ALL the syllabus Flashcards
1
Q
What are some economic opportunities created by the expansion of the digital economy?
A
The expansion of the digital economy creates many new economic opportunities.
2
Q
How can digital data be used in the context of the digital economy?
A
Digital data can be used for development purposes and for solving societal problems, including those related to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
3
Q
What are some benefits of the digital economy in terms of economic and social outcomes?
A
The digital economy can help improve economic and social outcomes and be a force for innovation and productivity growth.
4
Q
How do platforms contribute to the digital economy?
A
Platforms facilitate transactions, networking, and information exchange in the digital economy.
5
Q
How does digitalization impact the production of goods and services?
A
Digitalization can foster the production of higher quality goods and services at reduced costs in all sectors and markets.
6
Q
How does digitalization transform value chains?
A
Digitalization transforms value chains by opening up new channels for value addition and bringing about broader structural changes.
7
Q
What happened to the growth of global value chains after the global financial crisis?
A
The growth of global value chains has slowed since the global financial crisis.
8
Q
How can a country’s GDP (value added) be decomposed in terms of trade?
A
A country’s GDP (value added) can be decomposed into purely domestic, traditional trade, simple value chain trade, and complex value chain trade.
9
Q
How did global value chains, especially complex ones, perform compared to other components of GDP between 2000 and 2007?
A
From 2000 to 2007, global value chains (especially complex ones) were expanding at a faster rate than other components of GDP.
10
Q
What is the definition of Pure Domestic in terms of production of value-added or final products?
A
Pure Domestic refers to production that does not involve any border crossing. An example of Pure Domestic production is getting a haircut.
11
Q
How would you define Traditional Trade in the context of production of value-added or final products?
A
Traditional Trade involves cross-border transactions for consumption purposes. An example of Traditional Trade is when Portugal exports wine to England in exchange for cloth.
12
Q
What does GVCS stand for, and what does it entail?
A
GVCS stands for Global Value Chains. It represents the production sharing between two or more countries, involving cross-border movements for production purposes.
13
Q
What is the difference between Simple GVCS and Complex GVCS?
A
Simple GVCS involves cross-border movements once for production. An example would be Chinese steel being used in building construction in the United States. On the other hand, Complex GVCS requires multiple cross-border movements. Products like iPhones or automobiles are examples of Complex GVCS.
14
Q
Is the distribution of value in the digital economy automatic and equitable? Why or why not?
A
No, the distribution of value in the digital economy is not automatic and equitable. Just because digitalization has the potential to support development, any value realized is unlikely to be equitably distributed.
15
Q
Can individuals, firms, and countries be indirectly affected by the digital economy even if they do not fully participate in it?
A
Yes, individuals, firms, and countries can still be adversely affected indirectly by the digital economy, even if they do not fully participate in it.
16
Q
What are some challenges faced by workers with limited digital skills in the digital economy?
A
Workers with limited digital skills will find themselves at a disadvantage compared to those who are better equipped for the digital economy. They may face difficulties in securing employment or opportunities for growth.
17
Q
How does digitalization impact local firms in terms of competition?
A
Local firms that have not embraced digitalization may face stiff competition from both domestic and foreign digitalized firms.
18
Q
What is one potential consequence of the digital economy in terms of jobs?
A
Automation in the digital economy may lead to the loss of various jobs.
19
Q
What factors influence the net impact of the digital economy on development and stakeholders?
A
The net impact of the digital economy depends on the level of development and digital readiness of countries and their stakeholders. It also depends on the policies adopted and implemented at national, regional, and international levels.
20
Q
How does the generation, processing, and distribution of knowledge and information impact productivity in the digital economy?
A
The generation, processing, and distribution of knowledge and information drive productivity in the digital economy.
21
Q
Why is it important for all firms to have ICT (Information and Communication Technology) in the digital economy?
A
In the digital economy, all firms need ICT to stay competitive and be at the forefront of technology.
22
Q
What is the characteristic of knowledge in the digital economy due to the internet?
A
Due to the internet, knowledge in the digital economy is almost non-rival and non-excludable.
23
Q
Why can knowledge not be kept secret for a long period in the new economy?
A
In the new economy, knowledge cannot be kept secret for a long period. It is subject to rapid dissemination and sharing.
24
Q
What are some characteristics of the new economy in terms of spillovers and externalities?
A
The new economy is characterized by uncontrollable spillovers and externalities, meaning that knowledge and information have widespread effects beyond individual firms or entities.
25
What is the importance of experts conceptualizing how knowledge and information can be best modeled in the digital economy?
It is important for experts to conceptualize how knowledge and information can be best modeled in the digital economy to optimize their utilization and impact.
26
Why is measuring value in the digital economy challenging?
Measuring value in the digital economy is difficult due to various reasons.
27
What is one reason for the difficulty in measuring value in the digital economy?
One reason is the lack of a widely accepted definition of the digital economy, making it challenging to establish clear parameters for measurement
28
What is another challenge in measuring the digital economy, particularly in developing countries?
Reliable statistics on the key components and dimensions of the digital economy, especially in developing countries, are lacking.
29
Are there any ongoing initiatives to address the measurement challenges in the digital economy?
Yes, there are several initiatives underway to improve the measurement of the digital economy.
30
What is the current status of these initiatives in coping with the rapid pace of evolution in the digital economy?
Despite these initiatives, they still remain insufficient and are struggling to keep up with the rapid pace of evolution in the digital economy.
31
What is the estimated range of the size of the digital economy in relation to world GDP?
Depending on the definition, estimates of the size of the digital economy range from 4.5 to 15.5 percent of world GDP.
32
Which countries contribute significantly to the value added in the information and communications technology (ICT) sector?
The United States and China together account for almost 40 percent of the world's total value added in the ICT sector.
33
How has global employment in the ICT sector changed between 2010 and 2015?
Global employment in the ICT sector increased from 34 million in 2010 to 39 million in 2015.
34
Which sub-sector of the ICT sector has the largest share of employment?
Computer services account for the largest share (38 percent) of employment in the ICT sector.
35
How has the share of the ICT sector in total employment changed between 2010 and 2015?
The share of the ICT sector in total employment rose from 1.8 percent to 2 percent over the same period (2010 to 2015).
36
What is the estimated combined value of platform companies with a market capitalization of more than $100 million in 2017?
The estimated combined value of platform companies with a market capitalization of more than $100 million was over $7 trillion in 2017.
37
How much higher was the combined value of platform companies in 2017 compared to 2015?
The combined value of platform companies in 2017 was 67 percent higher than in 2015.
38
What is the market share of Google in the Internet search market?
Google has approximately 90 percent of the market share for Internet searches.
39
What is the market share of Facebook in the global social media market?
Facebook accounts for two thirds of the global social media market.
40
In how many world economies is Facebook the top social media platform?
Facebook is the top social media platform in more than 90 percent of the world's economies.
41
What is the market share of Amazon in the world's online retail activity?
Amazon has an almost 40 percent share of the world's online retail activity.
42
What is the market share of Amazon Web Services in the global cloud infrastructure services market?
Amazon Web Services accounts for a similar share (almost 40 percent) of the global cloud infrastructure services market.
43
What steps have global digital platforms taken to consolidate their competitive positions?
Global digital platforms have taken steps to consolidate their competitive positions by acquiring potential competitors and expanding into complementary products or services.
44
Give an example of a major acquisition by a digital platform company in the professional networking sector.
Microsoft acquired LinkedIn, a major professional networking platform.
45
Which messaging platform was acquired by Facebook?
Facebook acquired WhatsApp, a popular messaging platform.
46
What telecommunications equipment companies did Alphabet (Google) and Microsoft acquire, respectively?
Alphabet (Google) acquired Motorola, and Microsoft acquired Nokia, both in the telecommunications equipment industry.
47
In which industries have major digital platforms made large acquisitions?
Major digital platforms have made large acquisitions in industries such as retail, advertising and marketing, and non-residential real estate.
48
What are the core aspects of the digital economy?
The core aspects of the digital economy include the digital and information technology (IT) sectors and a wider set of digitalizing sectors.
49
What are the fundamental innovations and core technologies in the digital economy?
The fundamental innovations in the digital economy include semiconductors and processors, while core technologies encompass computers and telecommunication devices.
50
What are some enabling infrastructures in the digital economy?
Enabling infrastructures in the digital economy support the functioning of core technologies and include aspects such as networking and connectivity.
51
What are some key products or services that rely on core digital technologies in the digital economy?
Key products or services in the digital economy that rely on core digital technologies include digital platforms, mobile applications, and payment services.
52
Give an example of a sector where digital products and services are increasingly being used in the digital economy.
E-commerce is an example of a sector where digital products and services are being increasingly used.
53
What are digitally enabled sectors in the digital economy?
Digitally enabled sectors in the digital economy refer to sectors where new activities or business models have emerged and are being transformed as a result of digital technologies. Examples include finance, media, tourism, and transportation.
54
What are the components of the ecosystem in the digital economy related to connectivity and infrastructure?
