All topics - Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems Flashcards
1
Q
The CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (2) (4)
A
- Composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
- Main function (4):
→ Delivers oxygen, fuel, and other nutrients to the tissues of the body.
→ Removals of carbon dioxide and waste products from tissue.
→ Maintains a constant body temperature.
→ Prevents infections.
2
Q
The HEART (4)
A
- Made of specialized muscle tissue called MYOCARDIUM (cardiac muscle).
- Divided into halves: right and left
- RIGHT HALF: Pumps deoxygenated blood to the rest of the body (pulmonary circulation).
- LEFT HALF: Pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body (systemic circulation).
3
Q
LAYERS of the heart (4)
A
- PERICARDIUM: Outermost layer, tough protective sac surrounding heart.
- EPICARDIUM: Outer layer that lies against the pericardium.
- MYOCARDIUM: Heart muscle.
- ENDOCARDIUM: Layer that lines the inside of the heart.
4
Q
FOUR CHAMBERS (4)
A
- Upper chambers are called ATRIA.
- Lower chambers are called VENTRICLES.
- Atria and ventricles are separated by valves that allow the blood to flow only from the atria into the ventricles.
- These valves are called ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) valves.
5
Q
VALVES (4) (2)
A
- On the right side of the heart, the AV valve is called the TRISUCPID valve because it is composed of three flaps.
- On the left side of the heart, the valve is called the BICUSPID valve (or MIRTAL VALVE) because it is composed of two flaps.
- These valves are attached to muscular extensions of the ventricle walls (called PAPILLARY MUSCLES) by strands of tissue called CHORDAE TENDINAE.
- Valves are also found where the blood leaves the ventricles.
→ RIGHT SIDE = PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE
prevents blood from flowing back from the pulmonary arteries into the right ventricles.
→ LEFT SIDE = AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE
separates the aorta from the left ventricle.
6
Q
PATH OF BLOOD through the heart (7)
A
→ Starting from the right side of the heart:
- Deoxygenated blood is delivered to the right atrium by the superior and inferior vena cava.
- From the right atrium. Blood passes through the tricuspid valve and enters the right ventricle.
- Blood is pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve and out the pulmonary arteries to the lungs to become oxygenated.
→What happens on the left side:
- Blood returns from the lungs to through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium .
- Passes through the bicuspid valve and enters the left ventricle.
- Blood is then pumped out through the aorta.
- The aorta pumps blood to the body (systemic circulation) and eventually returns to the heart through the inferior and superior vena cava.
7
Q
EXCITATION of the heart (4)
A
- Muscle cells in the myocardium are excitable: with electrical stimulation, they will contract.
- Leads to contraction of the heart.
- Leads to pumping of blood.
- Does not require stimulation from CNS (involuntary)
8
Q
SINOARTIAL NODE (5)
A
- SA node aka “the pacemaker”.
- Founded within the wall of the right atrium.
- Where electrical signals are initiated.
- Sets heart rate.
- Controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
9
Q
INTERNODAL PATHWAYS (3)
A
- The electrical signals spread through both atria via the internodal pathways.
- Causes the atria to contract from the top down.
- When the atria contracts it forces blood into the ventricles.
10
Q
ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE (4)
A
- AV node.
- Located at the bottom of the right atria.
- Passes the electrical signal from the atria to the ventricles.
- Also passes signals into a region of specialized tissue that runs down the ventricular septum: THE BUNDLE OF HIS.
→ Splits to form the right and left bundle branches.
11
Q
PURKINJE FIBRES (2)
A
- From the bundle of his, the branches pass the signal on the PURKINJE FIBRES.
- Purkinje fibres pass the electrical signal to the ventricles.
12
Q
CORONARY CIRCULATION (2)
A
- Blood is supplied to the heart by its own vascular system, through two main arteries: the tight and left coronary arteries.
- Branches off of the aorta and divide multiple times, supplying all regions of the myocardium with oxygenated blood.
13
Q
CARDIAC CYCLE (3)
A
- Defined as the series of events that occurs through one heartbeat.
- DIASTOLE: phase of relaxation.
→ Heart fills with blood - SYSTOLE: phase of contraction
→ Heart contracts and ejects blood
14
Q
PRESSURE (4)
A
- During the cardiac cycle there are dramatic changes in pressure
→ Pressure propels the blood through the circulation - SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE: pressure observed in the arteries during the contraction phase.
- DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE: pressure observed in the arteries during relaxation of heart.
- Normal BP is 120/80 (systolic over diastolic).
15
Q
The VASCULAR SYSTEM and BLOOD (3) (5)
A
- Vascular system is formed by a network of vessels that transport blood throughout the body.
- As you follow the path of blood through the body away from the heart, the vessels branch out and get smaller.
- Main categories of vessels (5):
→ Arteries
→ Arterioles
→ Capillaries
→ Venules
→ Veins
16
Q
ARTERIES (3)
A
- Carry blood away from the heart.
