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Understanding the mind Quizzes & Lectures > All Together now ...HELLSCAPE! > Flashcards

All Together now ...HELLSCAPE! Flashcards

all topics combined

1
Q

Which method of measuring brain activity can cause a small area of the brain to be ‘switched on and off’ at will?

A

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

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2
Q

What is the correct order of the neural impulse?

A

Dendrites; Cell Body; Axon; Axon Terminals

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3
Q

How many chromosomes are there in the nucleus of a normal human cell (ie, NOT a sex cell)?

A

46 (23 from the mother and 23 from the father)

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4
Q

What is meant by a ‘recessive’ allele in genetics?

A

A gene variant that requires both versions to be present in order to be displayed

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5
Q

when is the heritability estimate for intelligence the highest?

A

in adulthood than in

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6
Q

If a trait has a heritability estimate of 0.2, this means

A

20% of variation in the expression of that trait is due to genetics

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7
Q

Which is the correct pairing of nucleotides?

A

G-C, A-T

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8
Q

Adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine are:

A

Nucleotides

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9
Q

What is the correct definition of a heritability estimate?

A

Statistical indicator of genetic influence on a trait

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10
Q

How do we get a t-distribution?

A

By repeatedly taking two samples from the same population and then taking the mean difference between the two samples.

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11
Q

All other things being equal, when are we more likely to get a statistically significant difference between two conditions?

A

When we have a smaller standard deviation.

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12
Q

What is the fundamental idea underlying statistical tests that compare the results from two observed samples?

A

The tests compare the difference between the observed samples with a distribution that is based on a comparison of two random samples.

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13
Q

If we find no significant difference between two conditions what can we conclude?

A

There is no evidence that the two samples came from different populations.

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14
Q

If we set our significance level at .05 and a statistical test shows that p = .062, what should we say?

A

The result is non-significant.

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15
Q

What does the t-test NOT take into account?

A

The difference in medians between your samples.

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16
Q

What does the Levene’s test for equality of variances tell you?

A

Whether the homogeneity of variance assumption is violated.

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17
Q

When do you use a related samples t-test?

A

When each participant contributed data in two conditions.

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18
Q

You therefore design a study to investigate if there is a difference between student and staff satisfaction of the new common room. Which experimental design and statistical tests would you use?

A

Independent samples design and independent samples t-test

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19
Q

how do you report the results of the t-test.

A

t(degress of freedom) = the t statistic, p = p value

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20
Q

When do we make a Type I error?

A

We reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is in fact true.

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21
Q

What does the MS-between in an independent samples ANOVA tell us?

A

How large the differences between conditions are.

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22
Q

Which test checks whether the sphericity assumption in a repeated measures ANOVA is violated?

A

Mauchly’s test

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23
Q

how do you report the results of an analysis of variance

A

An ANOVA showed that there were significant differences between the conditions: F(2, 27) = 4.47, p = .021

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24
Q

What is the dependent Variable

A

The data that your participants provide, the variable that you measure, e.g., reaction times, score on a test, ratings, number of errors, etc.

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25
Q

What is the independent variable

A

The variable that you manipulate, the conditions or groups that are compared, either by comparing different groups of participants or comparing different stimuli.

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26
Q

If an independent Variable is Between Participants. each Participant takes part in

A

only one level/condition

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27
Q

If an independent Variable is Between Participants. each Participant takes part in

A

in all conditions/levels.

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28
Q

Inferential tests (t-test, ANOVA) check

A

how likely it is that the results from the different conditions in your experiment came from the same population.

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29
Q

If Inferential tests (t-test, ANOVA) show it is unlikely participants came from the same population we can conclude

A

that the difference between conditions is due to your experimental manipulation (e.g., whether participants were male or female, whether they drank coffee or not, whether the stimulus was large or small).

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30
Q

If the difference between conditions is due to your experimental manipulation we can say

A

The difference is statistically significant; the independent variable had a significant effect

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31
Q

Normally, we say that a difference is significant if the chance that the results from the conditions came from the same population is

A

less than 5%, that is p < .05.

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32
Q

If it is quite likely that the results from the conditions came from the same population this means

A

we cannot conclude that the independent variable had an effect; the difference between conditions is non-significant

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33
Q

what is the Null hypothesis (H0):

A

That there is no difference between your conditions; the conditions were sampled from the same population.