The components related to connectivity and infrastructure in the digital economy include e-Connectivity and e-Infrastructure.
55
What are the components of the ecosystem in the digital economy related to applications and services?
The components related to applications and services in the digital economy include e-Applications and e-Services.
56
What are the components of the ecosystem in the digital economy related to security and privacy?
The components related to security and privacy in the digital economy include e-Security and e-Privacy.
57
What are the components of the ecosystem in the digital economy related to skills and literacy?
The components related to skills and literacy in the digital economy include e-Skills and e-Literacy.
58
What is the role of governments in shaping the digital economy?
Governments, in close dialogue with other stakeholders, have the responsibility to shape the digital economy by defining the rules of the game.
59
What is the challenge policymakers face regarding the digital economy?
Policymakers need to make choices that can help reverse current trends towards widening inequalities and power imbalances caused by the digital economy.
60
What does the adaptation of existing policies, laws, and regulations, or the adoption of new ones entail?
It entails addressing the challenges and opportunities presented by the digital economy and its impact on society.
61
Why are policies and regulations in the digital economy considered uncharted territory for most countries?
For most countries, the digital economy and its long-term repercussions remain uncharted territory, and policies and regulations have not kept up with the rapid digital transformations taking place in economies and societies.
62
What is the state of approaches to digital economy policies in developed countries?
Even in developed countries, few approaches to digital economy policies have been tried and tested, indicating the need for further exploration and experimentation.
63
What does the evolution of the digital economy require in terms of economic thinking and policy analysis?
The evolution of the digital economy calls for unconventional economic thinking and policy analysis.
64
What challenges do policymakers face in enforcing national laws and regulations in the digital economy?
Policymakers face increased difficulties in enforcing national laws and regulations in the digital economy, especially regarding cross-border trade in digital services and products.
65
What should policy responses in the digital economy consider regarding the boundaries between sectors?
Policy responses should take into account the blurring of boundaries between sectors due to servitization, where services become an integral part of traditional product offerings.
66
What should policymakers explore in terms of local value creation and capture?
Policymakers should explore new pathways for local value creation and capture in the digital economy, aiming to ensure broader benefits and opportunities for a larger segment of society.
67
What is the potential impact of digitalization on structural transformation?
Digitalization has the potential to drive further structural transformation, and policymakers should explore how to leverage digital technologies to foster such transformation and its associated benefits.
68
How is the digital economy associated with frontier technologies?
The evolving digital economy is closely associated with several frontier technologies, including blockchain, data analytics, artificial intelligence, 3D printing, Internet of Things, automation & robotics, and cloud computing.
69
What is the significance of data in the digital economy?
Data fuels the digital economy, playing a crucial role in its functioning and growth.
70
What is the growth trend of global Internet Protocol (IP) traffic?
Global Internet Protocol (IP) traffic, a proxy for data flows, has experienced dramatic growth over the years.
71
How much IP traffic was recorded per day in 1992?
In 1992, the global IP traffic was recorded at 100 gigabytes (GB) per day.
72
How much IP traffic is projected to be recorded per second in 2022?
It is projected that in 2022, the global IP traffic will reach 150,700 gigabytes (GB) per second, indicating the exponential growth of data flows in the data-driven economy.
73
What are the estimated ranges for the size of the global digital economy?
The global digital economy is estimated to range from 4.5% to 15.5% of GDP, depending on the definition used.
74
What percentage of the US GDP was accounted for by the digital economy in 2017?
In 2017, the digital economy in the US accounted for approximately 6.9% of GDP based on the narrow definition and 21.6% of GDP based on the broad definition.
75
What percentage of China's GDP was estimated to be accounted for by the digital economy in 2017?
In 2017, the digital economy in China was estimated to account for around 6% of GDP based on the narrow definition and 30% of GDP based on the broad definition.
76
How has the share of digitally deliverable services exports in global services exports changed from 2005 to 2018?
The share of digitally deliverable services exports in global services exports increased from $1.2 trillion in 2005 to $2.9 trillion in 2018.
77
How has global ICT services exports changed from 2005 to 2018?
Global ICT services exports increased from $175 billion in 2005 to $568 billion in 2018.
78
How has global employment in the ICT sector changed from 2010 to 2015?
Global employment in the ICT sector increased from 34 million in 2010 to 39 million in 2015, indicating growth in job opportunities within the sector.
79
How is electronic commerce (e-commerce) defined?
Electronic commerce or e-commerce refers to the exchange and processing of business transaction information using computers connected through a network.
80
What are some advantages of e-commerce for businesses?
E-commerce offers unique advantages for businesses, including the ability to operate 24/7, eliminating time zone limitations. It also enables a seamless transition from advertising and information to the point of sale on a website, without the need for other mediums.
81
How has e-commerce reinvented the way businesses operate?
E-commerce has revolutionized business operations by providing new ways to reach customers, conduct transactions, and streamline processes, transforming the traditional business landscape.
82
What are some examples of new types of businesses that have emerged due to e-commerce?
E-commerce has given rise to new types of businesses, such as online shopping and Internet banking, which were not possible in traditional commerce.
83
What are some benefits and advantages of e-commerce in commerce processes?
E-commerce provides numerous benefits and advantages, including reduced costs and prices, increased efficiency in conducting business, and improved productivity. It achieves this through lower production costs, reduced inventory holding costs, and overall lower input costs for businesses.
84
How does e-commerce impact business interactions with other businesses?
The savings and efficiencies brought by e-commerce extend throughout the entire value chain, positively impacting business interactions with other businesses. It fosters cost reductions, streamlined processes, and improved collaboration, leading to more efficient and effective business relationships
85
What does the term "Digital Divide" refer to?
The term "Digital Divide" signifies the unequal access to computer technologies and the Internet, leading to a gap between those who have access and those who do not.
86
How has the Internet and information and communication technologies (ICTs) impacted society, work, business, and government?
The Internet, ICTs, and the growth of e-commerce have had a profound influence on services, market structure, competition, and the restructuring of industries and markets. These changes are transforming various aspects of society, work, business, and government.
87
What is the impact of e-commerce on socio-economic divisions and the digital divide?
The use of ICTs for e-commerce has deepened and intensified the socio-economic divisions among individuals, businesses, and nations. While e-commerce has created new opportunities for economic growth, it has also given rise to the social problem of the digital divide, exacerbating inequalities in access to technology and its benefits.
88
What is the digital economy?
The digital economy refers to economic activities that are conducted or facilitated through digital technologies.
89
How is digital trade defined?
Digital trade encompasses digitally-enabled transactions of trade in goods and services that can be delivered digitally or physically. It involves consumers, firms, and governments.
90
What is the relationship between digital trade and e-commerce?
'Digital trade' and 'e-commerce' are often used interchangeably. They both refer to economic activities enabled by digital technologies, regardless of whether the delivery is digital or physical.
91
Why do we need an agreement in the digital area?
An agreement in the digital area is needed because digital trade is growing exponentially and provides opportunities for countries, especially small and medium-sized businesses. It helps businesses overcome challenges of scale and distance, accelerates their growth, and benefits consumers with convenience, lower prices, more choice, and better information. Additionally, digital technologies can support increased participation in trade by women and rural communities. However, barriers to digital trade are emerging in the changing nature of trade in the digital era.
92
What are examples of profit-oriented digital platforms?
Examples of profit-oriented digital platforms include:
* Electronic payment platforms
* Crowdfunding platforms
* Social media
* E-commerce platforms
93
Name some types of profit-oriented digital platforms.
Types of profit-oriented digital platforms include electronic payment platforms, crowdfunding platforms, social media, and e-commerce platforms.
94
What are examples of non-profit-oriented digital platforms?
Examples of non-profit-oriented digital platforms include:
* Exchange platforms
* Donation platforms
* Free service platforms
* Other "true" sharing economy platforms
95
Give examples of non-profit-oriented digital platforms.
Non-profit-oriented digital platforms include exchange platforms, donation platforms, free service platforms, and other "true" sharing economy platforms.
96
What are the different types of e-commerce platforms?
The different types of e-commerce platforms are:
* Incumbent companies
* Third-party platforms
97
Describe the two categories of e-commerce platforms.
E-commerce platforms can be categorized into incumbent companies and third-party platforms.
98
What are some examples of non-profit-oriented digital platforms in the sharing economy?
Non-profit-oriented digital platforms in the sharing economy may include exchange platforms, donation platforms, free service platforms, and other platforms that promote sharing and collaboration.
99
Why do we need negotiations in the e-commerce domain?
The volume of international trade in e-commerce is growing exponentially, and negotiations are needed to establish common rules, promote inclusivity and development, address regulatory challenges, ensure a level playing field, and enhance trust and security.
100
How much did the cross-border data flows (used as a proxy for digital trade) grow between 2004 and 2014 and how much it has generated in global economic revenue?
Cross-border data flows (used as a proxy for digital trade) grew by 45 times between 2004 and 2014 and generated $2.8 trillion in global economic revenue in 2014 alone.
101
What are the challenges and opportunities posed by digital technology to the global trading environment?
