All Topics Flashcards
1
Q
Define the Dreaming that you should mention in every Aboriginal answer
A
It is the spiritual aspect of Aboriginal religion that encapsulates both the spiritual and physical dimensions, giving meaning to all aspects of adherents.
The dreaming determines the Aboriginal and connects adherents to ancestors, land, ceremony and kinship groups.
2
Q
Discuss how Aboriginal spirituality is determined by the Dreaming - Kinship
A
Kinship comprises of systems of customary law that governs social interaction between Dreaming adherents and their culture, clans and tribes.
Prior to colonisation, there were about 900 Aboriginal clans and these kinship groups:
- dictated connections between families and tradition
- aids social networks and communication
- promotes acceptance and sense of belonging
- gives equality and unity in community
- creates a huge family (everyone is related spiritually).
3
Q
Discuss how Aboriginal spirituality is determined by the Dreaming - ceremonial life
A
Ceremonies are the rituals that sustain the spirituality and re-affirm one’s belief in the Dreaming. Ceremonies are the physical expression of a metaphysical connection made between an adherent and a parallel dimension, allowing them to outwardly express their faith.
- paint/decoration is used to symbolise a presence of an ancestor e.g dot/cave paintings
- rite of passage/initiation ceremonies
- burial ceremonies
- totemism is expressed such as the Black Duck which is the totem for the Umbarra clan
E.g 2020 Aboriginal Sunrise Ceremony
4
Q
Discuss how Aboriginal spirituality is determined by the Dreaming - Obligations to land and people
A
Land, people and Dreaming share a symbiotic relationship whereby the land offers a medium for spiritual expression and the people owe a responsibility to thus protect the land as per their beliefs.
- the land is their ‘mother’ and God
- land is the medium through which they communicate to their elders and spiritual realms
- land is where they carry out ceremonies and thus express the Dreaming beliefs
- land is foundation for beliefs, traditions, rituals & laws
- land is dwelling place for ancestral beings
5
Q
What is dispossession?
A
The action of depriving ATSI people of their land, family, community groups and thus their religion and identity.
- dispossession came about because of European colonisation
- land and people dispossession resulted because of terra nullius, a commonwealth doctrine meaning ‘land belonging to no one’
6
Q
Discuss the continuing effects of dispossession on aboriginal spiritualities – Separation from the land
A
The land is intrinsically important to the life of aboriginals because they have a symbiotic relationship. As they were dispossessed they lost:
- their God, ‘mother’
- the medium by which they performed ceremonies and rituals
- Sacred sites and totemic responsibilities
- Their connection to ancestors
- Their symbolic spiritual identity
- Tribal lore and law
- Meeting places for kinship groups
7
Q
Discuss the continuing effects of dispossession on aboriginal spiritualities – Separation from kinship groups
A
Dispossession broke up Aboriginal nations, clans and tribes and disturbed their social connections and families.
- They were isolated from their loved ones and families
- They lost language, identity, culture, gender roles, oral law, sense of belonging, family structures, communication etc
- It destroyed unity and one’s sense of belonging
- Because they were all distanced they lost heritage, faith and their connection to present and past family members
8
Q
Discuss the continuing effects of dispossession on aboriginal spiritualities – The stolen generation
A
This is the term used to describe the many children of aboriginal and mixed blood, who were removed from their families to be cared for on missions, institutions or assimilated into white foster families. This was a traumatic event that led to the loss of aboriginal culture, kinship, heritage, oral law, identity, links with land and religion as a whole.
The bringing them home report was an inquiry into the genocide and section 7a talks about national sorry day.
Continuing effect- some people don’t know their family and their life expectancy is 10 years less than ours (ABS 2020) because they are underclass society.
9
Q
What is the land rights movement?
A
This refers to a religious and political movement to secure the rights of aboriginal people to their land and insure that their religious, spiritual and cultural integrity is preserved.
10
Q
Outline the importance of native title for the land rights movement
A
1993!
Native title is the recognition that aboriginal people have rights and interests to land and Waters according to their traditional laws and customs as set out under Australian law.
The native title act 1993 overturned terra nullius, whereby the the parliament recognised the continuous connection between aboriginal people, their spirituality and their traditional lands.
11
Q
Outlined the importance of Mabo for the land rights movement
A
1992!
Mabo and others V the state of QLD 1992: it was the first case won by indigenous people in relation to land ownership.
The Meriam people explained to the High Court that their identity was lost due to dispossession from land, it was the first case that over through the fiction of terra nullius, recognising their rights and a sustained connection.
12
Q
Outlined the importance of Wik for the land rights movement
A
1996!
Wik people’s V. QLD: Landmark High Court case whereby native title rights were found to coexist with pastoral leases. The case took a step in the right direction for the recognition of aboriginal land rights in conjunction with contemporary societal issues such as pastoral leases.
13
Q
Outlined the importance of the dreaming for the land rights movement
A
Essentially: aboriginal adherents need the land so that they can express their belief in the dreaming.
- The land is extremely important to aboriginal spirituality and symbolic identity.
- The dreaming and expressions of the dreaming are lived through the medium of the land.
- Songs, stories, oral teachings, sacred sites, dances and more are all communicated through the land.
- And adherent lives out their responsibilities through the land, through their totemic connection this is outlined in dreaming.
- The land is a physical and natural representation of a metaphysical existence between life on the land and the ancestral beings.
- Through successes in the land rights movement some indigenous Australians have been able to reconnect with their land dust reconnecting them to the dreaming and their ancestors.
14
Q
Outline changing patterns of religious adherence from 1945 to the president using census data – religious growth
A
Religious growth is mainly seen outside of Christianity.