- Thick, muscular walls that are very elastic.
- Ability to stretch and reoil is important in assisting the movement of blood during diastole.
17
Q
ARTERIOLES (3)
A
- Smaller than arteries.
- Surrounded by rings of smooth muscle that can be contracted or relaxed.
- Nervous system can control the distribution of blood flow to different organs using arterioles.
18
Q
CAPILLARIES (3)
A
- Smallest vessel.
- Wall is very thin - one cell thick.
- Location of exchange of gases and nutrients.
19
Q
VEINS (4)
A
- Returns blood to the heart.
- Becomes larger as they move away from capillaries.
- Venules, veins, vena cava.
- Carry deoxygenated blood (Except the pulmonary veins).
20
Q
BLOOD (2)
A
- Main role is to transport oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients.
- Two main components: PLASMA and BLOOD CELLS
21
Q
PLASMA (4)
A
- Fluid component.
- Composed mostly of water.
- Makes up about 55% of blood.
- Within you will find nutrients, proteins, ions and gases.
22
Q
BLOOD CELLS (RB= 3) (WB= 2)
A
→ RED BLOOD CELLS
- Most abundant blood cell
- Transports O2 and CO2
- Contains a specialized protein called hemoglobin which can bind O2 and CO2
→ WHITE BLOOD CELLS
- Less than 1% of blood.
- Plays an important role in protecting the body from disease.
23
Q
PLATELETS (2)
A
- Incomplete cell fragments
2. Important in the regulation of blood clotting to stop bleeding.
24
Q
CARDIAC OUTPUT (3)
A
- Also known as Q, is the volume of blood that is pumped out of the left ventricle in 1 minute.
→ Measured in L/min
→ Typical person = 5-6 L/min
→ During heavy exercise = around 30L/ min - Two other factors that contribute to cardiac output (Q) are stroke volume and heart rate
- Q= HR X SV (stroke volume)
25
Q
STROKE VOLUME (5)
A
- Amount of blood that is ejected from the left ventricle in a single beat.
- Measured in mL.
- Determinants of SV:
→ GENDER: men on average have higher SV due to the larger size of their hearts.
→ EXERCISE: increased aerobic training can increase stroke volume (which usually results in a lower resting heart rate as well) - SV is calculated by subtracting the left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV) from the left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV).
- SV (mL) = LVEDV (mL) - LVESV (mL)
26
Q
FRANK STARLING LAW (3)
A
- As your heart becomes more efficient through exercise, the LVEDV will increase – heart is able to pump more blood per contraction.
- The ventricle has the ability to accomodate increases the volume by stretching.
… Resulting in a more forceful contraction.
… Therefore more blood being ejected. - FRANK STARLING LAW = ability of the heart to stretch and increase the force of contraction.
27
Q
EJECTED FRACTION (5)
A
- The efficiency of SV is measured through the calculation of ejection fraction.
- EF = % of blood that is ejected from the left ventricle during a single heartbeat.
- Normal EF is between 50-70%.
- EF is the proportion of blood that is ejected fro, the left ventricle during a single heartbeat.
- The amount of blood pumped out of the ventricle divided by the total amount of blood in the ventricle (multiplied by 100).
28
Q
HEART RATE (2)
A
- Number of times the heart contracts in a minute.
2. Cardiac output can be calculated as the product of stroke volume and heart volume.
29
Q
EFFECTS OF TRAINING - Calculations (7.3) (3)
A
- Most influential changes with aerobic training are alterations in the structure of the heart.
- Increases in mass and dimensions of the heart are observed.
- Specifically: ventricular volume and thickness of ventricle walls.
30
Q
OTHER EFFECTS (4)
A
- Increase in # of capillaries.
… Due to increased oxygen demands. - Increase in volume of blood.
… Due to increased oxygen demands.
… If training stops, volume will return to pre-training level. - BRADYCARDIA: Lower HR (60 bmp or less at rest)
- TRACHYCARDIA: HR if 100 bpm or higher at rest.
31
Q
ATHEROSCLEROSIS (3)
A
- Gradual narrowing of the coronary arteries.
- Due to accumulation of hard deposits of cholesterol on the lining of the vessels.
- If vessel comes blocked or partly blocked, myocardial infraction (heart attack) would occur.
32
Q
3 main FUNCTIONS of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (3)
A
The respiratory system is responsible for:
- Supplying 02 to the blood.
- Removing C02 from blood.
- Regulating blood pH
33
Q
TYPE OF RESPIRATION (3)
A
- EXTERNAL RESPIRATION: processes that occur within the lungs involving the exchange of 02 and CO2.
- INTERNAL RESPIRATION: exchange of gases at tissue level, 02 is delivered and C02 is removed.
- CELLULAR RESPIRATION: process where the cells use 02 to generate energy through the different metabolic pathways.