Digital technology presents challenges and opportunities to the global trading environment, including the need to adapt traditional trade rules and architecture to accommodate digital trade, address evolving policy areas such as personal privacy, consumer protection, cyber security, customs procedures, and taxation structures.
102
Why is it important to develop international trade rules for the evolving digital economy?
Developing international trade rules for the evolving digital economy is crucial to provide governance and establish a framework that promotes economic growth for individuals and businesses. It ensures that adequate safeguards are in place to address policy areas that arise online, such as personal privacy, consumer protection, cyber security, customs procedures, and taxation structures.
103
Who confirmed their intentions to launch negotiations on e-commerce at the WTO?
Over 70 members of the WTO confirmed their intentions to launch negotiations on e-commerce in January 2019.
104
What was agreed upon regarding e-commerce negotiations at the Ministerial Conference in Buenos Aires?
At the Ministerial Conference in Buenos Aires in December 2017 (MC11), Ministers agreed on a joint statement to initiate exploratory discussions on e-commerce, leading to the confirmation of intentions to launch negotiations on e-commerce in 2019.
105
What is the main function of the WTO?
The main function of the WTO is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably, and freely as possible between its member countries.
106
How many meetings of the Joint Statement Initiative have taken place since the launch of negotiations in January 2019?
Three meetings of the Joint Statement Initiative have taken place since the launch of negotiations in January 2019.
107
What was the purpose of the first three meetings of the Joint Statement Initiative?
The first three meetings provided an opportunity for participating WTO Members to discuss the text proposals that had been made at that time.
108
What is the second phase of the negotiation process and when did it begin?
The second phase of the negotiation process began in September and continued in October and November. During this phase, discussions focused on consolidated texts on an issue-by-issue basis.
109
Why is discussing consolidated texts helpful in the negotiation process?
Discussing consolidated texts allows participating Members to compare similarities and differences between proposals and express general preferences in terms of options. It helps to facilitate a better understanding of the proposals and promotes further discussion and negotiation.
110
Who can participate in the discussions of the e-commerce negotiations?
All WTO Members are able to participate in the discussions of the e-commerce negotiations. The participation ranges from small to large countries, as well as developed and least developed countries.
111
Can text proposals be made at any stage of the negotiation process?
Yes, text proposals can be made at any stage of the negotiation process, and they continue to be received from participating WTO Members.
112
What are the key focus areas under discussion in the e-commerce negotiations initiative?
The key focus areas under discussion in the e-commerce negotiations initiative include enabling digital trade/e-commerce, openness and digital trade/e-commerce, trust and digital trade/e-commerce, and cross-cutting issues.
113
What are the subcategories under enabling digital trade/e-commerce?
The subcategories under enabling digital trade/e-commerce are customs, digital trade facilitation and logistics; facilitating electronic transactions; and customs duties on electronic transmissions.
114
What are the subcategories under openness and digital trade/e-commerce?
The subcategories under openness and digital trade/e-commerce are market access (for both services and goods trade); flow of information; and access and non-discrimination.
115
What are the subcategories under trust and digital trade/e-commerce?
The subcategories under trust and digital trade/e-commerce are business trust, consumer trust, and intellectual property.
116
What are the cross-cutting issues being discussed in the e-commerce negotiations?
The cross-cutting issues being discussed in the e-commerce negotiations include transparency, infrastructure gaps/digital divide, and cooperation.
117
What are the drivers of the digital economy?
The drivers of the digital economy include data, geography, and platforms.
118
How does data drive the expansion of the digital economy?
The expansion of the digital economy is driven by the ability to collect, use, and analyze massive amounts of digital data. These data are generated from personal, social, and business activities taking place on various digital platforms. The growth of data flows, as represented by global Internet Protocol (IP) traffic, demonstrates the increasing importance of data in driving the digital economy.
119
How has global IP traffic grown over the years?
Global IP traffic, which serves as a proxy for data flows, has experienced significant growth. It grew from about 100 gigabytes (GB) per day in 1992 to over 45,000 GB per second in 2017. This growth is projected to continue, reaching 150,700 GB per second by 2022. Factors contributing to this growth include more people connecting to the internet and the expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT).
120
What is the significance of data in the data-driven economy?
Data plays a crucial role in the data-driven economy. It serves as the fuel for innovation, enabling businesses and organizations to gain insights, make informed decisions, and develop new products and services. The ability to collect, analyze, and leverage data has become a key competitive advantage for companies operating in the digital economy.
121
How do digital platforms contribute to the generation of digital data?
Digital platforms, such as social media platforms, e-commerce platforms, and IoT devices, facilitate the generation of digital data. These platforms capture and record the digital footprints of personal, social, and business activities, creating a vast amount of data that can be utilized for various purposes, including targeted advertising, personalized recommendations, and market analysis.
122
What drives the expansion of the digital economy?
The expansion of the digital economy is driven by various factors, including digital platforms.
123
What role do digital platforms play in the digital economy?
Digital platforms play a crucial role in the digital economy by providing the infrastructure and mechanisms for different parties to interact online. They can be categorized into transaction platforms and innovation platforms.
124
What are transaction platforms?
Transaction platforms are online marketplaces that facilitate exchanges between multiple parties. They operate as two-sided or multi-sided markets, connecting buyers and sellers or different user groups. Examples of transaction platforms include Amazon, Alibaba, Facebook, and eBay.
125
What are innovation platforms?
Innovation platforms are environments that enable developers and content producers to create and develop applications, software, and other innovative solutions. These platforms provide tools, resources, and frameworks for innovation.
## Footnote
Examples of innovation platforms include operating systems like Android and Linux, which serve as foundations for developers to build applications.
126
How do digital platforms contribute to the growth of the digital economy?
Digital platforms facilitate online interactions and transactions, enabling businesses and individuals to connect, collaborate, and engage in economic activities. They create opportunities for innovation, entrepreneurship, and the development of new products and services. Digital platforms have become integral to the functioning of the digital economy, driving its expansion and shaping its dynamics.
127
Is the development of the digital economy geographically even?
No, the development of the digital economy is highly uneven geographically. There is a significant gap between under-connected and hyper-digitalized countries.
128
What is the digital divide?
The digital divide refers to the gap between those who have access to digital technologies, such as the internet, and those who do not. It encompasses disparities in internet usage, digital skills, and access to digital infrastructure.
129
How does the digital divide impact least developed countries (LDCs)?
In least developed countries, the level of internet usage is significantly lower compared to developed countries. Only about one in five people in LDCs uses the internet, while it is four out of five in developed countries. This is just one aspect of the digital divide that affects LDCs.
130
What are some other aspects of the digital divide?
In addition to internet usage disparities, there are gaps in capabilities for harnessing digital data and frontier technologies. For example, regions like Africa and Latin America have a significantly lower presence of data centers compared to the rest of the world.
131
What are the implications of the digital divide?
The digital divide exacerbates existing income inequalities and hinders the potential for inclusive growth. It is essential to address the digital divide to ensure that developing countries can fully benefit from the digital revolution and participate in the creation and capture of value.
132
Which two countries are leading the development of the digital economy?
The United States and China are the two countries leading the development of the digital economy.
133
What is the significance of the United States and China in the digital economy?
The United States and China have a dominant role in various aspects of the digital economy. They account for a significant share of patents related to blockchain technologies, global spending on the Internet of Things (IoT), and the world market for public cloud computing. Additionally, they hold the majority of the market capitalization value of the largest digital platforms.
134
How does Europe compare in terms of market share in the digital economy?
Europe's share in the digital economy is relatively small, accounting for only 4 percent. This indicates that Europe has a lower presence and influence in comparison to the United States and China.
135
What is the market share of Africa and Latin America in the digital economy?.
Africa and Latin America together have a very small market share of only 1 percent in the digital economy.
136
Which super platforms have a significant market value in the digital economy?
The seven super platforms with the highest market value are Microsoft, Apple, Amazon, Google, Facebook, Tencent, and Alibaba. These platforms collectively account for two-thirds of the total market value, indicating their strong influence and dominance in the digital economy.
137
What is the business model where customers pay a subscription price for access to a product/service?
The Subscription Model
138
What is the business model where customers have free access to the basic service but pay for additional features?
The Freemium Model
139
Which business model is integrated by companies that do not charge end users?
The Free Model
140
What is the business model used by companies that facilitate a platform for economic interactions between parties?
The Marketplace Model
141
Which business model grants customers the use of a product/service without purchasing it?
The Access-over-Ownership Model
142
What is the business model used by digital companies offering a wide range of products/services?
The Hypermarket Model
143
Which business model focuses on providing customers with an exceptional experience?
The Experience Model
144
What is the term for companies generating revenue through affiliates and resellers in a pyramid-like structure?
The Pyramid Model
145
Which business model capitalizes on the immediate need for services and convenience?
The On-Demand Model
146
What is the business model where companies build an entire ecosystem of products and services?
The Ecosystem Model
147
In which two countries is the geography of the digital economy highly concentrated?
United States and China
148
What percentage of all patents related to blockchain technologies are held by the United States and China?