- Islam grew 0.3% in 1976 to 2.6% in 2016.
- Hinduism grew from 0.1% in 1986 to 1.9% in 2016.
15
Q
Outline changing patterns of religious adherence from 1945 to the present using census data – religious decline
A
Religious decline has mostly affected Christianity.
- Christianity significantly declined from 61.1% in 2011 to 52% in 2016.
- Catholicism is the largest denomination of Christianity in Australia, decline from 25% in 2011 to 22.6% in 2016.
16
Q
Outline changing patterns of religious adherence from 1945 to the present using census data – changing patterns of non-religious adherence
A
- Atheism has been increasingly rising in popularity from 22% in 2011 to 30% in 2016. This is due to a decline of traditional religions and growth of more non-religious schools of thought and belief systems such as humanism and agnosticism
17
Q
Account for the present religious landscape in Australia in relation to Christianity as the major religious tradition
A
- Christianity is the dominant religion in Australia because it was the main religion in England and it was cultivated in Australia as they colonised us in 1788.
- It is steadily and drastically Declining, however Christianity is still the major religious tradition but this is changing.
18
Q
Account for the present religious landscape in Australia in relation to immigration
A
- As people migrate to Australia from other parts of the world, they bring new religion and add to the dynamic, multicultural religious landscape of Australia.
- In 1973, the white Australia policy was abolished this led to all religions growing especially Islam because people are now able to migrate to Australia.
- According to the ABS, immigration of people from the Middle East to Australia accounts for 68% of the religious growth of Islam in recent years.
19
Q
Account for the present religious landscape in Australia in relation to denominational switching
A
- This is the concept of people changing from one sector of Christianity to another.
- The switches with the aim of finding a more suited religious belief, becoming more progressive or more Conservative, moving churches for new meaning, moving churches because of disputes, moving churches because of marriage.
- Catholic and orthodox Christians tend to have a higher level of denominational loyalty due to histories and traditions.
- This switching has resulted in the emergence of a number of new Christianity denominations such as the Quakers and the salvation army sect.
20
Q
Account for the present religious landscape in Australia in relation to the rise of new age religions
A
- Examples include astrology, numerology, feng shui, crystals, tarot cards.
- These have grown popular due to the rise of individualism, materialism and the fact that there is no dictatorial God.
- They can be adapted and changed, they are inclusive and exciting and they are very flexible.
- They are popular because some people get dissatisfied with conventional mainstream religion, these new religions are dynamic, interesting and involve more supernatural elements and as such people want a new diverse belief system.
21
Q
Account for the present religious landscape in Australia in relation to secularism
A
- Secularism is the principle of separation of the state from religious institutions.
- Secularism 6 to defend the absolute freedom of religious and other beliefs without government interference or political agendas involved.
- With a more secular approach to religion there has been a transition in a number of ways such as the disenchantment of the religious meaning behind Christmas and taking off religion from some paperwork.
- As Australia becomes more secular and there is a weekend emphasis on religion there has been an emergency of atheism and agnosticism.
22
Q
What is ecumenism?
A
Ecumenism can be seen as a movement within the Christian church towards unity between the different Christian denominations.
- It stresses the common values and teachings that prevail across denominations and they celebrate their similarities.
- E.g. the union of Presbyterian, Methodist and Congregational denominations in 1977 to form the uniting Church in Australia.
23
Q
The impact of the National Council of churches on the ecumenical movement in Australia
A
The NCC a is a national organisation That has 19 member churches that aims to increase the understanding of of different denominations and communicate social change affectively.
E.g Greening the church initiative: where Protestant Presbyterian and uniting Church members come together and help with Earth care activities and ecological sustainability programs
24
Q
The impact of the NSW ecumenical Council on the ecumenical movement in Australia
A
This state council is comprised of 16 Christian member churches and the mission has the aim of maintaining unity, committing to the gospel, and living out good practices and charity.
- E.g. peace and justice initiative: catholic and orthodox denominations come together and work with the council to help asylum seekers and refugees rights during an array of charities and workshops.
25
Evaluate the importance of interfaith dialogue in multi faith Australia
Interfaith dialogue is formal discussion aimed towards developing a greater mutual understanding between different religious traditions and multifaith Australia refers to the multicultural aspect of Australia comprising of hundreds of religions.
- It promotes greater understanding and tolerance.
- It breaks down stereotypes
- Improves communication, limiting violence and improving pace
E.g Religions for peace Australia: this is an NGO that holds seminars online during the coronavirus period whereby leaders of different faiths come together to educate the public about different religions and their connections.
26
Examine the relationship between aboriginal spirituality’s and religious traditions in the process of reconciliation
Reconciliation refers to the acknowledgement by various groups in Australia of the great injustices done to indigenous Australians in the disposition that occurred in the past. It also refers to people’s willingness and commitment to rectify these roles and improve the position of aboriginal people in the future.
E.g Reconciliation Australia: this is a body that was established to focus on the nature of reconciliation whereby Christian communities promote and build better relationships between aboriginal and non-aboriginal’s and promote sustainability of all life.
E.g Pope Francis says that indigenous people must have final say about their land and customs and he has stated that welcome to country speeches and aboriginal symbols shall be used in churches and services around Australia.
27
Identify animism as an expression of the religious dimension in human history
Animism is the belief that a spirit or transcendent force exists in every object whether living or nonliving, believing in things such as animals, plants, natural structures, rocks, land having supernatural power.
E.g According to the ABS nearly 80% of Japan practice Shinto which is an animistic religion.
