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All Topics Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the communes of the Cote de Beaune, north to south.

A

Aloxe-Corton, Beaune, Pommard, Volnay, Meursault, Puligny-Montrachet, Chassagne-Montrachet, Santenay, Maranges

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2
Q

Describe Tuscany’s geology, climate, terroir.

A

All over the place! Dry with maritime influences; hot summers, harsh winters; many soils and mesoclimates.

Montalcino - arid, Montepulciano - continental, Bolgheri - maritime influences

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3
Q

Describe Piedmont’s geology, climate, terroir.

A

Situated between the Alps and the Appenines; hot summers, misty autumns, wet winters; rainshadow, fog, hail; maritime influence; Helvetian sandstone to the East (structure) and Tortonian marl to the West (elegance)

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4
Q

What are the major white grapes of Piedmont?

A

Arneis - citrus, floral, textured (Roero)
Cortese - neutral, crisp (Gavi)
Moscato - aromatic, sparkling (Asti/d’Asti)
Erbaluce - herbal, acidic (Valle d’Aosta region)

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5
Q

What are the primary grapes of Burgundy?

A

Chardonnay and Pinot Noir

Also, Gamay (Beaujolais) and Aligote (Cote Chalonaise, particularly Bouzeron)

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6
Q

What does AOC stand for and what does it control?

A

Appellation D’Origine Controlee
(AOP - Appellation D’Origine Protegee)

Where, what, how much (yield), ripeness (ABV), vineyard management, winemaking techniques, labeling

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7
Q

Name the main sub-regions of Burgundy.

A

Chablis, Cote D’Or (Cote de Nuits and Cote de Beaune), Cote Chalonnaise, Maconnais, Beaujolais

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8
Q

How is wine classified in Burgundy, from lowest to highest quality?

A

Borgogne (45%)
Villages (43%)
Premiere Cru (10%)
Grand Cru (2%)

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9
Q

Provide the blends for the following Super Tuscans:

Sassicaia
Tignanello
Solaia
Guidalberto
Ornellaia
Masseto
A

Sassicaia - 85% Cab Sauv, 15% Cab Franc
Tig - 75% Sangiovese, 20% Cab Sauv, 5% Cab Franc
Solaia - 75% Cab Sauv, 20% Sangiovese, 5% Cab Franc
Guidalberto - 60% Cab Sauv, 40% Merlot
Ornellaia - Cab Sauv, Merlot, Cab Franc, Petit Verdot
Masseto - 100% Merlot

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10
Q

What do the terms “oxidative” and “reductive” mean and what are their markers?

A

Oxidative - wine was intentionally exposed to oxygen during the winemaking process.
(walnut, hazelnut, toffee)

Reductive - wine was intentionally deprived of oxygen during the winemaking process.
(flint, struck match, gunsmoke

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11
Q

Describe the climate of Burgundy.

A

Continental, around 47 parallel, Cote D’Or is on a fault which created the slope, best Crus mid-slope, SE facing, good drainage, limestone and marl

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12
Q

What are the major red grapes of Piedmont?

A

Nebbiolo, Barbara, Dolcetto, Brachetto

also Grignolino, Freisa, Croatina, Ruche

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13
Q

Name 3 important DOCGs in Piedmont for white grapes.

A

Roero DOCG - Arneis
Asti and D’Asti DOCG - Moscato Spumante and Frizzante
Gavi DOCG - Cortese

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14
Q

What are the aging requirements for Barolo and Barbaresco?

A

Barolo - 38 months, 62 for Riserva (18 in wood for both)

Barbaresco - 26 months, 50 for Riserva (9 in wood for both)

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15
Q

Define the term Super Tuscan.

A

A wine of presumed quality does not follow the rules of its prospective DOC/DOCG, particularly with respect to grape blend, and therefore must declassify. NOT a regulated term.