75%
149
What percentage of the market capitalization value of the world's 70 largest digital platforms is accounted for by the United States and China?
90%
150
What portion of global spending on the Internet of Things (IoT) is contributed by the United States and China?
50%
151
What percentage of the cloud computing market is dominated by the United States and China?
75%
152
What proportion of the world's population remains offline despite the growth of the digital economy?
Half
153
In least developed countries (LDCs), what fraction of people have access to the internet?
1 in 5
154
How much did the components of the digital economy value in 2024/25?
Valuing $413 bn in 2016 to $1.15 trillion
155
____ of 16-24 olds are users of internet
97%
157
____ of 55-74 olds are users of internet
63%
158
While more than ________ of businesses are connected to the internet, Only ________ use digital technologies to sell products online.
90%, 20%
159
Why are governments increasingly aware of the importance of the digital economy?
Governments recognize the benefits of the digital economy for innovation, growth, and social prosperity.
160
What are the factors contributing to the migration of social and economic activities to the Internet?
The declining cost of data collection, storage, and processing, as well as increasing computing power.
161
In which areas can technologies and innovations in the digital economy make a positive impact?
Health, agriculture, public governance, tax, transport, education, environment, and more.
162
How do information and communication technologies (ICTs) contribute to innovation?
ICTs contribute not only to innovation in products but also to innovation in processes and organizational arrangements.
163
What is the role of innovation in the digital economy?
Innovation drives the development of new services, improves existing services, and helps address policy challenges in various sectors.
164
How can the digital economy benefit industries and sectors beyond technology?
The digital economy can improve efficiency, enhance customer experiences, and enable new business models in diverse sectors.
165
What are some examples of areas where the digital economy can drive innovation in processes and organizational arrangements?
Supply chain management, customer relationship management, and collaborative work platforms.
166
How can innovation in the digital economy contribute to sustainable development?
It can enable more efficient resource utilization, promote renewable energy solutions, and facilitate environmental monitoring and conservation.
167
Why is it important for governments to embrace and support innovation in the digital economy?
Embracing innovation can enhance economic competitiveness, create jobs, and improve the overall well-being of citizens.
168
How does the digital economy foster entrepreneurship and the development of startups?
The digital economy provides opportunities for startups to disrupt traditional industries, reach global markets, and scale their businesses rapidly.
169
What has limited the direct effects of access to the Internet and digital technologies on local economic development?
The extent and speed of these effects have been limited so far.
170
What are some barriers faced by entrepreneurs in the digital economy of many developing countries?
Low levels of e-trade readiness and competition from established global digital competitors.
171
Why do digital platforms in developing countries often struggle to become physically asset-light?
Servicing local markets digitally may require setting up blended digital-analog processes to build a user base or create a unique value proposition.
172
How do well-established global digital competitors impact entrepreneurs in developing countries?
Global digital competitors are already dominant in the most scalable digital product categories, making it challenging for local entrepreneurs to compete.
173
What are the implications for digital platforms in developing countries due to the absence of blended digital-analog processes?
They are often unable to become physically asset-light like their counterparts in developed countries, requiring them to adopt different business models.
174
Why is e-trade readiness important for entrepreneurs in the digital economy?
Low levels of e-trade readiness can limit entrepreneurs' ability to scale their activities and hinder their access to global markets.
175
What are some strategies that entrepreneurs in developing countries can adopt to overcome barriers?
They may need to adapt their business models, focus on niche markets, build partnerships, or leverage local networks and resources.
176
How can governments and institutions support entrepreneurs in overcoming barriers?
They can provide access to training and mentorship programs, improve infrastructure and connectivity, foster a supportive regulatory environment, and facilitate access to finance.
177
Why is it important to address the barriers faced by entrepreneurs in developing countries?
Overcoming these barriers can unlock the potential of local digital entrepreneurs, drive economic growth, and contribute to job creation and poverty reduction.
178
How can collaboration between entrepreneurs and digital ecosystem stakeholders help overcome barriers?
Collaboration can foster knowledge sharing, resource pooling, and collective problem-solving, enabling entrepreneurs to navigate challenges more effectively.
179
What is one component of an entrepreneurship ecosystem that focuses on creating favorable conditions through laws, regulations, and government initiatives?
Policy.
180
Which component of the entrepreneurship ecosystem involves providing financial resources to support the establishment and growth of new ventures?
Finance.
181
What component of the entrepreneurship ecosystem refers to the values, attitudes, and beliefs of a society towards entrepreneurship?
Culture.
182
Which component of the entrepreneurship ecosystem involves providing various forms of assistance, mentorship, and guidance to entrepreneurs?
Support.
183
What is the term for the collective knowledge, skills, and abilities of individuals within an entrepreneurship ecosystem?
Human capital.
184
Which component of the entrepreneurship ecosystem pertains to the availability and accessibility of customers, clients, and target markets?
Markets
185
Why is culture important in the entrepreneurship ecosystem?
Culture influences attitudes towards risk-taking, innovation, and entrepreneurial success, shaping the overall environment for entrepreneurship.
186
What is one recommendation for policymakers to promote digital entrepreneurship?
Policymakers should integrate efforts to promote digital entrepreneurship into broader innovation policies.
187
Why is it important to facilitate a long-term build-up of immobile entrepreneurial resources?
Immovable resources, such as physical infrastructure and financial support, provide a foundation for digital entrepreneurship to thrive and grow.
188
What are examples of physical resources that are important for digital entrepreneurship?
Broadband Internet and government-subsidized office space in hubs and incubators are examples of physical resources that support digital entrepreneurship.
189
Why are physical and financial resources alone insufficient for the success of digital entrepreneurship?
While necessary, physical and financial resources are not enough for digital entrepreneurship to thrive. Other factors, such as market access and entrepreneurial knowledge, also play crucial roles.
190
What potential issues can arise if investment is made in hubs, incubators, and technology parks without addressing other bottlenecks?
Without addressing other bottlenecks, such as limited market access or weak entrepreneurial knowledge, investments in hubs, incubators, and technology parks may go unused, resulting in a waste of resources.
191
How can policymakers support digital entrepreneurship beyond providing physical and financial resources?
Policymakers can focus on addressing bottlenecks, improving market access, and promoting entrepreneurial knowledge and skills to create a conducive environment for digital entrepreneurship.
192
Why is it important to consider a long-term perspective when building an ecosystem for digital entrepreneurship?
Building a conducive environment for digital entrepreneurship takes time, and long-term planning is needed to address various aspects, including infrastructure, regulations, and skill development.
193
What role do technology hubs and incubators play in fostering digital entrepreneurship?
Technology hubs and incubators provide networking opportunities, mentorship, and support services to digital entrepreneurs, helping them develop and grow their businesses.
194
How can limited market access hinder digital entrepreneurship?
Limited market access restricts the potential customer base and revenue opportunities for digital entrepreneurs, making it harder for them to scale their businesses.
195
What is the significance of entrepreneurial knowledge in the success of digital entrepreneurship?
Strong entrepreneurial knowledge and skills are essential for digital entrepreneurs to navigate challenges, identify opportunities, and effectively manage their ventures in the dynamic digital landscape.
196
What are some alternative focus areas for governments to foster a conducive environment for digital entrepreneurship?
Governments should prioritize efforts to foster entrepreneurial knowledge creation through subsidized mentoring programs, vocational training, apprenticeships, and internships.
197
Why is it important for local digital enterprises to have the opportunity to scale internationally?
Scaling internationally allows local digital enterprises to tap into larger markets, increasing their potential for growth and success.
198
What types of programs can governments implement to foster entrepreneurial knowledge creation?
Governments can support subsidized mentoring programs, vocational training, apprenticeships, and internships to enhance the knowledge and skills of aspiring digital entrepreneurs.
199
How can governments support the internationalization of entrepreneurs?
Governments can create exchange programs for entrepreneurs that encourage and educate them on internationalization strategies.
200
What is the role of regional innovation platforms and ecosystems in fostering digital entrepreneurship?
Governments can support the creation of regional innovation platforms and ecosystems to promote collaboration, knowledge sharing, and networking among entrepreneurs and stakeholders in a specific geographical area.
201
How can policymakers incentivize the development of complementary technical knowledge bases within different clusters in a region?
Policymakers can provide incentives, such as grants or tax benefits, to encourage the formation of specialized knowledge clusters within a region that complement each other's expertise.
202
Why is it important to improve women's access to opportunities in the digital economy?
Improving women's access to the digital economy helps bridge the gender digital divide and expands opportunities for women entrepreneurs to find employment and generate income.
203
What is meant by empowering women through digital technologies?
Empowering women through digital technologies involves enabling their upward mobility beyond the informal sector, rural areas, and micro loans/initiatives, and helping them move beyond subsistence levels.
204
How can governments encourage and empower women entrepreneurs in the digital economy?
Governments can create better funding opportunities for women entrepreneurs, provide role models and mentoring programs, and implement policies that support women's participation and success in the digital economy.