28
Identify polytheism as an expression of the religious dimension in human history
Polytheism is the belief in many gods that can be separate or related to a single encompassing entity
E.g Polytheistic religion date back to Ancient Greek and Egyptian times however is still practised in 2020 with 1.2 billion Hindus in the world.
29
Identified monotheism as an expression of the religious dimension in human history
Monotheism is the belief in a single God who is not limited by time or space, they are the creator of the universe and a continuing spiritual force that is active in the lives of all adherence.
E.g judaism is traditionally considered one of the oldest monotheistic religions in the world pre-7th century and still lives today with 16 million Jews in the world as of 2020.
30
Evaluate the place of the religious dimension in human history to provide meaning and purpose for the individual
- The religious dimension can provide individuals and groups with a sense of personal fulfilment and meaning, a source through which they can find their identity and aspirations.
- The religious dimension can impact people on an intellectual and emotional level such as providing meaning about creation and comfort inside times.
- Religion gives people a sense of self, community, unity and belonging.
- The religious dimension answers life’s hardest questions and provide them with answers such as why are we created and what purpose do we serve?
- The religious dimension provides individuals with a purpose on an ethical level such as Christianity guiding adherence to show love to others.
31
Evaluate the place of the religious dimension in human history to provide social cohesion
- The religious dimension can be a way through which society is influenced to maintain order in peace.
- Religion can provide the impetus for communal action such as religion speaking out about domestic violence and protecting the community.
- Religion can be universally uniting in experiences of disaster or sadness whereby people come together to comfort each other in the name of their God or belief system.
- Through sacred texts and ethical teachings peace and harmony is also educated to the community and thus society can coexist mutually.
32
Evaluate the place of the religious dimension in human history to provide social transformation
Paradoxically, whilst religion is a force of social cohesion and unity it can also serve as a platform for social transformation.
- Religion encourages people to work towards justice and a peaceful society and thus religion can inspire transformation of individual attitudes and collective behaviours.
- Religious groups can also be seen at the forefront of campaigns which seek to address issues such as poverty, indigenous rights and unemployment, this is social transformation
- The religious dimension can be used as a tool for criticising structures, customs and beliefs of its own societies and governments, Inspiring revolution and change on a political and national scale.
33
Investigate statistical data of the current global distribution of Christianity
Christianity is the largest religion in the world today and there is a clear trend which points to it steady decline in the western world and its rapid growth in Asia, Africa and Latin America.
According to the Australian bureau of statistics: the five largest national populations of Christianity are Congo, Germany, Nigeria, Russia, China
34
Investigate statistical data of the current global distribution of Islam
Islam is the fastest growing religion of the five major world religions today and is the second largest religion in the world. It is growing strong in western countries and remain strong in its traditional areas such as Asia and Africa.
Islam is largely populated in Morocco, Nigeria, Egypt, Iran, turkey, India etc
35
Investigate statistical data of the current global distribution of Judaism
During World War II the Nazi party sought to destroy the Jewish population of Europe and approximately 6 million Europeans died. It is difficult to obtain figures about the number of Jews living in an area because they are usually fearful of persecution and are reluctant to divulge their religious identity.
36
Investigate statistical data of the current global distribution of Hinduism
Hinduism is growing around the world largely due to immigration
Hinduism is largely populated in South Africa, Pakistan, Malaysia, Indonesia, Bangladesh, India etc
37
Investigate statistical data of the current global distribution of Buddhism
Buddhism is scattered around the world however largely populates Asian countries
Buddhism is largely populated in Taiwan South Korea, Cambodia, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Vietnam etc
38
Recognise the reasons for the rise of new religious expressions as people search for personal fulfilment
In a secular, individual orientated society there is a strong need to find meaning and purpose in life’s journey through religion.
- There is an attraction to new-age religions because they offer personal fulfilment through exciting activities such as concert like church services.
- New religions are often diverse and offer inclusive and fresh religious ways such as empowerment, reassurance and comfort.
- For one to be fulfilled they need to be content and happy and if a person is dissatisfied with traditional religion such as in adherence being unhappy with the George Pell situation in Catholicism they may move to a new religious expression where there is less hierarchy.
39
Recognise the reasons for the rise of new religious expressions as people seek ethical guidelines
Within a secular society, religion has become more pointless in guiding individuals morally because they seek morals through things such as law.
- Orthodox and Catholics are strict to their morals based on sacred texts and values which give them ethical meaning.
- With new-age religions, they offer newer and more exciting ethical teachings that are not as strict as conventional religion and are more excepting with factors such as gay people.
40
Recognise the reasons for the rise of new Religious expressions as people seek to clarify their relationship with society
With conventional religion and new-age religion, people want to feel a part of something, whether a body of people or a non-related family.
- Adherence with him religious groups are taught to love everyone and as such they will clarify their relationship with everyone else through interfaith dialogue, mutual respect and harmony.
- New religions also place a large emphasis on societal relations such as tarot cards being a multi person activity, encouraging connections in society
41
Explain how the rise of materialism has influenced the growth of new religious expressions and spiritualities
- Some new-age religions such as numerlogy indicate a large involvement in gaining profits.
- Materialistic societies with its cult of individualism, encourages self affirmation and personal fulfilment.
- Religion has turned to business in this consumerist environment whereby commodities such as merchandise can be bought or sold. This can involve people having to pay to join a religious group.