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34
Q

what is the Experimental hypothesis (H1):

A

That there is a difference between conditions; the conditions were sampled from different populations.

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35
Q

For the below Hypothesis determine there type Condition A is larger than condition BThere is a difference between conditions A and B

A

Condition A is larger than condition B - A directional or One Tailed HypothesisThere is a difference between conditions A and B - a non-directional, two-tailed hypothesis

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36
Q

Why is it generally better to use a two tailed hypothesis

A

Because we usually cannot completely rule out that the difference goes in either direction

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37
Q

how can Statistical tests check whether H0 can be rejected

A

If p < .05 it can be, and we accept H1. If p > .05, H0 cannot be rejected.

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38
Q

If p = .05, then there is a 5% chance that

A

that this is a false positive, that we conclude that the samples came from different populations even though they did not, that we incorrectly conclude that the conditions are different.

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39
Q

what type of error occurs when we conclude that the samples came from different populations even though they did not, that we incorrectly conclude that the conditions are different.

A

This is a Type I error.

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40
Q

What type of error occurs if p > .05, and it is possible that this is a false negative, that we do not reject H0 even though the samples came from different populations

A

This is a Type II error

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41
Q

What type of tests are the inferential tests t-test, ANOVA.

A

These are parametric tests

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42
Q

What do Parametric test Compare

A

They compare the difference between the means of your conditions with the variability within your conditions (error variability/noise variability).

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43
Q

Provide an examples of when Parametric tests are likely to indicate a statistically significant result

A

1.The mean difference between your conditions is large2.The variability within your conditions is small3.You have a larger number of observations

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44
Q

What Assumptions should be met to use Parametric tests

A

Your dependent variable should be a measurement or scale variable.Your data should be normally distributed.Tests for independent samples designs: Variability in the conditions should not differ (homogeneity of variance assumption).ANOVA for repeated measures design: Variability in the difference between each pair of conditions should not differ (sphericity assumption).

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45
Q

Homogeneity of variance assumptionapplies to which design method and means?

A

Applies to :Tests for independent samples designs.Means:Variability in the conditions should not differ.

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46
Q

The sphericity assumptionapplies to which design method and means?

A

Apples to :ANOVA for repeated measures designMeans:Variability in the difference between each pair of conditions should not differ

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47
Q

Which test do you use?For a Study with: 1. Condition

A

One sample t test

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48
Q

Which test do you use?For a Study with: 2. ConditionsParticipants are independent

A

Independent t test

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49
Q

Which test do you use?For a Study with: 2. ConditionsParticipants are repeated

A

Repeated t test

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50
Q

Which test do you use?For a Study with: 3. or more ConditionsParticipants are independent

A

One-Way Independent Measures ANOVA

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51
Q

Which test do you use?For a Study with: 3. or more ConditionsParticipants are repeated

A

One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA

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52
Q

If SPSS shows a p-value of .000, then you should

A

say p < .001 (or p < .01 if you report all p-values in 2 decimals).

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53
Q

What is required to Write up a t-Test

A

Report means and a measure of variability (standard deviation, variance, standard error). This can be done in the text or (if you have many conditions, in a table or graph).Define variablesSay which test you used and what your design was.Report t-value, df (degrees of freedom) in parentheses, p-valueIf you find a statistical difference, make clear what the direction of the difference is (check means)

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54
Q

if the results of the test are not significant what can you NOT do

A

you cannot say that there was a difference between conditions.

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55
Q

When are ANOVAs used

A

For experiments where you have more than two conditions

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56
Q

If your experiment has 2 conditions then ANOVA will show

A

The ANOVA shows the same results as a t-test.

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57
Q

If the ANOVA results are significant, then you can conclude

A

conclude that there are differences between your conditions.

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58
Q

What can ANOVA not show

A

which conditions differ.

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59
Q

in an experiment with more than 2 conditions how can you check whether two specific conditions differ?

A

With pairwise analyses.

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60
Q

What is A priori pairwise analyses

A

You decided in advance which conditions you will compare.

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61
Q

what pairwise analyses procedure can you use for A priori pairwise analyses

A

you can use the Least Significant Difference (LSD) procedure, which is identical to the t-test

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62
Q

when using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) procedure, why is it better to limit the number of comparisons

A

to keep the experiment-wise error rate low

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63
Q

What is Post-hoc pairwise analyses

A

You decide after seeing the data which conditions you will compare

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64
Q

What kind of Pairwise analyses can you use for Post-hoc Analyses

A

You can use the Bonferroni correction or Tukey HSD test.

