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All topics Flashcards

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1
Q

It is the scientific study of
interactions of organisms
with their environment.

A

Ecology

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2
Q

are the
environment’s non-living concept

A

Abiotic factors

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3
Q

Abiotic Factors

A
  1. Elevational Gradient
  2. Latitudinal Gradient
  3. Precipitation Gradient
  4. Temperature Gradient
  5. Sunlight Distribution*
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4
Q

is the living
components of the environment.

A

Biotic Factors

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5
Q

Factors affecting Biotic
Distribution:

A
  1. Dispersal Capability
  2. Biotic Interactions (e.g.,
    predation, herbivory,
    competition)
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6
Q

is a field of study that investigates species adaptations and how these adaptations help them to survive in their environment

A

Organismal Ecology

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7
Q

is the deliberate observation of plants and animals in their environment.

A

Natural History

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8
Q

is grounded in Natural History, but goes beyond observation, seeking to test hypothesis, often via experiments in the field

A

Field Ecology

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9
Q

studies on the dynamics and factors
affecting populations in a given area
and time.

A

population ecology

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10
Q

is a group of interbreeding
organisms that are member of same
species living in the same area at the
same time.

A

population

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11
Q

it is the changes of population in terms of size and density at a given time.

A

population dynamics

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12
Q

Determine how population change
(population size) through time.

A
  1. Birth (b)
  2. Death (d)
  3. Immigration (i)
  4. Emigration (e)
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13
Q

N = ( b – d ) + ( i – e )

A

open system

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14
Q

N = b – d

A

closed system

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15
Q

proportion of different age
groups in a population

A

age structure

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16
Q

produce all offspring in
single reproductive event

A

Semelparous populations:

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17
Q

produce offspring in series of separate reproductive events

A

Iteroparous populations:

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18
Q

A biological community consists of
the different species within an area, typically a three-dimensional space, and the interactions within and among these species.

A

Community Ecology

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19
Q

are interested in the processes driving these interactions and their
consequences

A

Community ecologists

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20
Q

examines large-scale ecological
issues, ones that often are framed
in terms not of species but rather of
measures such as biomass, energy
flow, and nutrient cycling

A

Ecosystem Ecology

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21
Q

is an assemblage of
living and non-living elements
within a boundary that forms
functional relationships, maintains
flow of energy and complete the
chemical cycle

A

Ecosystem

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22
Q

production of organic matter from
simple compounds, drawn from the surrounding
and build into a complex organic material.

A

Autotrophic:

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23
Q

are organisms that are capable of
producing their own food.

A

Autotrophs

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24
Q

transformation of primary products
to secondary products from the plants. This is
through the chemical synthesis and decomposition
of organic matter.

A

Heterotrophic:

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25
Q

are usually predators, while some
are biophages (i.e. animals consuming other animals, plants and other organisms) and saprophages (i.e. organisms feeding on dead
organic matters).

A

Heterotrophs

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26
Q

photosynthetic (plants) or
chemosynthetic (bacteria).

A

producers

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27
Q

are herbivores
(plant-eaters) which feed directly and
only on all or part of living plants

A

Primary consumers

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28
Q

are primary
carnivores (meat-eaters), which feed
only on plant-eating animals

A

secondary consumers

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29
Q

include large carnivores or omnivores
(plant- and meat-eaters) that feed on
primary and secondary consumers
and/or producers.

A

Tertiary and higher-level consumers

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30
Q

Heterotrophs that feed on detritus, or dead organic plant and
animal matter, are known as

A

detritivores.

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31
Q

Two major classes of detritivores:

A

a. Detritus feeders
b. Decomposers

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32
Q

ingest fragments of dead organisms
and their cast-off parts and organic wastes

A

Detritus feeders

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33
Q

absorb and endocytose the soluble
nutrients at the cellular level (e.g. bacteria and fungi)

A

Decomposers

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34
Q

the amount of energy
formed, or rate of production or organic
matter produced that is expressed in:
number or mass per unit area per unit
period of time (i.e. no./kg./ha./yr.).

A

Productivity

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35
Q

is the rate at which
radiant energy is stored by photosynthetic
activity of the plants.

A

Primary productivity

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36
Q

is the
total rate of photosynthesis.

A

Gross primary productivity (GP)

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37
Q

is the rate of
storage in plant tissue after excess of
energy utilization from respiration.