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16
Q

What is the meaning of IGT

A

Indicazione Geographica Tipica
(IGP Indicazione Geographica Protetta)
A category established by Goria’s Law in 1992 to account for wines that did not qualify for DOC or DOCG but were higher quality than a typical Vino da Tavola.

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17
Q

Name 3 significant Super Tuscans.

A

Sassicaia, Tignanello, Solaia

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18
Q

What are AVAs?

A

American Viticultural Areas

75% of grapes must be from stated varietal
85% of grapes must be from stated AVA
95% of grapes must be from stated vintage

*no limits on what grapes can be grown within an AVA

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19
Q

What are the Barolo Wars?

A

An ideological battle between traditional and modern producers of Barolo; the former believes it takes time to produce a classically structured and powerful Barolo, the latter embraces more aggressive winemaking techniques to bring wine to market sooner as well as created a more approachable, commercial style.

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20
Q

Name 3 events that shaped Burgundy’s history.

A

14th Century - Philip the Bold order Gamay vines ripped out in favor of Pinot Noir.
1789 - French Revolution seizes royal and clergy-owned vineyards and auctioned off in pieces to the merchant class.
19th Century - rise of the negotiants .

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21
Q

What is natural wine?

A

No additives, chemicals, pesticides.
“Nothing added, nothing taken away.”
In 1960s, Kermit Lynch and “gang of four” endeavor to return to their grandparents’ style of winemaking.

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22
Q

What is organic wine?

A

Often used to refer to wine made from certified organic grapes–to be a certified organic wine, however, everything in the winemaker’s cellar, including the yeasts, must be certified organic.

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23
Q

What is biodynamic wine?

A

Considers the farm a single organism; self sustainability; follows lunar calendar; espouses biodiversity; divides days into flower, fruit, leaf and root days to determine what if any action need be taken with respect to the vines.

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24
Q

Who are Agoston Harazthy and Andre Tchelistcheff?

A
  • “Father of California Wine” founded Buena Vista in 1849, introduced over 300 varietals to the region and was eaten by alligators in Nicaragua.
  • Russian winemaker hired by George de Latour at Beaulieu Vineyards, raised winemaking game and quality standards in California.
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25
Q

Name 3 important events in California wine history.

A

1800s - Mission grape was introduced from South America
1870-90s - Phylloxera
1920-1933 - Prohibition
1966 - Robert Mondavi established own brand
1976 - Judgement of Paris
1980s - Robert Parker creates point system

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26
Q

Name the communes of the Cote de Nuits north to south.

A

Marsannay, Fixin, Gevrey-Chambertin, Morey-Saint-Denis, Chambolle-Musigny, Vougeot, Vosne-Romanee, Nuits-Saint-George

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27
Q

Give an overview of the geography of Bordeaux.

A

Southwest France, maritime climate, Gironde Estuary splits into the Garonne and the Dordogne Rivers; Left Bank (Medoc, Grave) more gravel, Right Bank (St. Emilion, Pomerol) more clay; fog in South promotes Botrytis in Sauternes; space between rivers Entres-Deux-Mers.

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28
Q

What are the major appellations of the Haut-Medoc?

A

Saint Estephe, Pauillac, Saint Julien, Margaux

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29
Q

Name the major sub-regions of Bordeaux.

A

Medoc -> Haut-Medoc (Left Bank)
Grave -> Pessac-Leognan (Left Bank)

Sauternes, also Barsac (South)

St. Emilion (Right Bank)
Pomerol (Right Bank)

Entre-Deux-Mers

Also Bourg, Blaye

30
Q

What major change has been made to the 1855 Bordeaux classification?

A

Mouton-Rothschild was upgraded in 1973 from second to first growth.

31
Q

When was the classification system for Bordeaux established?

A

1855 by Napolean III
57 Chateaux for reds (only 1, Haut-Brion, in Right Bank)
21 Chateaux for Sauternes
1859 Graves included in classification

32
Q

How long did the English rule Bordeaux?

A

For 300 years, until 1453, end of the 100 Year War, reverts back to French Rule.