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65
Q

why use A priori pairwise analyses or Post-hoc pairwise analyses

A

ANOVA results can show that there is a difference between you conditions but does not tell you which conditions differ.To check whether two specific conditions differ, you do pairwise analyses.

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66
Q

In an ANOVA What do MSbetween or MSmodel relate to?

A

The mean square of your independent variable

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67
Q

In an ANOVA What do the MSwithin or MSerror relate to ?

A

The mean square of your error variance

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68
Q

In reporting an ANOVA, what are the two df’s?

A

the MSbetween or MSmodel which is associated with the mean square of your independent variableand The MSwithin or MSerror which is associated with the mean square of your error variance

69
Q

If the ANOVA is significant what do you report to check which conditions differed

A

The pairwise comparisons (a priori or post hoc)

70
Q

If the ANOVA is not significant what dont you need to report

A

you do not report pairwise comparisons (because the ANOVA showed no significant differences between conditions)

71
Q

An intruder is hiding in Hannah’s wardrobe and confronts her when she comes home from work. Which nervous system is the most likely to be activated?

A

Her sympathetic nervous system.

72
Q

What is the Corpus callosum

A

A part of the brain which is a band of neural fibres linking the right and left hemispheres

73
Q

Neurogenesis in the adult human brain is known to:

A

contribute to brain plasticity.

74
Q

When compared to communication of the nervous system communication of the endocrine system

A

is slow and global.

75
Q

Out of every 100 photons entering the eye, roughly __________ are detected by photoreceptors

A

10

76
Q

In psychophysics, Weber’s Law states that:

A

the just noticeable difference increases as the background stimulus intensity increases

77
Q

psychophysics is the …

A

scientific study of the relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli and sensory capabilities

78
Q

The Theory of indirect perception asserts that…

A

perceptual experience is NEITHER of the world NOR just what is sensed

79
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system is…

A

a network of nerves that relaxes your body after periods of stress or danger. It also helps run life-sustaining processes, like digestion, during times when you feel safe and relaxed

80
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system

A

a network of nerves that helps your body activate its “fight-or-flight” response. This system’s activity increases when you’re stressed, in danger or physically active.

81
Q

What is the somatic nervous system

A

is the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles

82
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system.

A

our peripheral nervous system (PNS) is that part of your nervous system that lies outside your brain and spinal cord. It plays key role in both sending information from different areas of your body back to your brain, as well as carrying out commands from your brain to various parts of your body.

83
Q

What is brain plasticity

A

Neural plasticity, also known as neuroplasticity or brain plasticity, can be defined as the ability of the nervous system to change its activity in response to intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli by reorganizing its structure, functions, or connections.

84
Q

what is the just noticeable difference

A

also known as the difference threshold, is the minimum level of stimulation that a person can detect 50% of the time

85
Q

Overall, the Gestalt laws show us that:

A

the visual system makes various assumptions about the worldThese principles aim to show how complex scenes can be reduced to more simple shapes. They also aim to explain how the eyes perceive the shapes as a single, united form rather than the separate simpler elements involved.

86
Q

Signal detection theory is

A

a method of differentiating a person’s ability to discriminate the presence and absence of a stimulus (or different stimulus intensities) from the criterion the person uses to make responses to those stimuli.

87
Q

What is Direct Perception or Naive Realism

A

1.Observers directly perceive the world2.perceptions should be directly determined by the stimulus3.perceptions should be unambiguous, i.e. the sensorymeasurements should be sufficient to result in an accuratepercept

88
Q

What are the main Problems with Direct Perception or Naive Realism

A
  1. Illusions - bi-stable illusions show a changing perceptual experience despite an unchanging stimulus.2. Perceptual ambiguity -The sensory measurements you make are not always sufficient to decide on one unique correct percept3.The problem of identity - Do the things we perceive possess identifiable, mind independent characteristics?4) The problem of skepticism How can we know that what we perceive exists at all?
89
Q

“Because our senses cannot put us in contact with external objects directly, we cannot have certainty of whether what we perceive actually exists in the external world.” Is a counter to which theory of perception?