42
Explain how scientific progress has influenced the growth of new religious expressions and spiritualities
- Some people abandon traditional religious beliefs because of scientific knowledge where some discoveries have discredited religions such as the Big Bang
- Many new-age religions have a pseudo scientific basis such as numerology whereby facts and evidence alludes to the validation of new adherence
- Scientific progress has undermined the authority of transcendent beings and as such people turn to less conventional religions to seek meaning in other forms
43
Explain how the growth of ecological awareness has influence the growth of new religious expressions and spirituality is
- Many new-age religions adopt animistic an ancient nature characteristics such as astrology placing importance on the health of space and as such people want to be ecologically friendly and they turn to these religions.
- Many people are attracted to new-age religions because they feel that closeness to the environment is a healing and spiritual factor such as nature retreats and prayers
44
Explain how a disenchantment with traditional religion has influenced the growth of new religious expressions and spiritualities
- Hypocrisy, abuse of power, disagreement, irrelevance can lead to one’s disenchantment with often strict and traditional religions and they turn to less strict religions such as astrology where it is determined by the individual
- It has become increasingly acceptable in contemporary society to have no religious affiliation and as such people turn away from traditional religions
45
Outlined the essential features of atheism
Refers to an individual’s complete rejection of the belief in a God or gods.
46
Outline the essential features of agnosticism
Can be seen as neither the rejection nor the total acceptance of the belief in a God, but the person believes there are many possibilities and uncertainties.
47
Outline the position of humanism
Established in the modern era, humanism is an approach to life that holds a deep rooted belief in the importance of humanity and reason.
48
Outlined the position of rational Humanism
Rational Humanism focuses on the value of human life and elevate human reason as the highest form of authority. Their philosophy encourages rational approaches to all problems and there is increased importance placed on the freedom of speech and human reasoning.
49
Outlined the position of scientific Humanism
Scientific Humanism is an intellectual movement directed towards justice and world peace placing an emphasis on the importance of science. The application of logic and technology should be used to solve modern day dilemmas. Their philosophy uses science to address global problems such as poverty.
50
Discuss how agnosticism determines the aspirations and behaviour of individuals
- Agnostics believe that there is no sufficient evidence to make a judgement on religion and as such the aspirations are limited to personal morals and laws.
- Their behaviour towards religion is often third-party because they believe there are uncertainties and they can be persuaded.
51
Discuss how atheism determines the aspirations and behaviour of individuals
- Atheists use natural scientific progress and knowledge to fuel their aspirations in life, however ultimately they do not believe that they need aspirations because there is no afterlife
- Atheists often have dominant opinions/rejecting behaviours because they rejects religion as a whole
52
Discuss how humanism determines the aspirations and behaviour of individuals
- Humanists use human authority and reason to find moral guidance and aspiration on how to interpret the world
- They do not have any aspirations that could leave them to an afterlife and their behaviours are often centred around creating harmony between individuals and communities.
53
Compare the response of one religious and one non-religious belief system regarding the concept of the transcendent
Christianity: God is their transcendental figure and is the ultimate leader of the belief system.
Humanism: there is no transcendental figure but their God in a sense are humans they dictate their own faith and are the most powerful
54
Compare the response of one religious and one non-religious belief system regarding the human person
Christianity: whilst God places humans as great importance, God is the ultimate being that dictates life and death, the human is simply a humble creation of God
Humanism: this human is vitally integral to the worldview of humanism, they are inherently good and are capable of transforming the world.
55
Compare the response of one religious and one non-religious belief system regarding social responsibility
Christianity: the holy Bible states that all humans have social responsibility to care for each other, bring peace and care for the environment
Humanism: Humanist believe they can transform the world into a better place, they place large emphasis on everyone being responsible for change and peace.
56
Explain the contribution to the development and expression of Islam of Khadijah
1. She modelled the teachings of Islam, especially Zakat, whereby she develops the early Islamic community. Zakat is important to modern day expression and she founded this.
E.g “There is a beauty to loving people.” - K
2. She was the first adherence of Islam and was the 1st to declare the shareholder, contributing to Pre-Islamic Arabia and establishing an initial religious belief.
E.g “I bear witness that there is no God except Allah and I be a witness that Mohammed is the messenger of Allah.” - K
3. She submitted to the revelations of Mohammed and expressed a sustained monotheistic submission to the will of Allah, developing an initial belief in what it means to be a good Muslim and showing how submission can be an expression.
E.g “When she comes to you, give her greetings of peace and then give her the good news of a palace of Jewels in paradise”. - Angel Jibril
Development- She developed and founded the religion in Arabia centuries ago and developed into the dynamic that it is today.
Expression - She was the 1st to express all the beliefs in which modern day adherence still emulate.
57
Analyse the impact of Khadijah on Islam
1. She brought Mohammed food and water, supported and encouraged him and thus, Mohammed was inspired to continue receiving revelation on Mount Hira and her support allowed him to deliver the word of God to the people, initiating and founding the religion of Islam, Muslims will not have a religion if it wasn’t for Khadijah’s faith.
2. She demonstrated the five pillars, especially Zakat and this has inspired contemporary adherence to follow them to, impacting the way Muslims all around the world express their faith within the five pillars.
3. She was extremely countercultural: she proposed to her younger husband, she was a rare business woman in society and as such she introduced the concept of social and gender equality, modern day adherents are able to emulate this teaching and follow her as a role model.
4. Angel Jibril said that Khadijah was the perfect woman and that she had a secure spot in Al Akhira, this impacts modern day adherence because they try and emulate the character of Khadijah so that they to, can reach the afterlife.
5. Kids in schools across the world sing a song called Zambilooni, which is a song used to remember Khadijah and they learn about all her good traits that modern day adherence can emulate the character of Khadijah. The song reads ”she was a woman of nobility, success.”
58
What are ethics in Islam?
- For Muslims, ethics relate to the need to fulfil Allah’s will, how to live a life of good deeds and be charitable and how to distinguish between right and wrong.