A

Net primary productivity (NP)

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38
Q

the ability of an
ecosystem to return to equilibrium
following minor external forces or
disturbances such as increase in
temperature, changes in the rainfall
patterns, and soil and water losses.

A

Stability

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39
Q

the ability of an
ecosystem to return to equilibrium
following major external forces or
disturbances such as long periods
of drought, acidification of soil, salt
intrusion, typhoons, and pest
infestation.

A

Sustainability

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40
Q

refers to the number,
kinds and variability of species in
an ecosystem. This that more
species have higher biological
diversity, higher stability and higher
sustainability.

A

Diversity

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41
Q

refers to the benefits
of ecosystem that is distributed
among its beneficiaries, such that
more member organisms have
access to the available resources
means the higher equitability of the
resources to the organisms.

A

Equitability

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42
Q

is the total
number of genetic characteristics in
the genetic makeup of a species.

A

Genetic Diversity

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43
Q

refers to the
number of species in an area.

A

Species Diversity

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44
Q

the variety of
different habitats, communities and
ecological processes

A

Ecosystems Diversity

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45
Q

consists of all the populations
of all the different species that live together in a particular
area.

A

ecological community

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46
Q

Interactions between different species in a community are called

A

interspecific interactions

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47
Q

Different types of interspecific interactions

A
  • competition
  • predation
  • parasitism
  • herbivory
  • Symbiosis
  • mutualism
  • commensalism
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48
Q

Organisms of two species use the
same limited resource and have a negative impact on
each other.

A
  • competition
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49
Q

A member of one species, predator, eats all or part of the body of a member of another species,
prey.

A
  • predation
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50
Q

A long-term, close association between two species in which one benefits, and the other is
harmed

A
  • parasitism
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51
Q

A special case of predation in which the prey species is a plant.

A
  • herbivory
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52
Q

two species live together in a
long-term, intimate association. In
layman’s term, a relationship that benefits both parties. In ecologist-speak, symbiosis include close, lasting relationships with a variety of positive or negative effects on the participants.

A

Symbiosis

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53
Q

A long-term, close association between two species in which both partners benefit

A
  • mutualism
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54
Q

A long-term, close association between two species in which
one benefits, and the other is unaffected

A
  • commensalism
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55
Q

consist of many interconnected food chains and are more realistic representation of consumption
relationships in ecosystems.

A

Food webs

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56
Q

is a more intricate and complex form of predator-prey interactions.

A

Food web

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57
Q

Biomes are divided into two :

A

Aquatic and Terrestrial

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58
Q

is a region of the earth’s surface and the particular combination of climate, plants, and animals that inhabit it

A

biome

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59
Q

Abiotic factors that can affect biomes are

A

fires, floods, droughts, strong winds, and elevation

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60
Q

EARTH’S MAJOR BIOMES:

A

tundra, boreal forest, temperate rain forest, temperate deciduous forest, temperate grassland, chaparral, desert, savanna, and tropical rain forest

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61
Q

Aquatic Biomes: Zonation

A

lake and marine zonation

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62
Q

Riparian =

A

vegetation area

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63
Q

the hemolymph is pumped
through a blood vessel that
empties into the body cavity.

A

Open Circulatory System

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64
Q

blood of insects are

A

hemolymph

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65
Q

the heart pumps blood through
vessels that are separate from
the interstitial fluid of the body.

A

Closed Circulatory System

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66
Q

True or False
“Simple animals” consisting of a
single cell layer such as the (a)
sponge or only a few cell layers
such as the (b) jellyfish do not
have a circulatory system.
Instead, gases, nutrients, and
wastes are exchanged by
diffusion.

A

True

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67
Q

have the simplest circulatory
systems of the vertebrates: blood flows
unidirectionally from the two-chambered
heart through the gills and then the rest
of the body.

A

Fish

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68
Q

have two circulatory routes: one for oxygenation of the blood through the lungs and skin, and the other to take oxygen to the rest of the body. The blood is pumped from a three-chambered heart with two atria and a single ventricle.

A

Amphibians

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69
Q

have two circulatory routes; however,
blood is only oxygenated through
the lungs. The heart is three
chambered, but the ventricles
are partially separated so some
mixing of oxygenated and
deoxygenated.

A

Reptiles

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70
Q

have the most efficient heart with four chambers that completely
separate the oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood

A

Mammals and birds

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71
Q

Parts of Vertebrate Circulatory System

A

Blood, Heart, Blood vessels

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72
Q

it is a transport medium of the circulation

A

blood

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73
Q

it is the pumping organ of the system

A

heart

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74
Q

it is the containers through which the circulation occurs

A

blood vessels

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75
Q

is the liquid component of blood.

