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FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS OF CRANIAL NERVES > ALL THE THINGS > Flashcards

ALL THE THINGS Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the cranial nerves only have motor functions?

A

CN III, IV, VI, XI, XII

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2
Q

Which cranial nerves have motor, sensory, and parasympathetic functions?

A

CN VII, IX, X

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3
Q

All efferents have what associated with them?

A

upper and lower motor neuron

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4
Q

Where does the LMN of an efferent project?

A

to the periphery

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5
Q

1st order neuron is always in a ganglion located where?

A

outside the CNS

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6
Q

2nd order neurons are located in a nucleus that is?

A

modality specific

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7
Q

3rd order neurons are located where?

A

always in the thalamus

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8
Q

Which muscle does CN IV innervate?

A

a single muscle - superior oblique muscle

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9
Q

What muscles does CN VI innervate?

A

a single muscle - lateral rectus muscle

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10
Q

Which muscles are innervated by CN III?

A

inferior oblique muscle
medial rectus muscle
superior rectus muscle
inferior rectus muscle

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11
Q

What muscles are innervated by CN XI?

A

the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles

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12
Q

What muscles are innervated by CN XII?

A

muscles of the tongue

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13
Q

Movements of the muscles of the body below the orofacial region are driven by what?

A

upper motor neurons whose cell bodies are located in the motor homunculus in the precentral gyrus

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14
Q

Where do the axons of the UMN’s pass through in the spinal pathway?

A

internal capsul

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15
Q

Do the axons of UMN’s decussate?

A

Yes

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16
Q

Where do the axons of UMN’s synapse in the spinal pathway? By what tract?

A

course within the lateral cortico-spinal tract to synapse on LMNs in lamina IX of the spinal cord

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17
Q

How do the axons of LMNs travel to their targets in the spinal pathway?

A

exit through the ventral root

travel within either dorsal or ventral primary rami to reach their targets

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18
Q

What kind of pathway drives the movement of muscles in the orofacial region?

A

parallel pathway

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19
Q

After descending through the internal capsul and decussating, what do the UMN’s axons form?

A

the cortico-bulbar tract

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20
Q

What tract does the Cortico-bulbar tract diverge from? Where?

A

cortico-spinal tract in the brainstem

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21
Q

The axons of the cortico-bulbar tract descent to synapse on groups of what?

A

LMNs

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22
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the LMNs that are synapsed by the cortico-bulbar tract located?

A

in named motor nuclei in the brainstem

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23
Q

Each cranial nerve that mediates voluntary movements will be associated with what?

A

a named motor nucleus

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24
Q

What is the motor nucleus associated with CN III?

A

Occulomotor Nucleus

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25
Q

What is the motor nucleus associated with CN IV?

A

Trochclear nucleus

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26
Q

What is the motor nucleus associated with CN V3?

A

Motor nucleus of Trigeminal V3

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27
Q

What is the motor nucleus associated with CN VI?

A

Abducens Nucleus

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28
Q

What is the motor nucleus associated with CN VII?

A

Facial nucleus

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29
Q

What is the motor nucleus associated with CN IX and X?

A

Nuclues ambiguus

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30
Q

What is the motor nucleus associated with CN XI?

A

Spinal accessory nucleus

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31
Q

What is the motor nucleus associated with CN XII?

A

Hypoglossal nucleus

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32
Q

In lecture, Dr. Ambron said that CN 11 doesn’t belong in the cranium. He said that the spinal accessory nucleus was actually what?

A

Lamina IX

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33
Q

In lecture, which tract did Dr. Ambron say CN 11’s motor nucleus was activated by?

A

the cortico-spinal tract

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34
Q

In lecture, Dr. Ambron mentioned that CN 11 is innervated by an input of neurons from where?

A

Lamina IX

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35
Q

The cortico-bulbar tract does not activate nerves going to?

A

the eye

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36
Q

The cortico-bulbar tract innervates the nerves associated with what?

A

mouth, teeth, facial nerve, and the glossopharyngeal

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37
Q

In what order do the motor nuclei appear in the brainstem?

A

rostral-caudal

rostral - towards the face (anterior)

caudal - posterior part of the brain

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38
Q

Since the cortico-bulbar tract doesn’t synapse in the nuclei of the nerves associated with the eye, which nerves are we talking about?

A

CN III, IV, VI

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39
Q

Why are the LMNs of CN XI activated by the cortic-spinal pathway?

A

because they’re located in the upper 4-5 cervical levels of the spinal cord

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40
Q

Where do the axons of CN XI exit?

A

with CN IX and X at the foramen magnum

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41
Q

Damage of the axons of UMNs prior to the decussation results in what where?

A

paralysis of associated muscles on the contralateral side

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42
Q

If a spinal cord injury causes damage to the axons of UMNs, then what happens and where?