205
Why is it important to provide role models and mentoring for women entrepreneurs in the digital economy?
Role models and mentoring provide guidance, inspiration, and support to women entrepreneurs, helping them navigate challenges, develop skills, and unlock their full potential in the digital business landscape.
206
What capabilities, skills, and awareness do many small business owners in developing countries lack in relation to the digital economy?
Many small business owners in developing countries lack the necessary capabilities, skills, and awareness to fully leverage the opportunities presented by the digital economy.
207
How can MSMEs gain an online presence to market their goods and services?
MSMEs can establish an online presence through various means, such as utilizing digital platforms or creating their own websites, to market their goods and services to potential buyers in their own country or foreign markets.
208
What role can policymakers play in ensuring the full utilization of digital platforms by local enterprises?
Policymakers can engage with platform owners to ensure that their platforms are accessible and can be fully utilized by local enterprises. They can also review and update existing regulations to prevent any obstacles that may hinder access to digital platforms.
209
How did contacts with Google benefit Egyptian developers?
Contacts with Google in Egypt led to the opening up of the Google Play app market for Egyptian developers, creating opportunities for them to sell their apps and reach a wider audience.
210
What are some traditional obstacles that digital platforms help overcome for MSMEs?
Digital platforms help overcome obstacles such as the need for in-house resources, information technology equipment, and expertise by providing a platform for businesses to establish and maintain their online presence without significant infrastructure requirements.
211
Why is it important for governments and development actors to learn from private sector experiences in supporting digitalization efforts?
Learning from private sector experiences allows governments and development actors to understand effective strategies and interventions that can help enterprises and civil society make the most of technological developments and opportunities in the digital economy.
212
What are some ways in which governments can support enterprises and civil society in seizing digital opportunities?
Governments can provide training programs, capacity-building initiatives, and access to resources that enhance digital skills and capabilities for enterprises and civil society. They can also create an enabling environment through supportive policies, regulations, and partnerships with private sector entities.
213
Question: How can policymakers ensure that existing regulations do not hinder access to digital platforms?
Policymakers can conduct regulatory assessments to identify any barriers or restrictions that impede access to digital platforms. They can then work with relevant stakeholders to address and remove such barriers, enabling businesses to fully utilize digital platforms for their benefit.
214
What is the primary objective of Germany's Digital Agenda 2014-17?
The primary objective of Germany's Digital Agenda 2014-17 is to increase the exploitation of innovation potential for further growth and employment, along with enhancing high-speed networks and trust.
215
What is the aim of Mexico's National Digital Strategy?
The aim of Mexico's National Digital Strategy is to make Mexico the leading country in digitization in Latin America, with a strong focus on fostering innovation and entrepreneurship in the digital economy.
216
What is the focus of Brazil's Strategic Programme for Software and Information Technology Services (TI Major)?
The focus of Brazil's Strategic Programme for Software and Information Technology Services is to enhance Brazil's performance in the ICT sector, with an emphasis on innovation, entrepreneurship, and competitiveness.
217
What initiatives are included in Colombia's Plan Vive Digital?
Colombia's Plan Vive Digital includes the Digital Talent Initiative, Apps.co for digital entrepreneurship, and the Digital Content Initiative.
218
What is the objective of Mexico's Creative Digital City initiative?
The objective of Mexico's Creative Digital City initiative is to create an urban ecosystem that concentrates the creative industries, harnessing the creativity and talent of people in Guadalajara while utilizing technology to boost innovation and maximize economic, environmental, and social benefits.
219
How does Germany's Digital Agenda prioritize innovation?
Germany's Digital Agenda prioritizes innovation as a means to achieve further growth and employment, recognizing the potential for innovation to drive economic development and job creation.
220
What is the role of Colombia's FITI initiative?
Colombia's FITI initiative aims to support the formation of over 59,000 new IT professionals through forgivable loans and scholarships awarded by higher education systems and private enterprises, contributing to the growth of the IT sector and fostering innovation in Colombia.
221
How does Mexico's National Digital Strategy aim to position the country in the region?
Mexico's National Digital Strategy aims to position Mexico as the leading country in digitization within Latin America, highlighting the importance of innovation and entrepreneurship in driving digital transformation and economic growth.
222
What are some key software-oriented technologies associated with the evolution of the digital economy?
Some key software-oriented technologies associated with the evolution of the digital economy include blockchain, data analytics, and artificial intelligence (AI).
223
What are examples of user-facing devices in emerging digital technologies?
Examples of user-facing devices in emerging digital technologies include computers and smartphones.
224
What are examples of specialized machine-oriented hardware in emerging digital technologies?
Examples of specialized machine-oriented hardware in emerging digital technologies include the Internet of Things (IoT), robotics, and cloud computing
225
What are blockchain technologies?
Blockchain technologies are distributed technologies that enable secure, trusted transactions without intermediaries, allowing multiple parties to engage directly.
226
Besides cryptocurrencies, what other domains can benefit from blockchain technologies?
Blockchain technologies are relevant in domains such as digital identification, property rights, and aid disbursement, among others.
227
What can be developed on open-source blockchain platforms?
Open-source blockchain platforms enable the development of decentralized applications that can run on the blockchain, allowing programmers to create innovative solutions.
228
In which areas are blockchain applications already being used in developing countries?
Blockchain applications are being used in developing countries in areas such as fintech (financial technology), land management, transport, health, and education, particularly in Africa.
229
Which country filed the most blockchain patent applications in 2017?
China filed the most blockchain patent applications in 2017, accounting for over half of the 406 blockchain-related patent applications, according to data from the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) database collated by Thomson Reuters.
230
What is three-dimensional printing?
Three-dimensional printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a process of creating physical objects by layering materials based on a digital model.
231
How can 3D printing disrupt manufacturing processes?
3D printing can disrupt manufacturing processes by enabling the international trade of designs rather than finished products. This reduces the need for traditional manufacturing and distribution channels.
232
What opportunities does 3D printing offer to developing countries?
3D printing offers developing countries the potential to leapfrog traditional manufacturing processes and build local capacity for producing goods. It can spur innovation, reduce reliance on imports, and promote local entrepreneurship.
233
Are there existing 3D printing ventures in developing countries?
Yes, there are already 3D printing ventures in some developing countries. These ventures are exploring the possibilities of 3D printing technology for various applications, such as healthcare, education, and small-scale manufacturing.
234
What is another term for three-dimensional printing?
Three-dimensional printing is also known as additive manufacturing.
235
What is the Internet of Things (IoT)?
The Internet of Things refers to a network of internet-connected devices that can send and receive data, enabling them to interact with each other and perform various tasks.
236
What are some examples of IoT devices?
Examples of IoT devices include sensors, meters, RFID chips, and wearable devices. These devices are embedded in everyday objects and can collect and transmit data over the internet.
237
What are the applications of IoT?
IoT has wide-ranging applications, including energy meters for monitoring energy consumption, agricultural sensors for monitoring soil and weather conditions, and wearable devices for tracking health and fitness data.
238
What is 5G mobile broadband?
5G mobile broadband refers to the fifth generation of wireless technology that enables faster data transmission, lower latency, and increased capacity compared to previous generations.
239
What is the significance of 5G for the Internet of Things (IoT)?
5G is crucial for IoT as it has the capability to handle massive volumes of data, connect a large number of devices, and provide low latency communications, which are essential for the functioning of IoT applications.
240
How does 5G differ from previous generations of wireless technology?
5G offers much higher data transfer speeds, lower latency, and increased capacity compared to previous generations like 4G. It allows for faster and more reliable wireless connections, making it suitable for advanced applications such as autonomous vehicles, smart cities, and industrial automation.
241
What are the potential benefits of deploying 5G in developing countries?
Deploying 5G in developing countries can unlock the full potential of IoT, enable advanced digital services, improve connectivity in remote areas, drive innovation and economic growth, and enhance the overall digital infrastructure.
242
What are the challenges associated with 5G deployment in developing countries?
One challenge is the significant investment required for 5G infrastructure, which may pose financial constraints for developing countries. Additionally, the deployment of 5G may exacerbate the urban-rural digital divide if adequate infrastructure is not extended to remote or underserved areas.
243
What are the benefits of cloud computing for businesses?
Cloud computing offers several benefits for businesses, including reducing the need for in-house IT expertise, providing flexibility for scaling resources up or down based on demand, and enabling consistent application rollout and maintenance across multiple devices and locations.
244
How has cloud computing been enabled by technological advancements?
Cloud computing has been enabled by higher internet speeds, which reduce latency between users and data centers. Additionally, the decrease in data storage costs has made it more feasible to store and manage large amounts of data in the cloud.
245
What is automation?
Automation refers to the use of technology, such as machines or computer systems, to perform tasks or processes with minimal human intervention. It aims to streamline operations, improve efficiency, and reduce the need for manual labor.
246
What are the potential impacts of automation and robotics on employment?
There are concerns that automation and robotics technology in manufacturing may lead to job displacement, as machines replace human workers in certain tasks. This could impact employment opportunities, particularly in industries that heavily rely on low-skilled labor.
