All topics Flashcards
What is classical conditioning?
Conditioning a desired response from a specific stimulus. For example, a dog salivating at the sound of a bell/metronome
Who’s experiment tested classical conditioning?
Pavlov
How do environmental factors affect conditioning?
If an environment is favourable then there will be a positive response, and vice versa.
For example, if someone fears clowns but is in a favourable environment while around a clown, it is possible to condition them to like clowns.
Who tested environmental factors and conditioning?
Watson
What happened in Watson’s experiment?
Little 8-month-old Albert was placed in a room with a white rat, he initially liked the rat.
He was then subjected to loud bangs every time he went to touch the rat, which scared him and caused him to cry.
Following this he feared rats, as well as anything that was white and fluffy.
Sigmand Freud first founded what theory?
The psychodynamic theory
What are the 3 sections according to The Psychodynamic Theory?
ID, Ego, Superego
What is the super-ego according to the psychodynamic theory?
The super-ego is the moral principle, this is the preconscious level. It develops at around the age of 5/6. This the part of the personality that strives for perfection and wants to live up to expectations set by parents and other role models. It battles with the ID when the ID and is known as the angel on your shoulder.
What is the ego according to the psychodynamic theory?
The ego is the mediator between the ID and the super-ego. This is the reality principle, what comes about.
The ego balances the demand between the ID and the Super ego and operates at a conscious level.
What is the ID according to the psychodynamic theory?
The ID is the individual’s unconscious level. It is a person’s basic needs and pleasure principle. The devil on your shoulder telling you to do whatever you want.
Can you give an example of the ID, Super-ego, and ego at work?
You are very hungry; a colleague is eating a portion of fries in front of you, ID wants to lean over and steal all their food to meet the hunger need. The super-ego knows that stealing someone’s food is morally wrong and fights with the ID’s wants.
The ego finds the compromise so that both ID and super-ego’s needs are met by asking the colleague if they wouldn’t mind sharing a few fries.
(Accept anything along these lines)
Who created the hierarchy of needs?
Maslow
What are the 4 personality theories/types?
- Trait
- Situational
- Type A
- Type B
Explain the trait personality theory
Trait theories focus on the idea that all humans possess various sets and levels of personality and behavioural traits that would be consistent in all situations. For example, if someone was a calm person, they would be calm in all situations.
Describe a type A personality
“Type A” personalities are strong-willed, fast-moving, dominant, and often workaholics. People also refer to this personality as “The Achiever” or “The Director” because they make excellent leaders, entrepreneurs, and politicians.
Who first founded the social learning theory?
Albert Bendura
Describe a type B personality
Type B personality is characterized by a relaxed, patient, and easy-going nature.
Individuals with a Type B personality work steadily, enjoying achievements, but do not tend to become stress when goals are not achieved.
What 3 factors affect attitude?
- Previous experiences
- Modelling behaviour
- Cultural influences
Summarise the theory of planned behaviour
The theory of planned behaviour is a theory that can be used to determine the likelihood of someone completing a task. Attitude, social norms, and behavioural control all effect whether an individual intends to do the task and subsequently completes the task.
Explain how attitude affects intention and behaviour according to the theory of planned behaviour
This refers to the individual’s attitude towards the outcome of the behaviour and how much the outcome is valued by an individual.
E.G. Going to the dentist.
Scared of doing and have had poor previous experiences of going.
However, there is an issue that needs rectifying because if left unattended it will cause more issues.
Explain how subjective norms affects intention and behaviour according to the theory of planned behaviour.
Subjective Norms refers to how the individual feels they will be perceived by others for doing or not doing the behaviour.
Explain how behaviour control affects intention and behaviour according to the theory of planned behaviour.
Behaviour control refers to the individual’s perception of whether they can fulfil the behaviour. Are there lots of barriers that would stop them doing the behaviour? or do they feel they are confident in completing the task.
What theory was created by Carol Dweck?
Mindset theory
Which theorist created the theory of planned behaviour?
Icek Ajzen
(Isacc Ar-jshen)
Explain growth mindset
Those with growth mindset seek and thrive on challenge. They want to stretch themselves because they know that they will grow and learn. “This is hard. This is fun.”
Explain fixed mindset
People with a fixed mindset avoid challenges because it makes them feel like they’re not talented or smart. They lose interest when the work gets hard, and they give up easily.
What is obedience?
Obedience is a form of social influence; this is where an individual responds to a direct order. The order usually comes from an authority figure, for an example a police officer.
What is compliance?
Compliance is one person choosing to follow orders or requests. Compliance has more flexibility
What is conscious obedience?
Making the effort to follow orders. Knowingly completing the task.
What things affect learning via observing according to the social learning theory?
Attention
Retention
Reproduction
What is unconscious obedience?