33
Q

What are the permitted grapes in Bordeaux?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Malbec, Petit Verdot, Semillon, Sauvignon Blanc, Muscadelle

*also Touriga Nacional, Alvarinho, Arinarnao, Marselan, Petit Manseng, Castets, Liliorila

34
Q

Briefly describe and give examples of the following chemical compounds:

Esters
Monoterpenes
Pyrazines
Thiols
Rotundone
Diacetyl
Vanillin
Sotolon
Geosmin
A

Esters - full range of white flower, citrus, orange, apple
Terpenes - lychee, rose ex Moscato, Riesling, Torrontes
Pyrazines - grass, bell pepper ex SB, CS, Cab Franc, Carmenere
Thiols - grapefruit rind, passionfruit ex SB but also coffee, chocolate ex Malbec
Rotundone - peppercorn ex Gruner Veltliner, Syrah
Diacetyl - butter, associated with MLC ex Chardonnay
Vanillin - vanilla, associated with oak aging
Sotolon - maple, curry associated with age ex Sherry, Vin Jaune, Madeira
Geosmin - earth, mushroom, associated with Old World wine

35
Q

Name the main AVAs of Sonoma County.

A

Rock Pile, Pine Mountain, Alexander Valley, Knights Valley, Fort Ross- Seaview, Dry Creek Valley, Green Valley, Russian River Valley, Chalk Hill, Fountain Grove, Petaluma Gap, Bennett Valley, Sonoma Mountain, Sonoma Valley, Carneros, Moon Mountain

36
Q

Give an example of one traditional and one modern producer of Barolo.

A

Traditional - Bruno Giacosa, Guiseppe Mascarello, Giacomo Conterno

Modern - Angelo Gaja, Paolo Scavino, Elio Altare

37
Q

Name 5 DOCGs of Piedmont for red grapes.

A

Barolo, Barbaresco (Nebbiolo)
Barbera D’Asti, Monferrato Superiore, Nizze (Barbera)
Dogliani, di Diana D’Alba, di Ovada Superiore (Dolcetto)
Gattinara, Ghemme (Spanna AKA Nebbiolo)

38
Q

Name 3 Sangiovese-based Super Tuscans,

A

Isole e Olena “Cepparello”
Montevertine “Le Pergola Torte”
Felsina “Fontalloro”

39
Q

List the 16 nested AVAs of Napa Valey

A

Calistoga, Howell Mountain, Diamond Mountain District, Chilles Valley, Spring Mountain District, St. Helena, Rutherford, Oakville, Mount Veeder, Yountville, Stag’s Leap District, Atlas Peak, Oak Knoll, Los Carneros, Coombsville, Wild Horse Valley

40
Q

What is orange wine?

A

White made in the manner of a red wine - i.e., fermentation takes place on the skins.
Associated with the Natural Wine movement.
Orange hue and phenolic bitterness due to skin contact, cloudy appearance due to no filtration/fining. Some orange wine have a funky quality, similar to a sour beer, due to low intervention winemaking.

41
Q

Why can’t Super Tuscans made in Bolgheri classify as Bolgheri DOC instead of IGT Toscana?

A

They can, if they are up to 100% Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot or Cabernet France …

But not if they are more than 50% Syrah or Sangiovese.

42
Q

What are the main wine regions of California?

A

Red Woods - small northern AVA specializing in cool climate whites such as Riesling and Gewurztraminer.

North Coast - prestigious area encompassing Mendocino, but also Sonoma County and, further inland, Napa Valley.

Sierra Foothills - inland area with emphasis on bold, juicy Zinfandel.

Inland Valleys - home to a lot of bulk production wine, also includes Lodi, renowned for Zinfandel.

Central Coast - long stretch included Paso Robles, Monterey and Santa Barbara.

South Coast - Temecula and some Zin east of LA; difficult to produce grapes with sufficient acid this far South.

43
Q

What do the terms Classico, Riserva and Superiore generally mean?