A

Direct Perception or Naive Realism

90
Q

Describe Indirect perception

A

Perceptions are of our internal mental model(representation) of the world, not of the world itself.You do not experience the world (direct perception).You experience a model of the world (indirect perception).

91
Q

What can solve the illusion and ambiguity issues of direct Perception. Our internal representation (or explanation or story) of the world can vary even if the external world does not.

A

The Theory of Indirect perception

92
Q

Perception is described as an inverse problem provide a description of an inverse problem

A

Inverse problem: the process of calculating from a set of observations the causal factors that produced them.We start with the effects and must then estimate the causes, as opposed to starting with the causes and then calculating the effects (forward problem)

93
Q

How does the brain attempt to solve the inverse problem of perception?

A

The brain interprets sensory data But it makes assumptions gestalt perception assumptions (or regularities) and uses previous experience objects and scenes

94
Q

What approach is described below Perception is ‘different than the sum of its parts’.We receive and process sensory input(bottom-up).But more is added to the perceptual experience, and this comes from within our minds/brains (top-down).

A

The Gestalt approach

95
Q

Cloud shapes are an example of which Gestalt Law

A

Gestalt law: EmergenceInnate disposition to perceive patterns in stimuli based on top-down principles.

96
Q

What are the Gestalt laws: Principles of grouping

A

ClosureSimilaritySymmetryProximityContinuityCommon fate

97
Q

Changing stimulus which provide the same perceptual categorizationsuch as a face seen from multiple angles or light environmentsis an example of what

A

Gestalt law: Perceptual constancies/invariance

98
Q

The below is a description of what? A mental representation or image containing the critical and distinctive features of a person, object or other perceptual phenomenon. Mental templates which allow us to parse and classify sensory input. This may explain perceptual constancies. This is an unconscious process, we only experience the end result: ‘qualia’

A

Perceptual schema

99
Q

The below is a description of what?What you eventually perceive depends on your readiness to interpret stimuli in a particular way. This is heavily influenced by context, experience, personality, mood, culture, age,arousal and many other factors….

A

Perceptual set

100
Q

what is Molyneux’s Problem

A

Assume a blind man can tell the difference between a cube and a sphere by the way they feel when he touches them.If the man was then given the ability to see could he tell which was the sphere and which was the cube simply by looking at them.

101
Q

What does the Absence of hue-sensitive photo-pigment in certain cone photo-receptors lead to

A

Colour-deficient vision such as :’Dichromats’ are colour-blind to only one of the colour systems’Monochromats’ are entirely colour-blind, being sensitive to only the black-white system.

102
Q

Who Said “Perception is externally guidedhallucination.”

A

Roger N. Shepard

103
Q

True/FalseOnly humans learn languageLanguage is one of the things that separate us from other animal species

A

TRUE

104
Q

True/Falseany human baby can learn any human language

A

TRUE

105
Q

Language is

A

A system of symbols and rules on how to combine symbols.

106
Q

Language allows humans to convey

A

An infinite set of ideas

107
Q

Language is intrinsic to

A

Cooperate, plan & instructShare ideas, experiences, emotionsPass on knowledgeThink through problemsExchange and preserve customs,histories, stories

108
Q

What are the 5 properties that distinguish Language from other forms of communication

A
  1. Symbolic2. Rule Governed3. Meaningful4. Generative 5. Displacement
109
Q

Describe the Symbolic properties of Language

A

Linguistic Symbols are Arbitrary a linguistic symbol such as the word Cat is agreed to mean a feline creature the word symbol cat is agreed to have this meaning mean this

110
Q

Describe Language Property - Rule- Governed

A

Language uses rules of Grammar and Syntax set of rules that governs how symbols can be combined and ordered-Szpilpm is Identifiably not an English word as English does not allow so many consonants without vowels.- words good not this in order are.

111
Q

True/FalseLanguage rules are universal

A

False different languages have unique rules which govern how language symbols are ordered and combined

112
Q

Describe the property of Language - Meaningful

A

A Language must convey Meaning semantics = the meanings of words and sentencesMeaning is not always obvious-Duck can be bird or an action- Idioms such as Bull in a china shop do not represent their meanings and these can shift

113
Q

Describe Language Property - Generative

A

The small set of sounds can be combined into a huge set of words.– Hawaiian has only 13 sounds!!!– English has 44!- which can be be combined into an infinite set of sentences.- Following the rules, you can create unique sentences to express any thought.