A

plasma

76
Q

The plasma component of blood without the
coagulation factors is called the

A

serum

77
Q

It is also called as leukocytes (1% of
the blood volume)

A

WBC

78
Q

Two General Types of WBC:

A

Granulocytes (responds during injury)
and Agranulocytes (adaptive immune
response)

79
Q

also called thrombocytes

A

PLATELETS

80
Q

PLATELETS are formed from the disintegration of larger cells called

A

megakaryocytes

81
Q

Erythrocytes

A

RBC

82
Q

are the shortest-lived, circulating
for only 120 days on average before being replaced.

A

Erythrocytes

83
Q

The walls of the heart are made of

A

cardiac muscle tissue

84
Q

the inner layer that lines walls
of the heart

A

Endocardium:

85
Q

the middle layer consists of the heart muscle cells that make up the middle layer and the bulk of the heart wall
which initiates contractions driving the cardiac cycle.

A

Myocardium:

86
Q

the outer layer which prevents
excess expansion or movement of the heart

A

Epicardium:

87
Q

The heart is divided into four chambers:

A

two atria and two ventricles.

88
Q

branch from
the aorta and surround the outer
surface of the heart like a crown.

A

Coronary Arteries

89
Q

to take the
deoxygenated blood back to the
right atrium where the blood will be
re-oxygenated through the
pulmonary circuit. The heart muscle
will die without a steady supply of
blood.

A

Coronary veins

90
Q

One complete sequence of pumping
and filling is referred to as the

A

cardiac cycle

91
Q

The contraction phase of the cycle is
called _____, and the relaxation
phase is called _______.

A

systole, diastole

92
Q

take blood away from the
heart

A

arteries

93
Q

are small blood vessels
that carry blood away from the heart

A

arterioles

94
Q

is an interwoven
network of capillaries that supplies
an organ.

A

Capillary Bed

95
Q

converge again into
venules that connect to minor veins
that finally connect to major veins
that take blood high in carbon
dioxide back to the heart.

A

capillaries

96
Q

are blood vessels that
bring blood back to the
heart.

A

veins

97
Q

are any small
branches of a vein that
receives oxygen depleted
blood from the capillaries
and returns it to the heart
via venous system.

A

venules

98
Q

There are three distinct layers or
tunics that form walls of blood
vessels:

A
  1. Tunica Externa (outer layer)
  2. Tunica Media (Middle layer)
  3. Tunica Intima (Inner layer)
99
Q

The elastic connective tissue stretches and supports the
blood vessels.

A

Outermost layer (Collagen, and Elastic Fibers)

100
Q

regulate blood flow by altering vascular resistance through
vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

A

Middle Tunic (Smooth Connective Tissue)

101
Q

moves blood between
the heart and the lungs.

A

Pulmonary circulation

102
Q

moves blood between the
heart and the rest of the body.

A

Systemic circulation

103
Q

refers to any part of the systemic circulation in which blood draining from the capillary bed of one structure flows through a larger vessel(s) to supply the capillary bed of another structure before returning to the heart

A

Portal circulation

104
Q

is the maintenance of constant
osmotic pressure in the fluids of
an organism by the control of
water and salt concentrations.

A

Osmoregulation

105
Q

is the process of
removing nitrogenous
metabolites and other waster
products.

A

Excretion

106
Q

is the movement of water
across a selectively permeable
membrane.

A

Osmosis

107
Q

Movement occurs when two solutions are separated by the membrane differs in

A

osmotic pressures or osmolarity

108
Q

If two solutions have the same osmolarity, it is said to be.

A

isosmotic

109
Q

When two solutions differ in osmolarity, the one with the greater concentration of solutes is said to be _______, and the one with lesser solutes is said to be ______.

A

hyperosmotic, hypoosmotic

110
Q

An animal can maintain water
balance in two (2) ways:

A

1.) Osmoconformer
2.) Osmoregulator

111
Q

organisms that maintain its internal fluid isoosmotic with its surroundings (only marine animals).

A

Osmoconformer

112
Q

organisms that expend energy to control water uptake and loss in a
hyperosmotic or hypoosmotic
environment.

A

Osmoregulator

113
Q

(“life without water”)

A

anhydrobiosis

114
Q

Animals excrete nitrogenous wastes as

A

ammonia, urea, or
uric acid

115
Q

Are central to homeostasis because they dispose of metabolic
wastes and control body fluid composition by adjusting the rates
of loss of particular solutes.