- Shariah law is the moral code for Islam it is the primary source of legal and bioethical issues, it determines what is halal and haram.
- The afterlife also encourages adherence to live a good life full of charity, kindness, compassion, ethics so that they can reach heaven.
59
Sources of ethical teachings in Islam
1. The Qur’an: the very words of Allah, they must be obeyed, the books of Allah teach Muslims how to live a good life.
2. The Sunnah & Hadith: these are the words and actions of profit Mohammed, people are taught to align their life with the actions of his.
3. Qiyas: This means analogical reasoning, it involves Islamic teachers judging situations in contemporary society and using similar principles of the Qur’an to determine what is right and wrong.
4. Ijma: This refers to the consensus of a community of Islamic scholars over an ethical issue, they make rulings on modern issues based on the Hadith and the Qur’an.
60
Islam – ethical stance on abortion
- Muslims largely believe that abortion interferes with God’s role as the author of life and death.
- He is the only person who can create industry humanity and we must believe in fate and predestination.
- However it is not Haram if it is strongly justified: damages the mother’s health or kills her, it also has to be before 120 days of the pregnancy.
Sura 17:33: “Do not kill the soul that God has made sacred, except for just cause.”
61
Islam – ethical stance on euthanasia
- Muslims are strictly against euthanasia because it goes against the belief in the sanctity of human life under the control and care of an all powerful God.
Sura 17:33: “Do not take life which Allah made sacred.”
62
Describe the significant practice of the Hajj
- This is the pilgrimage to the Kaaba in Mecca that each Muslim is expected to make in their lifetime provided they are physically and economically able to do so.
- This is the fifth pillar of Islam and it is a replication of when Mohammed in 622CE, travelled from Mecca to Medina.
- Muslims wear white garments called Ihram, when they perform the Hajj which is symbolic of not only their purity but their unity and equality within the Muslim community.
63
Describe some of the steps of the Hajj
1. Kaaba: This is a black tube building that is symbolic of their relationship with Allah, it represents the oneness of Allah and Muslims walk clockwise around this building seven times praying the Tawaf, exclaiming the Shahada and singing.
2. Sa’i: This involves adherence walking up and down between two stone pillars parallel in the story of Ishmael and the angel Jibril.
4. Mt Arafat: Muslims spend the night here, they listen to scholars and it is an emotional place of prayer, they individually and communally pray to God.
6. Jamarat: This is where at here and throw pebbles at three wall pillars, representing them fighting away the evilness of Satan and reading him from their lives.
64
Demonstrate how the Hajj expresses the beliefs of Islam
1. Tawhid: The pilgrimage is seen as the ultimate journey of submission.
2. Angels: in step two of the Hajj, adherents mimic the story of Ishmael and Jabril reinforcing their belief in angels as the messengers of Allah.
3. Books of Allah: Surah 2:196 states “Performed a pilgrimage and visit Mecca for God”, And as they perform the pilgrimage, they reinforce their belief in the books and how gods guidance has impacted them.
4. Prophets: The pilgrimage is a replication of Mohammed’s journey, reinforcing their belief in Mohammed being the only prophet of God.
5. Fate and predestination: adherents Are fulfilling their belief in God’s greater plan as they undertake the journey because they are expected to do so in their lifetime.
65
Analyse the significance of the Hajj for both the individual and the Muslim community
Individual:
- Allows adherence to focus on their job on earth which is to submit to God
- Allows the adherent to complete all of the five pillars of Islam and thus be ready for the afterlife
- The monumental nature of the physical, practical and spiritual preparations for the Hajj bring about a positive experience for the individual, they feel motivated and empowered
- The individual is he able to experience the unity of the Muslim community and connect with the Ummah.
Muslim community:
- The pilgrimage promotes sustained unity of Ummah and brings peace to all
- Unites millions of Muslims around the world, promoting coexistence and harmony
- Reminds the community about equality, inclusion and submission as seen in the white garments
- It is a widespread act of submission to God and reinforces everyone’s beliefs of Islam
66
Explain the contribution to the development and expression of Judaism of Moses Maimonides
- He is a great Jewish philosopher, rabbi and physician of the Middle Ages
- He is known for his prolific writings which develops the early religion and aided in the expression of their religion
- His works are considered to be the cornerstone of Orthodox Jewish thoughts, faith, philosophy and study.
67
Analyse the impact of Moses on Judaism
1. Mishneh Torah: He reviewed the Jewish Bible and simplified Halacha (Jewish rules) which guided an entire system of Jewish law. All contemporary Jews use this book in their daily lives because of details ethics, morals and religious teachings.
2. 13 articles of faith: he wrote days and these are a summary of the basic tenants and principles of Judaism. Article 13 states ”there is a holy believe in the resurrection of the dead”, the article thus serving as a platform for Jewish faith. It covers all points of Jewish belief in one place and people are able to look at them and emulate them.
3. Guide for the perplexed: this is a theological work that discussed the nature of God and educated people who are confused about religion. The writings address tomorrow dilemmas and synthesised Jewish revelation, providing information to everyone.