A

paralysis of associated muscles on the ipsilateral side

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43
Q

In injuries of the axons of the UMNs, what other consequences do we see?

A

increasing spasticity (rigidity)

no regeneration

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44
Q

Damage to axons of LMNs results in what?

A

ipsilateral flaccidity (loss of muscle tone)

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45
Q

What other consequences are associated with injuries of axons of LMNs?

A

weakness

regeneration is possible

46
Q

The brainstem is considered the “_______” of the brain?

A

housekeeping center

47
Q

What kinds of functions are regulated by the brainstem?

A

autonomic functions

48
Q

The brainstem can be divided into how many regions?

A

3

49
Q

What are the regions of the brainstem?

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

50
Q

The midbrain contains the nuclie for?

A

CN III and CN IV

51
Q

The pons contains nuclei for?

A

CN V and VI

52
Q

The medulla oblongata contains nuclei for?

A

CN VII, IX, X, XII

53
Q

Each nucleus and its associated nerve (that passes through the brainstem) has a blood supply. What happens if you damage the blood supply?

A

Damage to the arteries via compression, trauma, etc. will result in loss of function

54
Q

If I severed my trochlear nerve, which nerve number would I be damaging and where would we see complications?

A

CN IV

complications with the eye muscles

55
Q

CN IV comes from which surface of the brainstem?

A

the dorsal surface

56
Q

Which surface of the brainstem do the other nerves come from? What order?

A

Ventral side and in numerical order (e.g. CN I, CN II, etc.)

57
Q

Communication of sensory information from the periphery to post-central gyrus requires how many sets of neurons?

A

3 sets

58
Q

Where do the cell bodies of 1st order neurons involved in sensory input reside?

A

in afferent ganglia OUTSIDE the CNS

59
Q

Are there synapses in the afferent ganglia of 1st order neurons?

A

Nope

60
Q

1st order neurons are modality —

A

specific

61
Q

The central axons for pain and touch enter the spinal cord and then do what?

A

diverge

62
Q

The axons for pain in the spinal pathway synapse on what and where?

A

on 2nd order neurons in Lamina I/II at about the level of entry

63
Q

After synapsing, 2nd order axons for pain in the spinal pathway do what and go where?

A

decussate and ascend in the lateral spinothalamic tract

64
Q

After ascending the tract, what do 2nd order axons for pain in the spinal pathway do and where?

A

synapse on 3rd order neurons in VPL of the thalamus

Thalamic axons present to the appropriate region of the sensory homunculus

65
Q

The axons for touch in the spinal pathway ascend where to synapse where?

A

in the dorsal columns to synapse on 2nd order neurons in either the nucleus gracilis/cuneatus in the brainstem

66
Q

After synapsing, the axons for touch in the spinal pathway do what and what do they form?

A

decussate forming a medial lemniscus

67
Q

After decussating, where do the axons for touch in the spinal pathway synapse?

A

on 3rd order neurons in VPL.

The axons of 3rd order neurons project to the appropriate region in the sensory homunulus

68
Q

The preponderant sensory information from the orofacial region is mediated by the 3 branches of what?

A

the trigeminal nerve (CN V)

69
Q

How many groups of neurons are required to convey information from the orofacial region to the sensory cortex?

A

3 groups

70
Q

The 1st order neurons for the trigeminal system reside in what?

A

the trigeminal ganglion

71
Q

Where do the peripheral axons of the trigeminal ganglion exit?

A

at one of 3 branches

opthalmic - V1
maxillary - V2
mandibular - V3

72
Q

At what territory do the peripheral axons of the trigeminal ganglion terminate?

A

in the skin of the face in front of the Tragal Line

73
Q

The central axon of the trigeminal neurons enter what and synapse in what?

A

the brainstem and synapse in a nucleus that contains the cell bodies of the 2nd order neurons

74
Q

The 2nd order axons of the trigeminal ganglion do what and ascend to what in where?

A

decussate and ascend to 3rd order neurons in VPM of the Thalamus

75
Q

The 3rd order axons neurons of the trigeminal system project to what region of the somatosensory cortex?

A

facial region

76
Q

A subset of 1st order neurons in the trigeminal ganglion mediate what sensation?

A

pain

77
Q

The 1st order neurons that mediate pain in the trigeminal ganglion have axons associated with the 3 branches that terminate where?

A

in “naked” endings in the skin

78
Q

The central axons for the 1st order neurons that mediate pain from the orofacial region in the trigeminal ganglion enter what and descend together as what?

A

enter the brainstem and descend together as the spinal tract

79
Q

While descending the spinal tract, axons leave to synapse on what and where?

