ALL THE THINGS

Question 1

Distribution of vertebrae

Answer 1

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccygeal

Question 2

What is special about cervical vertebrae?

Answer 2

Have transverse foramina

Question 3

What is special about thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 3

Have costal facets

Question 4

What is special about lumbar vertebrae?

Answer 4

Have mammillary and accessory processes

Question 5

Atypical Cervical vertebrae

Answer 5

C1 Atlas, C2 Axis, C7 Vertebra Prominens

Question 6

Atypical Thoracic vertebrae

Answer 6

T1, T9-12

Question 7

Atypical Lumbar vertebrae

Answer 7

L5 only!

Question 8

Why is the Atlas different?

Answer 8

C1, has no vertebral body

Question 9

Why is the Axis different?

Answer 9

C2, has a strong odontoid process (DENS)

Question 10

Why is the vertebra prominens different?

Answer 10

C7, vertebral artery doesnt pass through the transverse foramina, spinous process is large and NOT bifid

Question 11

Why is T1 different?

Answer 11

Has one full and one hemi facet

Question 12

Why is T9 different?

Answer 12

Has a pair of hemi facets

Question 13

Why are T10-12 different?

Answer 13

Have one full facet encroaching on the body starting from the roots of the pedicle

Question 14

Why is L5 different?

Answer 14

Its HUGE compared to the other Lumbar vertebrae

Question 15

What is a Jefferson fracture?

Answer 15

Fracture of the arches of the Atlas resulting from an impact to the head.

Question 16

What ligament is disrupted by a Jefferson fracture?

Answer 16

Transverse ligament of Atlas

Question 17

What is a Hangedman’s fracture?

Answer 17

Fracture of the pedicles of the Axis.

Question 18

What is Kyphosis?

Answer 18

exaggeration of the primary spinal curvature.

Question 19

Where is the primary spinal curvature seen?

Answer 19

Thoracic and sacral regions

Question 20

What is Lordosis?

Answer 20

exaggeration of the secondary spinal curvature

Question 21

Where is the secondary spinal curvature seen?

Answer 21

cervical and lumbar regions

Question 22

Where are Kyphosis and Lordosis complications seen commonly?

Answer 22

Thoracic region and Lumbar region respectively

Question 23

What is Spondylolysis?

Answer 23

Common stress fracture of the vertebrae that can lead to further complications

Question 24

What is Spondylolisthesis?

Answer 24

A vertebral fracture accompanied by anterior displacement of the upper vertebral body. May cause nerve and blood vessel damage

Question 25

IVD herniations commonly occur in what direction?

Answer 25

Postero-laterally

Question 26

Where and why do IVD herniations occur?

Answer 26

Occur at 5 and 7 oclock positions of the disc because the PLL doesnt completely support the posterior aspect of the spinal cord.

Question 27

With the help of gravity, which spinal nerve is affected with IVD herniations?

Answer 27

Ex. if at IVD 5 of C5/C6, add 2 to the IVD. So C7 nerve.

Question 28

Where do IVD disc prolapses commonly occur?

Answer 28

L3/4 (L4 nerve) and L4/5 (L5 nerve)

Question 29

What part of the IVD herniates?

Answer 29

Nucleus pulposus

Question 30

What is the purpose of a Lumbar puncture?

Answer 30

withdraw CSF

Question 31

Where is CSF found?

Answer 31

subarachnoid space

Question 32

Where is it safe to perform an LP?

Answer 32

Between L3/4 or L4/5 because the adult SC ends around L1 or L2

Question 33

What layers must your needle traverse for an LP?

Answer 33

skin, superficial fascia, supraspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum, epidural space, dura and arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space

Question 34

Where would Dr. Nwosu not puncture for an LP?

Answer 34

Ligamentum flavum

Question 35

What technique would you use for epidural anesthesia?

Answer 35

Same pathway as LP except you stop after piercing the ligamentum flavum

Question 36

Where else can you administer epidural anesthesia?

Answer 36

Sacral Hiatus, called Caudal Anesthesia

Question 37

What is Occulta?

Answer 37

tuft of hair on the lower back that is characteristic of spina bifida

Question 38

Which muscles attach at the nuchal ligament?

Answer 38

Splenius capitis, serratus post sup, rhomboid minor, and Traps STRS

Question 39

What are the borders of the Triangle of auscultation?

Answer 39

trapezius, latissimus dorsi, scapula

Question 40

What is significant about the Triangle of auscultation?

Answer 40

listen to respiratory sounds

Question 41

What important structures are within the Suboccipital triangle?

Answer 41

vertebral artery, suboccipital nerve (dorsal ramus of C1)