4. Charity and almsgiving: Tzedakah Is an ethical obligation of Jewish adherence to do what is compassionate and charitable, Moses worked out eight levels of this and wrote up a piece of writing that teaches important lessons about assisting the poor, motivating people to get jobs etc
68
Ethics in Judaism
- God is all powerful
- People are in a covenantal relationship with God
- Human life has infinite virtue and validity
- Our bodies and soul belong to God
- Illness and death are a natural course of life
69
Sources of ethics in Judaism
1. Tanakh: found in the Torah and sources many ethics
2. Talmud: Oral tradition of custom ethics appropriate to the religion
3. 613 mitzvot: They are tiny commandments within the Bible that provide guidance on ethical situations
4. 10 commandments: overarching ethical principles of Judaism
5. The covenant: historical event by God that shows adherence ethical responsibilities that they must live according to
6. Responsa: A body of scholarship from Judaism that provides answers on contemporary ethical issues
70
Judaism - standpoint on abortion
- Jews believe the fetus is not a life but it is a potential human being and therefore must be protected because the potential being is God’s will
- The life of the mother is prioritised over the life of the baby however abortion is not permissible under most circumstances
- Orthodox Jews are specially or against abortion due to the ethical belief in the validity of human life
Mishneh Ohalot 7:6 “If a woman’s labour becomes life-threatening, the one to be born is dismembered in her abdomen and taken out limb by limb, for her life comes first”
71
Judaism - stance on transplantation
- If the surgery is absolutely essential in protecting human life it is permissible because it is an ethical teaching to commit to helping the evil or dying
72
Judaism - stance on artificial insemination
- This is seen as an abomination and is strictly prohibited, however If the sperm and egg that is use this from the wife and husband it may be permissible because it is staying inside the marriage
73
Describe the significant practice of marriage
- This is the legal and formal recognition of union between two partners in a personal and sexual relationship
- It is God’s will, in Genesis it is written:
“Male and female, he created them in unity.”
“Be fertile and increase, fill the earth and master it.”
74
Pre-wedding traditions for Judaism
- Both the groom and the bride partake in a mikvah, this is a ritual bath that symbolises them cleansing their sins and their bodies and reaching a state of physical and mental purity
- The week leading up to the wedding and the couple also come together and celebrate with their family as they announce the wedding
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Kiddushin
- This is the betrothal stage of the marriage well the formal engagement of the couple
- The Ketubah is drawn up between the couple getting married and this is a contract that declares the obligations of the partner to each other
- The couple begins praying and fasting during this part
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Nuisin
- This is the actual wedding ceremony
- The bride is veiled in a Burdekin and groom lift the vale at the start of the ceremony to confirm he is marrying the correct woman this reflects the biblical story of Jacob marrying the wrong girl.
- The bride and groom stand under the Chuppah which symbolises the couple living together, the covering of God, the couples new home, the protection of God, the presence of God during the ceremony
- The groom places a ring on the brides finger and says “you are consecrated to me with this ring according to the law of Moses and Israel”, this is symbolic of the covenant and they are making a promise to each other
- The Brakhot is then stated, which is seven blessings between the couple and symbolises the seven days that God took to create the world
- At the end of the ceremony the groom then smashes a wineglass under his right foot, this is symbolic of the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem in 70 A.D., this is a joyous celebration however it is also a moment of history, remembering, mourning
- The Sheva Brakhot then occurs which is a celebratory meal and reception with guests and dancing and prayer
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Demonstrate how marriage expresses the beliefs of Judaism
1. Belief in single God: as adherence get married they are able to fully reflect the complete image of one God as they follow his command and get married. The canopy is also symbolic of submission to one God and one God’s presence in the ceremony
2. Gods covenant: the contract express is the obligations and responsibilities within the marriage and this is a parallel for the contractual relationship that God has made between himself and his people. The marriage ceremony for Jesus is the completeness of oneself and then mission on earth which is their fulfilment of gods covenant.
3. Define moral law: Jews believe that moral law is informed by the commandments of God and in Genesis God states that ”all should be fruitful and multiply”, so as they get married they are fulfilling gods moral commands. Moral also states that piece of happiness should be abundant in the world and during the marriage ceremony there is a widespread practice of peace and agape
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Analyse the significance of marriage for both the individual and the Jewish community
Individual:
- Marriage gives the individual and couple a sense of commitment to each other, to God into their faith.
- Love, appreciation, compassion and unity are abundant in the ceremony which empowers the individual
- The marriage ceremony offers individuals with a spiritual redemption, they are able to begin a new life with their lover and bring about peace
- Marriage links individuals to their faith in the past connecting them to the Jewish temple story, Reaffirming their faith
- Marriage sustains one’s faith because during the ceremony there are prayers and fasting etc
Jewish Community:
- The ceremony is a celebration of everyone and reaffirms the beliefs of the entire group unit and encourages cohesion and morale
- Steps inside the wedding ceremony such as the seven blessings and the breaking of the glass, allows the entire community to reflect upon the history of their religion and allows them to be thankful for God’s continued covenant
- The betrothal stage of the ceremony unites the two families and further connect the community as it is a practice of unity and collectivism
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Explain the contribution to the development and expression of Christianity of Saint Paul of Tarsus
1. Role model: his hate out of love a story can be seen to inspire all Christians, giving them hope that they too can amend their lives and change for the better with the grace of God. He was also a role model for courage, devotion and perseverance: he was persecuted and arrested for his preaching but he never failed to stand up, despite adversity and commit to his devotion and his unapologetic faith
2. Missionary career: he went on three significant journeys where he evangelised, he preach the good news of Jesus and informed everyone about salvation, he develops the early tradition.
3. Theological contributions: his theology was centred around preaching morals of Christianity.
- he preached the importance of agape in 1 Corinthians 13 stating: “love never ends”.
- He preached eternal life and in Corinthians 15 states: ”now with Christ is proclaimed and raised from the dead, how can some of you say there is no resurrection of the dead?”
- He preached guidance of the holy spirit and in Ephesians 2 states: “Full by grace you have been saved through faith.”