A

to synapse on 2nd order neurons distributed in the very long spinal nucleus

80
Q

After synapsing in the spinal nucleus, what do the 2nd order axons do and where do they ascend?

A

decussate and ascend to 3rd order neurons in VPM of the thalamus where sensation is perceived

81
Q

The pain pathway described through the trigeminal ganglion is the same even when the pain is?

A

transmitted by other nerves

82
Q

In the orofacial region, like the spinal cord, pain is segregated from what?

A

touch

83
Q

What is the pathway for touch perception in the orofacial region?

A

1st order neuron central axons in the trigeminal ganglion enter the brainstem to synapse on 2nd order neurons that decussate and go to VPM

84
Q

Where are the 2nd order neurons for touch perception from the orofacial region located?

A

in the Pontine Nucleus

85
Q

The 2nd order neurons in the Pontine Nucleus can be considered homologues of what?

A

neurons in the nucleus gracilis/cuneatus

86
Q

In the autonomic nervous system, the postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic system release what?

A

acetylcholine

87
Q

In the autonomic nervous system, the postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic system release what?

A

nor-adrenalin

88
Q

What regions do the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems cover, respectively?

A

Cranial/Sacral

Thoraco/lumbar

89
Q

What are the targets of the autonomic nervous system?

A

salivary glands

mucous glands of nose and oropharynx

structures of the orbit

blood vessels

sweat glands

90
Q

The salivary glands include what?

A

parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands

91
Q

The structures in the orbit are?

A

lacrimal gland

sphincter and ciliary muscles of the iris

dilator muscle of the iris

superior tarsal muscle

92
Q

In the structures of the orbit, which ones receive input from the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

the sphincter and ciliary muscles of the iris

93
Q

In the structures of the orbit, which ones receive input from the sympathetic nervous system?

A

dilator muscle of the iris

superior tarsal muscle

94
Q

What kind of input do the blood vessels receive from the autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic

95
Q

For the head and orofacial region, where do the cell bodies of sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons reside?

A

lamina VII aka the intermediolateral horn at T1-T2

96
Q

The myelinated axons of sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons exit via what and enter what chain via what?

A

exit via the ventral root and enter the sympathetic chain via white rami communicantes

97
Q

After entering the sympathetic chain, where do the sympathetic axons go and where do they synapse?

A

course up the sympathetic chain to the superior cervical ganglion where they synapse on the post-ganglionic neurons

98
Q

The post ganglionic axons of the sympathetic nervous system follow what to their targets?

A

blood vessels

99
Q

Horner’s syndrome is a disruption of the sympathetic nervous system resulting from what?

A

compression of cervical or thoracic sympathetic chain on the affected side

A Pancoast tumor on the apex of the lung

100
Q

What are the common symptoms associated with Horner’s syndrome?

A

REMEMBER PAM IS HORNY!

Psedo-ptosis (partially drooping eyelid)

Anhidrosis (reduced sweat production)

Miosis (constricted pupil)

Enopthalmos (sunken eye)

Flushing face

101
Q

What causes pseudo-ptosis in Horner’s syndrome?

A

paralysis of the superior tarsal muscle

102
Q

What causes miosis in Horner’s syndrome?

A

inactivation of the dilator muscle

103
Q

What causes enopthalmos in Horner’s syndrome?

A

inactivation of the orbitalis muscle

104
Q

What causes flushing of the face in Horner’s syndrome?

A

dilation of blood vessels

105
Q

Parasympathetic functions in the cranial division are associated with which nerves?

A

CN III, VII, IX, X

106
Q

What nucleus is involved in the pathway that regulates the sphincter muscle of the eye?

A

the Nucleus of Edinger-Westphal

107
Q

Describe the pathway that regulates the sphincter muscle of the eye

A

axons from pre-ganglionic neurons in the Nucleus of Edinger-Westphal exit in CNIII and synapse on post-ganglionic neurons in the ciliary ganglion

108
Q

What nucleus is involved in the pathway that regulates the lacrimal and submandibular salivary glands?

A

Superior salivatory nucleus

109
Q

Decribe the pathway that regulates the lacrimal and submandibular salivary glands

A

axons from the superior salivatory nucleus exit in CN VII to synapse on postganglionic cells in 2 DIFFERENT ganglia.

110
Q

What nucleus and ganglion are involved in regulating the actions of the parotid gland?

A

inferior salivatory nucleus

otic ganglion

111
Q

Describe the pathway involved in regulating the parotid gland

A

axons from the inferior salivatory nucleus exit in CN IX and synapse on postganglionic neurons in the otic ganglion. Post-ganglionic axons activate secretion from the parotid gland only!

112
Q

What innervates the viscera in the thorax and part of the abdomen?

A

pre-ganglionic axons that emerge from the large dorsal motor nucleus and descend in the vagus nerve

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