34
Q
CONDUCTIVE ZONE (2)
A
- Composed of all of the structures that bring air from the outside of the body to the lungs.
- Includes: mouth, nose, larynx, pharynx.
35
Q
RESPIRATORY ZONE (3)
A
- Composed of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sac.
- All of these structures are involved with the exchange if gases between inspired air and the blood.
- Alveolar sacs (alveoli) are grape-like structures that provide a large surface area of the diffusion of gases into and out of the blood.
36
Q
MECHANISM OF BREATHING (2)
A
- Movement of air from outside of the body to the inside of the body is dependent on differences in air pressure.
- Air moves from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure.
37
Q
DIAPHRAGM (3)
A
- Large flat specialized muscle. It contracts and moves downwards to create more space in the chest cavity, This results in a decline in air pressure within the chest and lungs.
- With the contraction of the diaphragm, the air pressure within the chest cavity is lower than the air pressure outside the body.
- This results in inspiration – air rushing into the lungs from outside.
38
Q
VENTILATION (4)
A
- The combination of inspiration and expiration
… The volume of air that is moved by the lungs in one minute. - Influenced by two factors: the volume of air in each breath, and the number of breaths taken.
- TIDAL VOLUME: The volume of air in each breath.
- RESPIRATORY FREQUENCY: Number of breaths taken per minute.
39
Q
ADAPTATION TO TRAINING (2)
A
- Regular aerobic training leads to very few adaptations in the respiratory system.
- The only observable changes with training are in ventilation (combination of inspiration and expiration)
… Increase in tidal volume (vt) and decrease in respiratory frequency (f).
40
Q
RESPIRATORY DISEASE (3)
A
- ASTHMA : spasm if the smooth muscle that lines the respiratory system.
…Over secretion of mucous.
…Swelling of the cells lining the respiratory tract. - COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease :
… Describes a family of disease that lead to a dramatic reduction in airflow.
… Differs from asthma in that the conditions persist and cannot be relived as quickly as effectively activities without experiencing dyspnea (laboured breathing)
41
Q
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION (3)
A
- Oxygen consumption (V02): the amount of oxygen taken up and consumed by the body.
…Equal to the amount of oxygen inspired minus the amount of oxygen expired. - V02 is proportional to workload – the greater the V02, the greater the amount of 02 used in the body.
- A-VO2DIFF : the average amount of 02 found in the arteries minus the amount of 02 in the vena cava.
42
Q
V02 MAX (2)
A
- The maximal amount of oxygen that can be taken in and used for the metabolic production of ATP during exercise.
… This would occur at max SV, HR, and A-VO2diff. - Can only be measured in a lab using computers while the participant performs incremental exercise to exhaustion.
… Workload progressively becomes more difficult every minute and performed until exhaustion.
43
Q
LIMITING FACTORS OF V02 MAX (3)
A
- RESPIRATORY FACTORS: inadequate ventilation, oxygen diffusion limitation.
- CARDIOVASCULAR FACTORS: inadequate blood flow or cardiac output, inadequate oxygen-carrying capacity (hemoglobin concentration).
- MUSCULAR FACTORS: Lack of mitochondria.
44
Q
REST TO EXERCISE TRANSITION (5)
A
- During incremental exercise, pulmonary ventilation initially increases at a rate proportional to the increase in workload.
- Eventually a point is reached where ventilation increases much more rapidly than workload – this is referred to as VENTILATION THRESHOLD.
… Normally occurs at 65-85% of V02 max. - increase in ventilation occurs because of an increase in the accumulation of lactic acid in the blood.
- When energy demands can no longer be met, the anaerobic system is also used to meet energy requirements (glycolysis)
- The body increases ventilation to deal with the accumulation of lactic acid.
45
Q
OXYGEN DEFICIT (4)
A
- When we breathe heavily during intense exercise, it is to meet the demand of oxygen in working muscles.
- A major function of the cardiorespiratory system is to allow the body to address this deficit.
- Oxygen deficit represents the difference between the oxygen required to perform a task and oxygen actually consumed prior to reaching a new steady state.
- “Steady state” occurs when oxygen uptake and heart rate level off
… energy demands and energy production are evenly balanced.
… The body maintains a steady level of exertion for an extended period of time.
46
Q
EXCESS POST-EXERCISE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION (4) (5)
A
- When intense exercise terminates, a period of time elapses before the body returns to a resting state.
- Th additional oxygen taken in during this recovery period is referred to as EPOC
- The additional oxygen requirements during this period are due to the demands from the body to replenish oxygen to the various body systems that are taxed during exercise.
- Changes that occur:
…Refilling phosphocreatine reserves in muscles.
… Replenishing oxygen in blood and tissue.
… Lowering elevated heart rate and breathing.
… Lowering body temp.
… Increasing blood lactate removal.