His theological teachings And preaching are the cornerstone of religious tradition that we depend on today.
4. Epistles: His letters were written to strengthen, in courage and give guidance to Christian communities both early and long-lasting, he preached inclusion and equality in Galatians 28 stating: ”all of you are one in Christ”. His writings underpinned central Christian beliefs and are used in the practice of baptism, in liturgies and in the Nicene creed
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Analyse the impact of Paul on Christianity
1. He was the first organiser of the Christian church and the first significant writer of Christian scripture, promoting Christianity and educating adherence of its ethical teachings
2. Christians we are now seen as ”stewards of gods mysteries” and not political pawns in Europe’s religious battle, this is credited to Paul’s preaching of ‘religious faith over political agenda.’
3. He was a role model of perseverance and courage for modern day adherence to emulate, he demonstrated that faith is all we need.
4. His writings are used as the cornerstone of Christian scripture in contemporary society: Romans, Galatians, Corinthians and Phillipians
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Ethics in Christianity
- The moral principles that govern a persons behaviour, they are solely centred around the significance of God and the protection of the human life
- agape
- We are all made in the image and likeness of God, we are his humble creations
- Life has inherent value and should be protected
- Quality and inclusion
- Relationships with God, our neighbours, our enemies and ourselves are very important
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Sources of ethical teachings and behaviours in Christianity
1. 10 commandments: overarching rules of how Christian should live their life: “thou shalt not have any strange gods before me”
2. The beatitudes: sets of blessings that teach values of Christianity: “blessed are the pure in heart; for they shall see God”
3. The golden rule: this is an ethical teaching about how you must be kind and compassionate and how you must treat your neighbours and your enemies: “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you” - Matthew 7:12.
4. The good Samaritan: this is a parable that is an ethical teaching of how all adherence should give mercy and compassion to those who are suffering all those who are your enemy. Pope Francis states: “May we not be ashamed of touching the wounds of those who suffer”.
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Christianity - stance on IVF
- Christian standpoints I’ll send it around what marks a birth and the discarding of other potential lives during the reproductive technology process
- To uphold the dignity of human life is a ethical teaching and this means that embryos cannot be discarded or destroyed
- The Roman catholic standpoint believes that conception should be natural sexual intercourse with in a marriage and thus see IVF as a violation of the dignity of human lives
- The Baptist group of Christians are very liberal and they believe it is acceptable if they use the spouses sperm and eggs
Pop in Vatican states: “Playing with life. Be careful, because this is a sin against the creator.”
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Christianity - stance on abortion
- Many Christians nominates is strictly opposed to medical practice of abortion under any circumstances because they believe that once the egg is fertilised by sperm there is a potential life and it should not be interfered with
- Roman catholic church is strictly for bed abortion under any circumstances and believe in the sixth Commandment: “thou shalt not kill”
- the uniting Church is more lenient in approach where cases involve deformities, health reasons, incest or rape
Genesis 2:7: “ and the Lord formed man of the dust from the ground.”
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Christianity - stance on euthanasia
- Christians are mostly against euthanasia because we are made in God’s image and only God can take life away from us
- Roman Catholic Church is an active organisation that opposes euthanasia
Pope John Paul II said: “Euthanasia is a great violation of the law of God”
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Describe the significant practice of baptism within Christianity
- It is the religious rights of sprinkling, instilling or immersing water on a persons forehead, symbolising purification or regeneration in admission into the Christian church
- It is a right of initiation and it is a sacrament of Christianity
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Describe the symbols used in baptism
1. Water: symbolising creation, God used water to create the world, symbolising the flood, water in the worm of the woman, and cleansing
2. White garment: the colour of the outfit symbolises purity and innocence
3. Baptismal candle: symbolises Jesus as the power and light of the world
4. Sign of the cross from baptise are: symbolises the belief and presence of the father, the son and the holy spirit
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Types of baptism and denominations
1. Aspersion: Sprinkling the water over the forehead
2. Affusion: Water is poured over the forehead of the baby
3. Immersion: The person is completely immersed into a body of water
Catholics- They baptise infants and adults and they baptise using all three types
Baptist’s - They only baptise adults so that they have the ability to make the decision and they only do full immersion
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Demonstrate how Baptiam expresses the beliefs of Christianity
Through the sacred practice of baptism, one is able to manifest their understanding and conviction in beliefs set forth by the holy Bible, allowing them to receive salvation in their relationship with Christ through a physical expression of one’s faith.
1. Death and resurrection of JC: As we are baptised, it symbolises death and rising again, rebirth, we enter into a new life just as Jesus did as he resurrected
2. Holy Trinity: as the priest or Bishop baptises the person they say I baptise you in the name of the father, son and the holy spirit and pushing a belief of the holy Trinity into the sacred practice
3. Salvation: is what is baptised they are cleansed of original and ancestral sin and they are purified in gods grace. They are forgiven and given salvation. Mark 16:16 states ”he who is baptised is saved”
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Analyse the significance of baptism for both the individual and the Christian community
Individual:
- Baptism allows the individual to receive salvation and forgiveness for original and ancestral sin: they are cleansed and purified
- Baptism allows the individual to be welcomed into a larger, tightknit community they are cared for and educated about the Christian faith, given identity and a sense of belonging in the Christian church
- They establish a personal relationship and connection with God
- They receive the gift and protection of the Holy Spirit
- Baptism motivates individuals to commit to a holy and obedient life whereby they emulate the characteristics of a good Christian
- They are able to receive the promise of eternal life and it establishes their journey to the gates of heaven.