247
How might automation and robotics impact developing countries' industrialization efforts?
There are concerns that automation and robotics technology may constrain the ability of developing countries to adopt export-led manufacturing as a path to industrialization. Developed economies may opt to "reshore" manufacturing jobs by leveraging automation and robotics, potentially limiting opportunities for developing countries in the global manufacturing market.
248
What are some applications of AI?
AI has diverse applications across various industries. Examples include voice recognition systems, virtual assistants, recommendation engines, autonomous vehicles, fraud detection systems, and medical diagnostics.
249
How is machine learning related to AI?
Machine learning is a subset of AI that focuses on the development of algorithms and models that enable computers to learn from data and make predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed. It involves training algorithms on large datasets to identify patterns and make accurate predictions or classifications.
250
Which countries are expected to reap the largest economic gains from AI?
China and the United States are projected to experience significant economic gains from AI due to their investments in research and development, technological advancements, and the presence of large tech companies. However, the benefits of AI may be less pronounced in regions such as Africa and Latin America.
251
Who is credited with popularizing the term "digital economy"?
Don Tapscott is often credited with popularizing the term "digital economy" through his book "The Digital Economy: Promise and Peril in the Age of Networked Intelligence" published in 1996.
252
How does the European Parliament define the digital economy?
The European Parliament describes the digital economy as a "complex structure" without providing a specific definition.
253
How do some sources view the digital economy as a concept?
Some sources view the digital economy less as a specific concept and more as a way of doing things.
254
How does the European Commission define the digital economy?
According to the European Commission, the digital economy is defined as an economy based on digital technologies.
255
What is the general understanding of the digital economy based on recent definitions?
Recent definitions of the digital economy often describe it as an economy that relies on digital technologies.
256
According to Don Tapscott, what is the essence of the digital economy?
Don Tapscott described the digital economy as the "Age of Networked Intelligence," emphasizing the networking of humans through technology and the combination of intelligence, knowledge, and creativity for wealth creation and social development.
257
What were the four drivers of the emerging digital economy identified by Margherio et al. in 1999?
The four drivers identified by Margherio et al. in 1999 were: building out the Internet, electronic commerce among businesses, digital delivery of goods and services, and the retail sale of tangible goods.
258
According to Kling & Lamb (2000), what is the key characteristic of goods or services in the digital economy?
Goods or services in the digital economy, as described by Kling & Lamb, are those whose development, production, sale, or provision is critically dependent upon digital technologies.
259
According to Mesenbourg (2001), what are the three primary components of the digital economy?
According to Mesenbourg, the three primary components of the digital economy are: e-business infrastructure, electronic business (e-business), and electronic commerce (e-commerce).
260
Define e-business according to Mesenbourg (2001).
According to Mesenbourg, e-business refers to any process that a business organization conducts over computer-mediated networks.
261
Define e-commerce according to Mesenbourg (2001).
According to Mesenbourg, e-commerce refers to the value of goods and services sold over computer-mediated networks.
262
According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (2010), how is the ranking of a country's digital economy determined?
The ranking of a country's digital economy, as per the Economist Intelligence Unit, is based on the quality of its ICT infrastructure and the ability of its consumers, businesses, and governments to utilize ICT to their benefit.
263
According to the OECD (2013), what does the digital economy enable?
According to the OECD, the digital economy enables and executes the trade of goods and services through electronic commerce on the Internet.
264
How does the Department of Broadband Communications and the Digital Economy (DBCDE) in Australia (2013) define the digital economy?
The DBCDE defines the digital economy as the global network of economic and social activities that are enabled by digital technology, such as the internet and mobile networks.
265
How does the European Commission (2013) define the digital economy?
According to the European Commission, the digital economy is defined as an economy based on digital technologies, which is sometimes referred to as the internet economy.
266
How does the European Parliament (2015) describe the structure of the digital economy?
The European Parliament describes the digital economy as a complex structure with multiple levels and layers connected by numerous nodes. It emphasizes that platforms are stacked on top of each other, allowing for multiple routes to reach end-users and making it challenging to exclude certain players or competitors.
267
According to Elmasry et al. (2016), how is the digital economy described?
Elmasry et al. view the digital economy less as a concept and more as a way of doing things. It is associated with creating value at new frontiers, optimizing processes for customer experiences, and building foundational capabilities.
268
In Bahl's (2016) perspective, what is the differentiation made in the digital economy?
Bahl differentiates between "doing" and "being" digital, but does not provide an explicit definition of the digital economy.
269
How does Rouse (2016) define the digital economy?
Rouse defines the digital economy as the worldwide network of economic activities enabled by information and communication technologies (ICT). It can also be defined as an economy based on digital technologies.
270
According to the Department of Broadband Communications and the Digital Economy (DBCDE) in Australia, how is the digital economy described?
The DBCDE defines the digital economy as the global network of economic and social activities that are enabled by digital technology, such as the internet and mobile networks.
271
According to Dahlman et al. (2016), how is the digital economy described?
Dahlman et al. describe the digital economy as the amalgamation of general purpose technologies (GPTs) and the range of economic and social activities carried out by people over the Internet and related technologies. It encompasses the physical infrastructure, devices, applications, and functionality provided by digital technologies.
272
How does Oxford University Press (2017) define the digital economy?
Oxford University Press defines the digital economy as an economy that primarily functions through digital technology, especially electronic transactions made using the Internet.
273
According to Deloitte, how do they define the digital economy?
Deloitte defines the digital economy as the economic activity that arises from the vast number of online connections among people, businesses, devices, data, and processes. It is enabled by hyperconnectivity, which refers to the growing interconnectedness of people, organizations, and machines through the Internet, mobile technology, and the Internet of Things (IoT).
274
How does SAP define the digital economy?
According to SAP, the digital economy is the economic activity that emerges from the vast number of online connections among people, businesses, data, and devices.
275
What are the three levels or foundations that define the digital economy from an application perspective?
The three levels or foundations that define the digital economy from an application perspective are foundations, core, and new frontiers.
276
What are the foundations of the digital economy from an application perspective?
The foundations of the digital economy from an application perspective include network and connectivity, computing and storage, and underlying technologies and capabilities affecting corporations, government, and personal life.
277
What are the components of the core in the digital economy's application perspective?
The core of the digital economy's application perspective consists of digitization of back-end processes and digital B2B and B2C interaction in front-end processes.
278
What is the purpose of new approaches, practices, and systems in the digital economy's application perspective?
New approaches, practices, and systems in the digital economy's application perspective aim to combine several foundations to improve the performance of a company's core processes.
279
How does improving the company's core in the digital economy enable the expansion of frontiers?
Improving the company's core in the digital economy allows for the development of new products, services, and business models, as well as the improvement of existing ones, by leveraging the capabilities in the foundations and core levels
280
What is the core of the digital economy often referred to as, encompassing the manufacturing and services industries that capture, transmit, and display data and information electronically?
The core of the digital economy is often referred to as the "IT sector" or the "ICT sector," which includes a combination of manufacturing and services industries involved in capturing, transmitting, and displaying data and information electronically.
281
What are the sub-sectors within the ICT sector?
Content
Services
Retail
Goods
Software
Infrastructure
282
Is the digital economy solely limited to the digital sector?
No, the digital economy is broader than just the digital sector.
283
What is the problem associated with defining the digital economy?
The digital economy is becoming increasingly intertwined with the traditional or offline economy, making it difficult to clearly differentiate between them.
284
What are the key digital technologies associated with the Industry 4.0 framework?
Location Detection
Internet Of Things
Smart Sensor
Cloud Computing
Advanced Robotics
Augmented Reality
Big Data Analytics
3D Printing
285
What is the core of the digital economy that includes software, IT consulting, hardware manufacturing, and telecommunications?
The digital sector
286
What term refers to all economic activities that have been transformed by digital technologies and platforms?
The digitalized economy
287
What are some examples of economic activities within the digitalized economy?
E-business, E-commerce, Industry 4.0, Precision agriculture, Algorithmic economy
288
What does the narrow scope of the digital economy refer to?
The subset of the digitalized economy that is directly related to the digital sector
289
What are some examples of economic activities within the narrow scope of the digital economy?
Digital services, platform economy, sharing economy, gig economy
290
Why are new policies needed at national and international levels for building an inclusive digital economy?
To create both opportunities and address challenges
291
What is required at the international level to navigate the global nature of the digital economy?
Consensus-building and dialogue
292
Who should be involved in policy-making for the digital economy?
Governments, academia, private sector, civil society, and the tech community
293
What is the role of governments and other stakeholders in shaping the digital economy?
Defining the rules of the game and addressing widening inequalities and power imbalances
294
What are some policy areas that need attention in the digital economy?
Digital entrepreneurship and innovation policies, leveraging niche areas, strengthening readiness for e-commerce, data policies, competition, digitalization of MSMEs, taxation of digital platforms, intellectual property, labor market and skills, social protection, and development cooperation.
295
Why is it important to strengthen the readiness of developing countries for e-commerce and the digital economy?