A

Classico usually denotes the heartland of a larger region and higher quality production.

Riserva denotes additional aging.

Superiore denotes additional ripeness, often expressed as an added % of alcohol.

*The DOC/G will specify the exact guidelines for each of these terms.

44
Q

How many DOCGs and DOCs does Piedmont have?

A

17 DOCGs and 42 DOCs

45
Q

Name 3 major producers of Chablis.

A

Francois Raveneau, Vincent Dauvissat, William Fevre.

46
Q

What are 3 important facts about Chablis?

A

North most region of Burgundy, closer to Champagne than Cote d’Or.

100% Chardonnay

Kimmeridgian and Portlandian soils

Wines are typically aged in stainless steel or neutral oak, though there are exceptions.

40 1er Crus and 1 Grand Cru divided into 7 named Climats.

47
Q

Explain the difference between Muscat, Moscoto, Muscadet, Muscadelle, Moscotel, Muscadine.

A

Muscat is a grape, or family of grapes ex Muscat Blanc and Muscat of Alexandria.

Moscoto is the Italian name for Muscat, but is also used in the US and elsewhere to describe a wine made from Muscat grapes.

Muscadet is an unrelated term–a style of wine made in the Pays Nantais region of the Loire Valley made with Melon de Borgogne.

Muscadelle is the aromatic blending partner for Sauvignon Blanc and Semillon used in the sweet wines of Bordeaux ex Sauternes. (Was once thought to be related to Muscat but is not.)

Moscatel is the Spanish name for Muscat, when used in the name of a wine, however, typically suggests a dessert-style wine ex Moscatel de Setubal.

Muscadine is an unrelated grape native to the SE of American and made in a variety of styles. A member of the Vitis Rotundifolia.

48
Q

What are the main methods of producing sparkling wine?

A

Charmant (tank) - Secondary fermentation takes place in a large tank or vessel prior to bottling ex Prosecco

Methode Traditionnelle - Seocndary fermentaion takes place in bottle ex Champagne, Franciacorta, Cava

Methode Ancestrale - Single fermentation is paused, finishes in bottle (no tirage, riddling or dosage) ex Pet-Nat

49
Q

Name the main tiers of the German classification system.

A

Landwein - PGI level
Qualitatswein - PDO level, from 1 of 13 German wine regions, higher level of ripeness required.
Pradikatswein - high level of ripeness/sugar required, divided into the following categories:

Kabinett - lightest, most delicate wine, usually off-dry but may be fermented to dryness.
Spatlese - late-harvest, usually medium sweet-sweet but may be fermented to dryness.
Auslese - select late harvest, usually sweet but may be fermented to dryness.
Berenauslese - grapes affected by Botrytis, sweet.
Trockenberenauslese - only dried grapes, very sweet.
Eiswein - only grapes frozen at the time of harvest, very sweet.

50
Q

Define what is meant by “structure” including acid, tannins, sugar, alcohol and body.

A

Structural elements of wine are those you primarily “feel” rather than “taste.”

Acidity - causes your mouth to water
Tannins - cause your mouth to feel dry
Sugar - can be detected on the tip of your tongue but will also add viscosity to the wine.
Alcohol - will cause a warming or burning sensation at the back of the throat.
Body - the sense of weight of the wine on your tongue–think skim verses whole milk.

51
Q

What does VDP stand for and what are its categories?

A

Verband Deutscher Pradikatsweinguter
A German organization formed to promote quality winemaking.
197 vineyards from all 13 regions.

Gutswein
Ortswein - expresses regionality
Erste Lage - 1er Cru level
Grosse Lage/Grosse Gewachs - Grand Cru level

52
Q

What are Germany’s 13 wine regions?

A 
Rheinhessen
Pfalz
Baden
Mosel
Wurttemberg
Franken
Nahe
Rheingau
Mittelrhein
Saale-Unstrut
Ahr
Hessische Bergstrasse
Sachsen
53
Q

What are the sugar levels allowed in Champagne, from Brut Nature to Doux?