Community:
- The surrounding community watching the person be baptised, able to reaffirm their own professional faith and baptismal promises
- The community is given the responsibility to educate and care for this new person in their Christian family expanding the Christian church
- The Christian community is enriched with the presence of a new member: empowered by Grace
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What is peace?
It is a state a period in which there is no war or a war has ended: freedom from disturbance: tranquility: coexistence: harmony. Peace can be both inner and world
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Investigate the understanding of peace and how it is informed through significant writings within the Qur’an and the Hadith
These are fundamental texts that guide Muslims to peace in the world to peace
The Qur’an teaches that Allah will show mercy, compassion and love to peacemakers and not to perpetrators of violence
Throughout here and submission to the Koran tells adherence that they will receive peace and in a tranquility
There are a bunch of quotes to remember, write them out
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Investigate the understanding of peace and how it is informed through significant writings within the new Testament
The Bible is the sacred text used by Christians to formulate their teachings, doctrines, ideas of peace and theology of war, if adherence follow the peaceful nature of God and live their life according to the Bible they will receive peace
The new Testament inspires all individuals to go out into the world, with compassion and love and spread peace and harmony
The Bible tells us to love our neighbours in our enemies and that is how peace should come about
The Bible tells us that if you follow God peace and tranquility will unite all people and create a peaceful and loving world
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Outlined the principal teachings about peace in Christianity
1. The beatitudes: those who spread peace will achieve peace
2. The golden rule: encourages mutual harmony and world peace
3. Pacifism: this is the notion of ridding violence and condemning wars, persecuting peace and not holding grudges
4. Neighbours and enemies: showing peace in all your relationships will stimulate global harmony and mutual respect
5. The just war doctrine: this is the justification of violence that has been transformed into the just piece theory whereby the lowest amount of force should be used to gain more peace
Some more teachings include a peaceful relationship with God, showing peace to the marginalised, the Quakers, agape etc
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Outline the principal teachings about peace of Islam
1. The six articles of faith:
- Tawhid: If you believe in one God you will be given reassurance, refuge and inner peace
- Angels: A belief in angels reassures the adherence that no one is ever alone, they are given a chance to reflect and to speak to the creator
- Books of Allah: as an inherent believes in the books, they receive tranquility and guidance on how to live a peaceful life
- Prophets: As an inherent believes in the messengers of God, they follow them emulate their characteristics, I’ve given guidance and then live a peaceful life.
- Afterlife: Believing in the afterlife provides an adherence with reinsurance and a purpose in life, they give it an incentive to get to Paradise
- Faith/predestination: disbelief gives adherence and everything happens for a reason attitude, reassuring adherence that all bad things are meant to happen and they are gifted guidance and lessons that shape them into a Muslim
2. Five pillars of Islam:
- Shahada: this individual prayer allows an adherent to reach a state of inner peace and gives them guidance from their God
- Salat: These prayers allow adherents to talk to God, receive his revelation and guidance and thus receive an inner sense of calmness
- Zakat: As in adherence is charitable, they are fulfilling gods will and feel good about themselves, they also given a purpose and this contributes to world peace and inner peace
- Sawm: Fasting allows the individual to be thankful for everything they have and receive peace from your strength and connection and relationship with God
- HAJJ: this journey of individual awakening and spiritual revelation gives people with a sense of personal tranquility and calmness. It is also the world coming together to spread notions of peace and love and equality and continuing to submit to Allah’s peaceful will
3. Jihad
- Jihad is a personal endeavour to be a better human by overcoming evil forces that reside inside the individual and within the world.
- As am adherent overcomes their greater jihad such as envy and anger, they are given in a piece and calmness
- As the world overcomes lesser jihad such as war and turmoil, the world can be in golfed in harmony and mutual respect.
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What is world peace?
The state of the world being in golfed in harmony, mutual respect between all nations and coexistence despite any differences
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What is inner peace?
This stage of an individual being psychologically and spiritually calm and restful.
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Mother Theresa – Christianity peace example
Mother Theresa was a Roman catholic nun who devoted her life to serving the poor and destitute around the world.
She spent 12 years in Calcutta where she founded the missionaries of charity, this is a religious congregation that was devoted to setting up shelters and providing prayer services to those who needed assistance
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Oscar Romero – Christianity peace example
Oscar Romero was a Roman catholic Archbishop of El Salvador that travelled around South America and spoke out against an educated the public about poverty, social injustice and torture.
He set out a number of writings and set up many missionary churches for those who needed it.
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Pax Christi Australia - Christianity piece example
This is an international peace movement organisation that promotes peace, discourages violence and reduces unnecessary war
They launched the PACE E BENE Initiative whereby the organisation campaigns internationally for the active pursuit of peace, peaceful protests such as black lives matter and attempt to read all violence in war-torn countries.
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Anglican aid – Christianity peace example
This is a peak body that provides assistance to vulnerable communities across the world.
In January 2020, Anglican aid launched the prayer diary whereby the ministry of God is communicated to all members and they are able to save revelation whether they have access to churches and books or not
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Muslim voice – Islam peace example
This organisation is based in the US and works to promote world peace and global reconciliation.
They handed out posters and signs for thousands of men and women to march in the black lives matter campaign around the United States
Earlier this year they also sent troops of volunteers to Muslim orientated countries in the Middle East and Africa to setup camps and food properties using donations from the public
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Islamic network – Islam peace example
This is a piece building organisation that provides face-to-face education and engagement opportunities that foster understanding of Muslims and other marginalised racial groups
They provide educational seminars across the Americas in Australia to promote the need for world peace, discouraging stereotypes and prejudice and boosting gender equality.
They also work with leaders of the Vatican and Hindu priests to promote interfaith dialogue and world peace