114
Q

Which property of language allows us to communicate about hypothetical or imagined topics such as the past, the future or unicorns

A

The Property Language Displacement

115
Q

Pragmatics =

A

Meaning in context of discourse

116
Q

Semantics =

A

literal meaning of phrases and sentences

117
Q

Syntax =

A

phrases and sentences

118
Q

Morphology =

A

Words

119
Q

Phonology =

A

phonemes

120
Q

Phonetics =

A

speech sounds

121
Q

what is the difference between phonemes and sounds

A

phonemes are meaning Changing sounds may not be

122
Q

What is the smallest unit or building block of Language

A

phonemes

123
Q

what is the smallest Meaningful unit in Language

A

Morphemesunhappiness = 3 morphemes each one changes the meaning of the wordun-Happiness

124
Q

Words require at least one

A

Morpheme

125
Q

What is bottom up processing of language

A

Input driven Driven by the perceptual system.– You start with the input and put pieces together– Sounds combine into morphemes/words,words combine into phrases, phrases into sentences  Input can be sounds, letters, signs  Input makes contact with stored representations, e.g., words

126
Q

What is top down processing of language

A

Prior knowledge is used to generate predictions or expectations. – Context – Frequency – Internal statesOur perceptual experience can be biased by our expectations or prior knowledge – What did we expect the person to say? – What do they normally say?

127
Q

What is Speech Segmentation

A

The perceiving where each word within a spoken sentence begins and ends.We use cues to help us segment spoken language. Distribution of sounds– [ng] never starts a word– [h] never ends a word– [glottal stop] only in the middle of words

128
Q

how do people recognize words

A

Recognition involves matching the input stimulus (spoken or written word) with an internal mental representationWe store words in our Mental Lexicon– Like a dictionary, we store information about pronunciation, meaning, and grammar

129
Q

What Factors impact word recognition

A
  1. Word Frequency - how often do you read, hear,say a word?2. Age of Acquisition - age when a child learns a word– Giant learned early but low frequency - Earlier = faster recognition3.Priming affects word recognition– Semantic priming -DOG - CAT – Form priming -Cat -CATALOGUE – Morphological priming -Cat - CATS or Give - Gave4. Context the meaning of the sentence a word comprises.
130
Q

Which sentence would likely result in the fastest recognition of the word “moustache” and which factor of recognition does this demonstratea) The friend talked as the barber trimmed the moustache.b) The friend talked to the barber and trimmed the moustache.c) The friend talked to the person and trimmed the moustache

A

A. & Context

131
Q

how does learning a word early in life impact word recognition and which factor describes this

A

Age of Acquisition The earlier a word is learning the faster it is likely to be recognized

132
Q

Summarize Forster Serial Search Model

A

– Searching is serial, meaning one word at a time– Access files ordered by form & frequency– Access files searched by bin– Access files modality specific– Access files link to a modal master files or lemmas - Cat is linked to Lemmas - Dog, mouse, whiskers– semantically related lemmas inter-linked– Strictly bottom-up processing

133
Q

Provide a downside of Serial search models for word recognition

A

Serial Search models could not account for top-down influences on word recognition.

134
Q

What Type of word Recognition Models account for both Top down and Bottom up influences

A

Interactive Activation Competition Models

135
Q

how did Seidenberg & McClelland (1989) adjust Interactive Activation Competition Models for word recognition

A

Seidenberg & McClelland (1989)added weights to the connections.Frequent words have stronger links,so activation spreads more quickly to them

136
Q

Damage to which hemisphere of the brain is more likely to result in Language Impairment.

A

the Left HemisphereLanguage is largely left lateralized– Experimental evidence language perceived with right ear comprehended better than language perceived with left ear

137
Q

The Language disorder Aphasia arises from what

A

a lesion in the brain following stroke or brain injury.

138
Q

3 types of Aphasia include

A
  1. Broca’s aphasia 2. Wernicke’s aphasia 3. Conduction aphasia
139
Q

The below describes which form of Aphasiapatients with impaired speech but preserved comprehensionNon-fluent, agrammatic, slow, effortful speech; aware of difficulty – “Yes… ah… Monday… er… Dad and Peter H…(his own name), and Dad…. er… hospital… and ah… Wednesday… Wednesday, nine o’clock…Found to have damage to same brain region– In front of and above the left ear

A

Broca’s aphasiadiscovered by Pierre Paul BrocaMid 19th c.

