’s leaders decided it was time to write a new constitution because the Articles of Confederation provided no national army or law enforcement power.
Shay’s Rebellion
A meeting of delegates to revise the Articles of Confederation. By the end of this event, our country had a new Constitution. George Washington was quickly voted the leader and James Madison wrote everything down.
Constitutional Convention
Considered the father of the Constitution. He wrote down everything that was said during the constitutional convention and negotiated compromises.
James Madison
A combination of the New Jersey Plan and the Virginia Plan. The compromise called for a two house legislature. One house would be based on a state’s population, the other house every state would get an equal number of representatives.
Great Compromise
Stated that a state can count 3/5th of their slave population towards the number of delegates they receive in Congress.
3/5th Compromise
Outlines the purposes of the government (1) to form a more perfect Union, (2) establish Justice, (3)insure domestic Tranquility, (4)provide for the common defense, (5)promote the general Welfare, and (6)secure the Blessings of Liberty
Preamble of the Constitution
Believed in a strong central government. They also believed that the wealthy are most fit to govern the people.
Federalists
Were a series of essays written by the leaders of the Federalists (Madison,Hamilton, Jay) arguing for their point of view.
Federalist Papers
Advocated for a stronger state government. They also believed everyone had the right to hold office, regardless of how much money they had.
Anti-Federalists
Congress must approve the proposed amendment by a 2/3 majority in both houses. Then ¾ of the states must ratify or approve the amendment for it to go into effect.
Amend the Constitution
The balancing of power between the states and the central government. Congress and the Constitution typically try to manage this by implementing various laws and amendments.
Federalism
Began when the anti-federalists agreed to approve the Constitution if the Federalists agreed to add a Bill of Rights. 9 out of the 13 states also had to vote to change the Constitution.
Ratification of the Constitution