To enable them to engage in and benefit from digital opportunities, including for women.
296
What do data policies aim to capture in the digital economy?
Value generated from data.
297
Why is competition an important policy area in the digital economy?
To ensure fair and competitive practices in the digital marketplace.
298
Why is there a need for new policies and regulations in the digital economy?
To tailor them to national objectives and address digital divides, differences in readiness, market power concentration, and create a fairer distribution of gains.
299
What is the importance of international support in implementing new policies and regulations in the digital economy?
It provides backing and collaboration in achieving national objectives and addressing global challenges.
300
What is the significance of policy space for experimentation in the digital economy?
It allows for assessing the benefits and disadvantages of different options and adapting policies accordingly.
301
How can inclusive digital transformation be achieved in developing countries?
Through national efforts supported by international cooperation and assistance.
302
Why is it important for governments and stakeholders in developing countries to understand the dynamics of the digital economy?
To formulate and implement relevant policies that can help them benefit from the digital economy.
303
What can governments and stakeholders in developing countries benefit from in terms of policy-making in the digital economy?
Access to empirical evidence of their own performance in policy areas relevant to their participation in the digital economy.
304
What approach should countries adopt in formulating and implementing policies for digitalization?
A coordinated response that considers the cross-sectoral nature of digitalization.
305
Why is digital transformation considered complex and rapidly evolving?
Because digital technologies and developments are constantly evolving, requiring policy decisions to be made under uncertainty about future changes.
306
What is the current state of progress in addressing policy challenges in the digital economy?
Some progress has been made in answering pressing questions faced by governments, but more work is needed to understand complex issues and design resilient policy frameworks.
307
What event took place in March 2019 that focused on policy-making in the digital economy?
The "Going Digital Summit" took place in March 2019, bringing together stakeholders to discuss and address policy challenges in the digital economy.
308
Why is it important to raise awareness and understanding of key issues in countries with lower levels of digital readiness?
Raising awareness and understanding helps countries recognize the significance of digital issues and enables them to develop appropriate policies and strategies.
309
Is there a one-size-fits-all approach to policy-making in the digital economy? Why or why not?
No, there is no one-size-fits-all approach because policy priorities vary among countries based on their levels of development and specific circumstances.
310
What are some good practices in policy-making for the digital economy?
Good practices include having high-level advocates in a lead ministry, forming cross-ministerial teams, establishing national task forces or committees on e-commerce, and assigning clear responsibilities to relevant agencies.
311
How does the introduction of new technologies and their applications create opportunities for individuals?
It provides individuals with access to information, resources, new job opportunities, and the ability to offer their skills and services in global markets.
312
How can firms in the digital sector benefit from enhanced use of ICTs and digital applications?
They can experience increased demand for both ICT goods and services, reach new clients through e-commerce and digital platforms, improve productivity, and develop new business models.
313
What are some economy-wide impacts of successful leveraging of the digital economy?
It can generate economic growth, employment opportunities, and taxable revenues.
314
Are the potential benefits of the digital economy automatic?
No, there are major challenges, costs, and risks involved.
315
Why is it necessary for countries to build the capacities needed to engage in the digital economy?
Countries are at different stages of preparedness, and building capacities can help more people and businesses in developing countries become developers, producers, and exporters in the digital economy.
316
What are some policy areas that need to be revisited to affect the creation and distribution of wealth in the digital economy?
Data policies, competition policies, taxation policies, labor market policies, intellectual property (IP) policies, trade policies, and development cooperation policies.
317
What is one complication faced by governments in the digital economy?
The rapid evolution of the digital economy, which makes it challenging to determine which policies may or may not work effectively.
318
Why is there a lack of reliable evidence in dealing with digital disruption?
The digital economy is constantly evolving, and governments may not have enough data and evidence to assess the effectiveness of policies in specific contexts.
319
How have even advanced economies approached dealing with digital disruption?
Even advanced economies are still in the process of assessing and determining the best approaches to deal with digital disruption.
320
What type of policies are required to build the digital economy?
Policies are required at both national and international levels to build the digital economy.
321
What is the importance of government dialogue with stakeholders in the digital economy?
Government dialogue with stakeholders is crucial for effective policy-making and implementation in the digital economy.
322
Name one policy area that needs particular attention in the digital economy related to readiness.
Readiness of countries to engage in and benefit from the digital economy is an important policy area.
323
Which policy area in the digital economy focuses on labor-related issues?
The labor market, skills, and social protection policies are areas that need attention in the digital economy.
324
What policy area in the digital economy is related to promoting digital entrepreneurship?
Digital entrepreneurship and innovation policies are important for fostering entrepreneurial activities in the digital economy.
325
Why there is a need for New polcies and regulations?
To deal with digital divide, Readiness and High concentration of Market power
326
What are some challenges faced by developing countries in benefiting from the digital economy?
Developing countries often face constraints and barriers that limit their ability to fully participate and benefit from the digital economy.
327
Why is it important for governments and stakeholders to have a basic understanding of the dynamics of the digital economy?
A basic understanding of the digital economy is crucial for formulating and implementing relevant policies that can effectively support and leverage digital transformation.
328
How can governments and stakeholders benefit from empirical evidence in policymaking for the digital economy?
Access to empirical evidence helps governments and stakeholders assess their performance in policy areas related to the digital economy, enabling them to make informed decisions and take appropriate actions.
329
Why is digital transformation considered complex?
Digital transformation involves various technological advancements and their impact on society, economy, and governance. It is a complex process that requires understanding and navigating through rapid changes and uncertainties.
330
Why do policy decisions related to digital transformation require addressing uncertainty?
The rapid pace of digital developments and their potential future impacts create uncertainties that policymakers need to consider. Policy decisions must be made with an understanding that future digital and other developments can significantly influence outcomes.
331
What is the importance of designing resilient policy frameworks in response to digital transformation?
Digital transformation brings both opportunities and challenges. Resilient policy frameworks are needed to adapt to evolving circumstances, mitigate risks, and maximize the benefits of digital transformation for society, economy, and governance.
332
Why is it important to raise awareness and understanding of key issues at stake for countries at lower levels of digital readiness?
Raising awareness and understanding helps countries recognize the importance of digital transformation and its potential benefits. It enables them to identify the specific challenges they face and develop strategies to overcome them.
333
Why is there no one-size-fits-all approach in digital policy-making?
The digital landscape varies across countries due to factors such as technological infrastructure, socio-economic conditions, and cultural contexts. Therefore, policy approaches need to be tailored to the specific needs and circumstances of each country
334
Why is it important for policy-making to be holistic and multidisciplinary?
Digital transformation is a complex and multifaceted process that affects various aspects of society, economy, and governance. Holistic and multidisciplinary approaches ensure that policy decisions consider all relevant dimensions and stakeholders, leading to comprehensive and effective strategies.
335
What is the role of high-level advocates in policy-making for the digital economy?
High-level advocates play a crucial role in championing digital policies and creating a dedicated team to develop coherent responses. Their leadership and support help mobilize resources, coordinate efforts, and drive the implementation of effective policy measures.
336
What opportunities are created for individuals by the introduction of new technologies and their applications?
New technologies and their applications create opportunities for individuals to find information, resources, new jobs, and to offer their skills and services in global markets.
337
How can firms in the digital sector benefit from enhanced use of ICTs and digital applications?
Firms in the digital sector can benefit from enhanced use of ICTs and digital applications by reaching new clients, improving productivity, and developing new business models.
338
What are the potential economy-wide impacts of successfully leveraging the digital economy?
Successfully leveraging the digital economy can generate more economic growth, employment opportunities, and taxable revenues at an economy-wide level.
339
Why is it important to build capacities in developing countries to benefit from the digital economy?
It is important to build capacities in developing countries to help more people and businesses benefit from the digital economy and seize opportunities from digitalization and platformization.
340
What is the significance of revisiting national and international policies in relation to the digital economy?
Revisiting national and international policies is important to ensure that policies are in place to affect the creation and distribution of wealth in the digital economy and to address any challenges or gaps that may exist.
341
What is a major complication faced by governments in the digital economy?
The rapid evolution of the digital economy is a major complication, as governments struggle to keep up with the pace of change and lack reliable evidence on which policies will be effective in different settings.
342
What is the challenge related to the assessment of policies in the digital economy?
Governments face the challenge of not having reliable evidence on which policies may or may not work in the digital economy, leading to uncertainty in decision-making and policy implementation.
343
When did the first digitalization plan set by the Brazilian federal government begin?
The first digitalization plan began in February 2017.
344
What is the name of the development plan established in 2018 in Brazil?
The development plan established in 2018 is called The Brazilian Digital Transformation Strategy or E-Digital.
345
What are the two blocks of thematic axes in the Brazilian Digital Transformation Strategy?
The two blocks of thematic axes are the digital transformation axis and the enablers of the digital transformation axis.
346
Name two components of the digital transformation axis in the Brazilian Digital Transformation Strategy.
The components of the digital transformation axis are: i) data-driven economy and ii) connected devices.