140
Q

The below describes which form of AphasiaPatients struggle to comprehend language.Patients produce fluent but meaningless.– “Gossiping O.K. and Lords and cricket and England and Scotland battles. I don’t know.”Made-up words; unaware of their difficulty. Found to have damage to same brain region– area behind left ear

A

Wernicke’s aphasiaCarl WernickeLate 19th C.

141
Q

Describe Conduction aphasia

A

Broca’s and Wernicke’s area are both intact but the connections between them are impaired.– Comprehension preserved– Speech is fluent– Spontaneous speech impaired– Repetition impaired.– Aware of their errors

142
Q

What are some reported cognitive Advantages associated with being Bilingual

A

Constantly having to switch language sets– Which sounds are important– Which language cues can I use for segmentation– Which grammatical rules should I apply?– What can I ignore Constant practice in selective activation,inhibition, and attention gives rise to superior executive functioning.

143
Q

provide an example of Language Relativity The language you speak influences the way you think about the world &the way you experience the world.

A

Boroditsky found that speakers of German used typically ‘feminine’ words to describe a bridge while speakers of Spanish used‘masculine’ words.– Corresponded to grammatical gender in their language

144
Q

Who proposed the research question”For how much money, would you do the following?”

A

Edward L. Thorndike, 1937Thorndike,E.L. (1937)

145
Q

Give examples of Edward L Thorndike’s proposed options regarding Morality

A

1.Have one upper front tooth pulled out2.Choke a stray cat to death

146
Q

Provide a summary of Deontological Theory

A

‘Good’ actions follow certain moral rulesImmanuel Kant -moral rules should be adhered to if universalising the opposite would make an impossible worldBUT…is absolutist – some actions are always good or bad without judging context

147
Q

In morality the following describes which type of theories1.Focus on the consequences of an action2. Jeremy Bentham + J.S. Mill Utilitarianism: the greatest happiness for the greatest number3. BUT…no space for moral rules and focuses too much on the ends rather than the means.

A

Consequentialist theories

148
Q

in the Trolley Problem a trolley car heading towards a group of people can be switched to a track in which it will hit only one person to change the track requires an action changing the track represent which theory structure

A
  1. Consequentialist / Utilitarian - Pull the lever – the trolley kills one person on the side track - this result in the more people surviving2.To do nothing – the trolley kills the five people on the main track would be Deontological as the action of changing the track causes the death of a person and killing is wrong
149
Q

Haidt’s (2001) approach argues that the way that people arrive at most of their moral judgments is by:

A

relying on intuitions, only coming up with reasons after we have reached a judgment

150
Q

Experiments have found that if you make people disgusted, this can lead to:

A

more severe moral judgments, particularly with regard to sexual behaviour

151
Q

What are the levels of Kohlberg’s model of moral development?

A

Level 1. Preconventional= Punishment- obedience, Instrumental -hedonisticLevel 2. Conventionial = Good- Child,Law and OrderLevel 3. Post Conventional = Social Contract, Universal ethical principles

152
Q

Provide an overview of Lawrence Kohlbergs Pre-conventional stage of moral DevelopmentKohlberg, L. (1963; 1984)

A

Stage 1. Pre-conventional: Based on punishment and rewards1. Punishment-obedience – Avoiding punishment“Heinz should steal the drug because if he lets his wife die he’ll get into trouble.”2. Instrumental-hedonistic – Gaining rewards“Heinz should steal the drug because that way he’ll still have his wife with him.”

153
Q

Provide an overview of Lawrence Kohlbergs conventional stage of moral DevelopmentKohlberg, L. (1963; 1984)

A

Stage 2 .Conventional: Conformity to other people’s values3. Good-child – Gaining approval of others“Heinz should steal the drug because people will think he is bad if he doesn’t.”4. Law-and-order – Respecting authority and maintaining social order”Heinz should steal the drug because it’s his duty to take care of his wife.

154
Q

Provide an overview of Lawrence Kohlbergs Post -conventional stage of moral DevelopmentKohlberg, L. (1963; 1984)

A

Level 3Post-conventional: Internalised moral values5. Social-contract – General moral principles promoting welfare and individual rights“Heinz should steal the drug because he is doing it to save a life.”6. Universal ethical principles – Abstract moral principles of justice and equality”Heinz should steal the drug because saving life should always come before financial gain.”