A 
Brut Nature - 0 - 3 g/l
Extra Brut - 0 - 6 g/l
Brut - 0 - 12 g/l
Extra Dry - 12 -17 g/l
Dry - 17-32 g/l
Demi-Sec - 32-50 g/l
Doux - 50 g/l +
54
Q

What are the primary grapes and styles of Sherry?

A

Palomino (also Moscatel, Pedro Ximenez )

Fino - aged biologically
Amontillado - begin as Fino but is eventually aged oxidatively
Oloroso - aged oxidatively
Palo Cortado - similar in between style to Amontillado with shorter biological aging period - rare and coveted

also pale cream, cream, medium

55
Q

What are the primary grapes of the Canary Islands?

A

Red - Listan Negro, Negramoll, Malvasia Rosada, Listan Prieto

White - Listan Blanco (Palomino), Malvasia, Moscatel

56
Q

What are 3 DO subzones devoted to Monastrell?

A

Jumilla, Yecla, Bullas

all in Murcia

57
Q

What are the primary DOs of Catalunya?

A 
Cava DO - style rather than a place
Montsant DO - Garnacha, Carinena
Tarragona DO - Cava varietals
Alella DO - Xarello
Emporada DO - Carinena Rose

*Priorat is DOQ

58
Q

What are the main DOs of Castilla Y Leon?

A

Ribera del Duero DO - Tempranillo, others
Rueda DO - Verdejo
Toro (Tinto del Toro which is Tempranillo!)
Bierzo (Mencia)

59
Q

What are the main DOs of Galicia?

A 
Rias Baixas DO (Albarino)
Ribero DO (Treixadora, Palomino, Caino)
Ribera Sacra (Mencia)
Valdeorras (Godello)
60
Q

Describe the climate of Spain?

A

Iberian Peninsula
Extends from Pyrennees Mountains nearly to Africa
Hot and dry, particularly inland, irrigation allowed 2003
Influence from Bay of Biscay, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea
High altitudes and good latitudes

61
Q

Name 3 significant events that shaped the history of Spain.

A

Phoenicians founded Cadiz around 1100 BC (vines grown since 3000 BC)
Late 1800s, phylloxera causes French to look to Spain
DO system created in 1926

62
Q

What are the primary DOs and grapes of Basque Country?

A

Arabako Txakolina
Bizkaiko Txakolina
Getariako Txakolina

Hondarrabi Zuri and Jondarrabi Beltza

63
Q

What are the two DOCas of Spain?

A

Rioja (1991) and Priorat (DOQ 2019)

64
Q

What are the 3 subregions of Rioja?

A

Alta, Alavesa, Oriental (formerly Baja)

65
Q

What are the primary grapes of Rioja?

A

Tempranillo, Garnacha, Mazuelo, Graciano

Viura, Malvasia, Garnacha Blanca + internationals

66
Q

Who is the flagship producer in Ribera del Duero?

A

Vega Sicilia

Flagship wine is “Unico”

67
Q

In Rioja, what are the aging requirements for Joven, Crianza, Reserva and Gran Reserva?

A

Joven - no req
Crianza - 2 yr, 1 yr wood (6 mo for white)
Reserva - 3 yr, 1 yr wood (6 mo for white)
GR - 5 yr, 2 yr wood (6 mo for white)

Sparkling:

Reserva - 2 yr on lees
Gran Anada - 3 yr on lees

68
Q

What wine was “born” in Penedes, what grapes is it made with and how is it made?

A

Cava
Xarello, Macabeo, Parallada
Metodo Tradicional

69
Q

Who is the “Godfather” of Priorat?

A

Rene Barbier, left Gigondas in 1979, put Priorat on map with Rhone-style wines.

70
Q

What is Castilla la Mancha known for?

A

Bulk production and windmills

71
Q

What is “Vino de Pago”?

A

A term created so that lesser known DOs could promote themselves throughout Spain

Wine 201 (2 decks)

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