347
Name two components of the enablers axis in the Brazilian Digital Transformation Strategy.
The components of the enablers axis are: i) network infrastructure and access, and ii) research and development and innovation.
348
What is one of the main challenges Brazil faces in the digital transformation process?
Infrastructure expansion.
349
Why is infrastructure expansion a challenge in Brazil?
It is a challenge due to Brazil's huge territorial area and large population, making the expansion of fixed and mobile broadband and terrestrial transport networks difficult.
350
What percentage of households in Brazil currently have fixed broadband access?
Only 40% of households have fixed broadband access.
351
What are some factors contributing to the challenge of digital inclusion in Brazil?
Factors include internet inaccessibility in remote areas, the high cost of internet service, and digital illiteracy among adults and the elderly.
352
What are some issues related to the regulatory and institutional framework in Brazil's digital transformation?
The absence of regulatory obligations for service providers to cover rural or distant areas, lack of cybersecurity regulations, and bureaucratic obstacles that hinder competitiveness.
353
What is the aim of the E-digital plan in Brazil?
The aim is to address challenges and work on more than 100 strategic actions for digital transformation coordination among different governmental initiatives.
354
How has the digital economy impacted Brazil's GDP?
In 2016, the digital economy accounted for 22% of the GDP, and it is estimated to grow by 25.1% in 2021. The potential growth of the digital economy is projected to lead to about a 5.7% increase in GDP.
355
What is the role of the EU-Brazil strategic partnership in Brazil's digital transformation?
The partnership aims to bilaterally cooperate in developing the ICT sector and digital transformation, providing a potential boost to Brazil's digital transformation efforts
356
How has Brazil performed in the production of telecom services and ICT development?
Brazil ranked among the top ten countries in the largest producers of telecom services and fourth in the ICT development index among Latin American countries.
357
What is Brazil's goal in becoming a digital hub in its region?
Brazil aims to overcome its challenges and become a sophisticated digital economy, paving the way to become a digital hub in the region.
358
What is the name of Russia's long-term program that aims to transform the country into an information-driven society?
The program is called "Information society 2011-2020".
359
When was the Digital Economy of the Russian Federation program developed, and what is its timeframe?
The Digital Economy of the Russian Federation program was developed in 2017, and its timeframe is 2017-2025.
360
What is the annual budget allocated for the Digital Economy of the Russian Federation program?
The annual budget for the program is $1.8 billion.
361
Besides the long-term strategies, what other areas does Russia focus on in its digital transformation efforts?
Russia focuses on improving the regulatory and legal framework, R&D, and digital skills and education.
362
What are the challenges related to R&D and the business environment in Russia's digital transformation?
The challenges include low levels of R&D spending, limited cooperation between enterprises and universities, low availability of venture capital for startups, high taxation levels, low intellectual property rights, and corruption.
363
What is the challenge associated with digital inclusiveness in Russia?
The inconsistency in digital adoption among regional areas, disparities in economic development, and lack of coordination among federal, regional, and municipal levels hinder the process of digital transformation.
364
What are the challenges related to digital skills and cultural barriers in Russia's digital transformation?
The challenges include an outdated educational system that lacks necessary digital skills, lack of advanced technologies in educational institutions, and a centralized governance approach that contrasts with the more flexible and decentralized nature of digitalization
365
What challenges does Russia face in data governance and management?
Challenges include the duplication of databases at different levels of government, the absence of a legal framework for data release, and delays in digitizing civil registries.
366
What challenges does Russia face in data governance and management?
Challenges include the duplication of databases at different levels of government, the absence of a legal framework for data release, and delays in digitizing civil registries.
367
What challenges does Russia face in data governance and management?
Challenges include the duplication of databases at different levels of government, the absence of a legal framework for data release, and delays in digitizing civil registries.
368
What is the estimated share of digital economy in Russia's GDP in 2021?
The estimated share is 5.6% (World Bank, 2018a, p. 12).
369
In which areas does Russia demonstrate high potentials in terms of digital transformation?
Russia shows high potentials in e-government, cyber-security, financial technology, and the agriculture sector.
370
How does Russia rank in terms of cyber-security?
Russia ranks 10th in the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Global Cybersecurity Index.
371
What is the penetration rate of financial technology in Russian cities with over 1 million inhabitants?
The penetration rate is 42% in Russia, compared to 32% in the USA.
372
How has the inclusion of digital technologies impacted the agriculture sector in Russia?
The use of digital technologies in agriculture has led to a significant increase in agriculture exports and improved farm management through satellite monitoring, soil monitors, water management, and mobile applications.
373
What are the challenges related to digital skills in South Africa?
The traditional educational system, lack of digital technologies in schools, and absence of minimum digital skills for teachers hinder digitalization and contribute to the inequality gap.
374
What is the level of internet penetration in South Africa?
The internet penetration rate in South Africa was 28% in 2017 (TechSalon, 2018, p. 2).
375
What is the state of digital infrastructure in South Africa?
South Africa faces challenges with inadequate digital infrastructure, including low levels of internet coverage and limited fixed broadband availability
376
What is one challenge related to the policy and regulatory framework in South Africa?
There is a lack of coordination and monitoring in the policy and regulatory framework, leading to limited implementation and a lack of specialized departments.
377
What are some additional challenges faced by South Africa in digital transformation?
These challenges include gaps in cyber security and data privacy policies, a narrow digital customer base, modest R&D spending, high unemployment rates, inadequate electricity supply, and weak business confidence.
378
How much GDP uplift can digital technologies generate in South Africa?
Digital technologies have the potential to generate $12 billion and uplift GDP by nearly 3% in South Africa.
379
What initiatives has the South African government launched to support digitally-enabled startups?
The South African government has launched initiatives such as R&D tax incentives, the SA SME fund, and providing Wi-Fi hotspots and free Wi-Fi to address the high cost of internet services
380
What is the purpose of the Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Act in South Africa?
The IPR Act aims to provide protection to investors and companies, and boost R&D involvement and protection in South Africa.
381
What is one hindrance to the digitalization process in South Africa?
The weak regulatory and monitoring framework, along with unclear policies and ineffective implementation, hinder the digital adoption and growth in South Africa.
382
The weak regulatory and monitoring framework, along with unclear policies and ineffective implementation, hinder the digital adoption and growth in South Africa.
The evolving entrepreneurship mentality in South Africa, along with strong startup communities, fosters innovation and economic growth, supported by government initiatives and programs.
383
What is the sharing economy?
An economy in which goods and services are shared between individuals for free or for a fee.
384
What is the main purpose of the sharing economy?
To monetize underutilized resources.
385
Can you provide examples of companies in the sharing economy?
Airbnb, Akalni, and Uber.
386
What is the gig economy?
It is a free market system in which organizations hire independent workers for short-term contracts without requiring a systematic schedule.
387
Can you give examples of professions in the gig economy?
Graphic designers and freelancers.
388
What does the "Beginning Digital" stage involve?
Construction of digital storefronts and websites to provide information and basic services with little real change to services or government operations
389
What is the focus of the "Doing Digital" stage?
Deploying digital technologies to improve customer experience and enhance services while still maintaining limited changes to government operations.
390
What does the "Becoming Digital" stage entail?
Employing advanced digital strategies to fully digitize some services, although most services remain a hybrid of physical and digital.
391
What is the goal of the "Being Digital" stage?
Elevating the human experience through human-centered design and advanced technologies like AI, cyber, and cloud.
392
What does digitization involve?
Converting data or documents into a digital format, without optimizing the process or data.
393
Can you provide an example of digitization?
Scanning a photograph or paper and saving it as a PDF file.
394
How does digitalization differ from digitization?
Digitalization goes beyond digitization by transforming business processes using digital technologies, leading to efficiencies and increased revenue.
395
Can you give an example of digitalization?
Analyzing data collected by Internet-connected devices to discover new revenue streams.
396
Can you give an example of digitalization?
Analyzing data collected by Internet-connected devices to discover new revenue streams.
397
What is the concept of digital transformation?
It involves using encoded data to enable or improve processes, aiming to create new business models and opportunities.
398
Can you provide an example of digital transformation?
Shifting from local control of physical processes to monitoring and controlling those processes digitally.
399
How is an inclusive digital economy defined?
An inclusive digital economy ensures that digital tools are used to connect more people to support, services, and opportunities, with policy and regulation playing a crucial role.
400
What is the goal of an inclusive digital economy?
To universally adopt and make digital technologies available to all.
401
What is the digital economy?
It refers to the use of information technology to create, market, or consume goods and services, encompassing various digital tools and activities.
402
How does the internet economy differ from the digital economy?
The internet economy is based on internet connectivity, while the digital economy encompasses a broader range of digital tools and technologies.
403
What is the digital economy?
It is the network of economic activities and transactions conducted or facilitated through digital technologies.
404
How is digital trade defined?
It refers to cross-border transactions that are digitally ordered, facilitated, or delivered, including e-commerce and other digitally-enabled trade activities.
405
Can you provide an example of digital trade?
The purchase and digital delivery of an e-book through an online marketplace.
406