155
Q

Name 3 Aspects of the role of Reasoning vs. Emotion In moral judgment?

A

1.Dual processes model of moral judgment2.Social intuitionist model (SIM)3.The Case of Disgust

156
Q

What does Greene, J. D., Sommerville, R. B., Nystrom, L. E., Darley, J. M., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). study of the trolley problem switch and bridge cases show

A

Dual processes model of moral judgment Moral judgment produced by either of two distinct processes Moral decisions vary in the extent to which they engage emotional processing and these variations influence moral judgmentPeople tend to have an automatic emotional response to the footbridge dilemma (‘bridge’ case) that leads them to judge the action of pushing the man inappropriateSituational factors willdetermine whetheremotion or reasoning driveour moral judgments

157
Q

Give some examples of criticisms to the Dual processes model of moral judgment

A

Mostly connected to using the trolley problemLow external validityToo unrealisticBauman and colleagues (2014)Doesn’t predict real life choicesBostyn, Sevenhant & Roets (2018)Too reductionist, has problematic implications for real world contexts,e.g. self-driving carsJafariNaimi (2017)Utilitarianism is morecomplicated than just sacrificing Kahane and colleagues (2018)

158
Q

The Below describes what aspect of Dual Process theories of Moral JudgementMoral judgment mostly driven by emotion / intuition Cultural and social influences shape emotional moral intuitions (System 1)Reasoning (System 2) typically post-facto justifications of initial moral intuitions

A

Social intuitionist model (SIM)

159
Q

Give some examples of Criticisms of Social intuitionist model (SIM)

A

Exaggerates effect of intuitions on moral judgment, and reduces role of reasoningNarveaz (2008)Not sufficient evidence from moral dumfounding Royzman, Kim & Leeman (2015)Applies narrow definition of moral judgment, ignores cases where reasoning may be importantSaltzstein & Kasachkof (2004)

160
Q

what do Basic emotion theories suggest

A

Basic emotion theories suggest that emotions are hardwired. That emotions have distinct neural, experiential,and behavioural correlatesFear = Threat-Amygdala-stereo typicexpressions-Fight/FlightEkman has argued for 6 basic emotions. Others have argued for 10.

161
Q

What are the Dimensions of emotion

A

Activation (a.k.a. Arousal OR intensity):Valence (a.k.a. pleasantness OR good vs.bad):emotions can be plotted on a circumplex using the above as axis

162
Q

Richard Lazarus (1991) states what with regards to the Cognitive aspects of emotion

A

Emotional experiences are critically determined by cognitive interpretations and evaluations of the situation called appraisals

163
Q

Lazarus identified two main types of appraisals describePrimary appraisals

A

Primary appraisals:The emotion eliciting situation/stimulus is appraised as being positive, stressful, or detrimental to wellbeing.

164
Q

Lazarus identified two main types of appraisals describeSecondary appraisals

A

Secondary appraisals: The individual considers their abilitiesand resources available to cope with the emotion eliciting

165
Q

Describe Patient SM: “the woman with no fear”Adolphs, Tranel, Damasio, & Damasio(1994)

A

SM* Bilateral lesions to the amygdala from childhood* Caused by Urbach-Wiethe Disease* SM seemed to show no fear response in regard to a number of classic fear inducing stimuli (e.g., snakes, tarantulas,scary movies)* In her personal life, S.M. has been the victim of numerous life-threatening encounters

166
Q

Name 3 “Textbook” theories of emotion

A
  1. Common sense2. James-Lange Theory3. Cannon-Bard Theory
167
Q

Give examples of the “Common sense” “Textbook” theories of emotion

A
  1. Meet an angry bear2. Emotion of fear3. Run, because we are scaredWe cry because we feel sad.
168
Q

The below describes which “Textbook” theories of emotion1. Meet an angry bear2. Autonomic arousal +Run3. Emotion of fear,because we are running.We feel sad because we cry.

A

James-Lange Theory

169
Q

Give examples of the “Common sense” “Textbook” theories of emotion

A
  1. Meet an angry bear2. Basic (subcortical)processing in sensorythalamus3. Causes both: a) autonomic arousal +running b) emotion of fearSadness and crying are independent responses to stimuli

Understanding the mind Quizzes & Lectures (8 decks)

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