Being unaware or performing something without realising. Doing things out of routine/habit.
What experiment was conducted by Milgram?
The Electric Shock Experiment, he looked at how obedient people are to legitimate authority using this experiment.
What experiment was conducted by Burger?
Replicated the Electric Shock Experiment but changed some parts such as the voltage only going to 150v instead 450v. All participants were aware they could drop out at any time
What experiment was conducted by Hoffling?
He performed the Hofling’s Nurses Experiment. This experiment involved 22 nurses who were told to administer 20mg of a made-up drug called Astroten (glucose substitute) over the phone by a fake doctor, with 20mg being double the dose. 21 out 22 nurses administered the drug despite the control group having 21 of 22 saying they wouldn’t
What experiment was conducted by Rank and Jacobson?
They recreated the nurses experiment but used a real drug and asked the nurse to administer 3 times the dose. In this experiment 18 nurses were involved and only 2 administered the drug. They believed this was because they knew what the consequences of this drug were so could justify their defiance easily.
What was Zimbardo experiment?
The Stanford Prison experiment which tested how much people would conform to a role when put into an immersive setting.
Summarise Asch’s Paradigm
Asch’s paradigm was used to show how people conform due to social pressure and the fear of standing out or being ridiculed due to being incorrect. He used a series of lines in boxes, the subject in the room was unaware that the other’s in the room were part of the experiment, purposefully stating the wrong answer.
What model was created by Zubin and Spring?
The stress vulnerability model.
What are the 3 sections of the stress vulnerability model?
Biological vulnerability
Stress
Coping skills
How does biological vulnerability affect an individual’s stress management?
The higher someone’s biological vulnerability the less stress they can take on. (The smaller their stress bucket)
How do coping skills affects an individual’s stress management?
The better their coping skills, the less stress they will have to carry.
What is general adaptation syndrome?
GAS is the body’s response to stress, in which the body goes through three stages as a response. These are; alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
Explain the alarm stage of GAS
The alarm stage of GAS is when the stress is first placed upon an individual, the body reacts by releasing the stress hormones to deal with the stress.
Explain the resistance stage of GAS
The resistance stage is where the body continues to release stress hormones to resist any damage to the body caused by stress. This can only happen for a certain amount of time before the body runs out of energy.
Explain the exhaustion stage of GAS
This stage occurs when the individual has been in the resistance stage for too long. Signs of the exhaustion stage are fatigue, burnout, depression, and anxiety.
Summarise in a few sentences Piaget and Tolman’s cognitive process
When presented with a stimulus the human brain goes through a cognitive process that can be compared to a computer programme dealing with a request. The cognitive process determines what the reaction/behaviour will be, this can be positive or negative.
Why do people obey?
Fear, love, reward, respect
What are extrinsic rewards?
A reward that is received externally, such as praise and respect, medals, extended leave, promotion, pay rise.
What are intrinsic rewards?
The feeling of satisfaction or pride. Internal feelings of reward.
How is self-discipline showcased in the UPS?
- Personal grooming
- Performance
- Attendance
- Fitness
- Time management
- Reliability
- Punctuality
Summarise the Betri Box
The Betray Box illustrates how our attitudes and behaviours directly affect the attitudes and behaviours of people around us. When we’re stuck in a negative cycle, then it’s up to us to stop that cycle by changing our attitude. This will positively impact those around us – and therefore break the cycle.
What are the mental health risks due to prolonged exposure to stress?
- Anxiety
- Social isolation
- Depression
- Suicide risk
- Phobias
- PTSD
What positive measures can be used to cope with stress?
- Removal of the cause of stress
- Psychological therapy
- Reliance on social network
- Coping strategies
(Accept any other relevant answer)
What are the negative measures used to cope with stress?
- Withdrawal and isolation
- Self-medication with alcohol and drugs
- Destructive behaviour
- Aggressive behaviour
What are the potential environmental causes for high-tension situations?
- War zones
- Emergency situations
- Riots
- Day-to-day high tension situations
What are the behavioural causes of high-tension situations?
Emotional reactions – aggression, anger, grief, fear.
Medical – existing medical issues, substance abuse, mental health.
How can body language be used to de-escalate conflict?
- Use of verbal and non-verbal aggression to signal non-aggression
- Maintaining self-control
- Being assertive
- Empathy
- Active listening
What factors influence social learning?
Characteristics of the model
Characteristics of the learner
Environmental factors
What are the 4 sections of the stress process?
Cause of stress
Perception of demand
Stress response
Behavioural consequences
Summaries the stress process
The stress process is essentially a story of how a response was reached by an individual due to stress. There is cause, then perception of demand, which is whether the individual feels they can cope with the demand. The stress response, which can be positive and motivating, or negative and distressing. Behavioural consequences are the actions, and feelings that come as a consequence of demand perception and stress response.