A

Excretory System

116
Q

Key functions of most excretory systems are:

A

■ Filtration,
■ Reabsorption,
■ Secretion,
■ Excretion,

117
Q

Is a network of dead-end tubules, lacking
internal openings, connected to external
openings

A

protonephridium

118
Q

consist of tubules that
collect coelomic fluid and produce dilute urine
for excretion.

A

Metanephridia

119
Q

The organ found in insects and other
terrestrial arthropods that removes
nitrogenous wastes from hemolymph and
also function in osmoregulation.

A

Malpighian Tubules

120
Q

two distinct regions of kidneys:

A

An outer renal cortex and an inner renal medulla

121
Q

is the functional unit of the kidney.

A

nephron

122
Q

Nephrons consist of a single long tubule and a ball of capillaries called the _____ (filters
the blood ) which is surrounded by the ______.

A

glomerulus; Bowman’s capsule

123
Q

Each nephron is supplied with blood by an

A

afferent arteriole

124
Q

The capillaries converge as they leave the glomerulus forming an

A

efferent arteriole

125
Q

Urine formation begins in the renal, which filters the blood.

A

corpuscle (glomerulus & Bowman’s capsule)

126
Q

is a treatment that filters and purifies the blood using a machine.

A

Dialysis

127
Q

There are two (2) types of dialysis:

A

Hemodialysis; Peritoneal dialysis

128
Q

Your blood is put
through a filter outside your body, cleaned,
and then returned to you; done either at a
dialysis facility or at home.

A

Hemodialysis

129
Q

Your blood is
cleaned inside your body; typically done at
home.

A

Peritoneal dialysis

130
Q

One hormone important in regulating water balance is

A

antidiuretic
hormone (ADH)

131
Q

it is the process by
which an organism replicate
themselves.

A

Reproduction

132
Q

it is the
progressive changes in size,
shape, and function by which its
genetic potentials are translated
into functioning mature systems.

A

Development

133
Q

The generation of new individuals without the
fusion of egg and sperm.

A

Asexual reproduction

134
Q

The formation of offspring by the fusion of
haploid gametes to form a diploid

A

Sexual reproduction

135
Q

In most asexual animals, reproduction relies
entirely on .

A

mitotic cell division

136
Q

It increases genetic variation among
offspring by generating unique
combinations of genes inherited from two
parents.

A

Sexual reproduction

137
Q

Animals can reproduce asexually through:

A
  1. Fission
  2. Budding
  3. Fragmentation
  4. Parthenogenesis
138
Q

also called binary fission
occurs in prokaryotic
microorganisms and in some
invertebrate, multicelled
organisms

A

Fission

139
Q

occurs commonly in some
invertebrate animals such as Hydra and
corals in which new individuals arise
from outgrowths of existing ones
(parent’s body).

A

Budding

140
Q

occurs in many sea stars,
sponges, cnidarians, polychaete annelids,
and tunicate. The breaking of the body into
two parts with subsequent regeneration
(the regrowth of lost body parts).

A

Fragmentation

141
Q

occurs in certain species of
bees, wasps, ants, water fleas, rotifers,
aphids, and stick insects. An egg develops
into a complete individual without being
fertilized. The resulting offspring can be
either haploid or diploid.

A

Parthenogenesis

142
Q

reproduces as both a male and a female,
any two individuals can mate.

A

hermaphroditism

143
Q

an individual
reverses its sex during its lifetime

A

sequential hermaphroditism

144
Q

______ reproduction occurs when conditions are
favorable, whereas _____ reproduction occurs
during times of environmental stress.

A

Asexual; sexual

145
Q

Sexual reproduction starts with the combination
(union) of a sperm and an egg in a process called

A

fertilization

146
Q

Fertilization often mediated by:

A

environmental cues
(temperature or day length), pheromones, or
courtship behavior.

147
Q

individuals clustered in the same area release their
gametes into the water at the same time, a process
known as spawning.

A

External Fertilization

148
Q

The release of the reproductive material may be
triggered by

A

water temperature or the length of
daylight.

149
Q

can result in a greater mixture of
the genes within a group, leading to higher genetic
diversity and a greater chance of species survival in a
hostile environment (e.g., Sponges).

A

Broadcast spawning

150
Q

“courtship” behavior has two (2) important
benefits:

A
  1. It allows mate selection
  2. Increases the probability of successful
    fertilization by triggering the release of both
    sperm and eggs.
151
Q

No matter how fertilization occurs, the mating animals may make use of.

A

pheromones

152
Q

It typically requires sophisticated
reproductive systems, including
copulatory organs that deliver sperm and
receptacles for their storage and transport
to ripe eggs.

A

Internal fertilization

153
Q

uterus has 3 layers:

A

Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium

154
Q

is a muscular but elastic chamber
that is the site for insertion of the penis and
deposition of sperm during copulation.

A

vagina

155
Q

is a collective term for the external female.

A

vulva

156
Q

encloses
and protects the rest of the vulva.

A

labia majora

157
Q

The vaginal opening and the separate opening of
the urethra are located within a cavity bordered by a
pair of slender skin folds, the

A

labia minora

158
Q

partly covers
the vaginal opening in humans at birth, and usually
until sexual intercourse or vigorous physical activity
ruptures it.

A

hymen

159
Q

located at the upper
intersection of the labia minora, consists
of a short shaft supporting a rounded
glans, or head, covered by a small hood
of skin, the prepuce.

A

clitoris

160
Q

are present in both
sexes but normally produce milk only
in females.

A

mammary glands

161
Q

In most mammalian species, the
male’s external reproductive organs
are the.

A

scrotum and penis

162
Q

The internal male reproductive organs consist:

A
  1. Gonads - that produce both
    sperm and reproductive hormones
  2. Accessory glands - that secrete
    products essential to sperm
    movement
  3. Ducts - that carry the sperm and
    glandular secretions
163
Q

consist of many
highly coiled tubes surrounded by
several layers of connective tissue.

A

The male gonads, or testes
(singular, testis),

164
Q

where sperm form.

A

seminiferous tubules,

165
Q

scattered
between the seminiferous tubules,
produce testosterone and other
androgens.

A

Leydig cells

166
Q

three (3) sets of accessory
glands

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral glands

167
Q

contains the urethra, as
well as three cylinders of spongy
erectile tissue, which is derived from
modified veins and capillaries.

A

human penis

168
Q

A male usually ejaculates about ____mL of semen, with each milliliter (mL) containing about _____million sperm.

A

2-5 mL; 50-130 million sperm

169
Q

the production of sperm
and eggs, takes place through the process
of meiosis.

A

gametogenesis

170
Q

The production of sperm is called
________, and the production of eggs is called ________.

A

spermatogenesis; oogenesis

171
Q

are haploid cells, consisting of a
flagellum as a tail, a neck that contains
the cell’s energy-producing (provide ATP
for movement of the tail) mitochondria,
and a head that contains the haploid
nucleus (genetic material).

A

Sperm

172
Q

are deposited during gestation
and are present at birth through the
beginning of adolescence, but in an
inactive state.

A

stem cells

173
Q

two (2) closely linked
reproductive cycles in human females.

A

menstrual cycle and uterine cycle

174
Q

average 28 days in
length (although cycles vary, ranging
from about 20 to 40 days).

A

menstrual cycle

175
Q

in heat

A

estrus

176
Q

After about ____ cycles, a woman
undergoes menopause.

A

500

177
Q

the egg is protected by a
layer of extracellular matrix consisting mainly
of glycoproteins called the

A

zona pellucida.

178
Q

When a sperm binds to the zona
pellucida, a series of biochemical events, called the

A

acrosomal reactions,

179
Q

The development of multi-cellular organisms begins from a single-celled ______, which undergoes rapid cell division to form the ______.

A

zygote; blastula

180
Q

forms the blastocyst in the next
stage of development.

A

blastula

181
Q

is a formative process by which the
three germ layers, which are precursors of all
embryonic tissues, and the axial orientation are
established in embryos.

A

gastrulation

182
Q

*The three (3) germ layers are the

A

endoderm, ectoderm
and mesoderm

183
Q

gives rise to the nervous system and the
epidermis.

A

ectoderm

184
Q

gives rise to the muscle cells and
connective tissue in the body.

A

mesoderm

185
Q

gives rise to columnar cells found in the
digestive system and many internal organs.

A

endoderm

186
Q

Gastrulation leads to the formation of the three germ layers that
give rise to the different organs in the animal body through the
process called

A

organogenesis.

187
Q

In vertebrates, one of the primary steps during organogenesis is the

A

formation of the neural system.

Bio 101 Finals (1 decks)

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