ALL the syllabus

Question 1

What are some economic opportunities created by the expansion of the digital economy?

Answer 1

The expansion of the digital economy creates many new economic opportunities.

Question 2

How can digital data be used in the context of the digital economy?

Answer 2

Digital data can be used for development purposes and for solving societal problems, including those related to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Question 3

What are some benefits of the digital economy in terms of economic and social outcomes?

Answer 3

The digital economy can help improve economic and social outcomes and be a force for innovation and productivity growth.

Question 4

How do platforms contribute to the digital economy?

Answer 4

Platforms facilitate transactions, networking, and information exchange in the digital economy.

Question 5

How does digitalization impact the production of goods and services?

Answer 5

Digitalization can foster the production of higher quality goods and services at reduced costs in all sectors and markets.

Question 6

How does digitalization transform value chains?

Answer 6

Digitalization transforms value chains by opening up new channels for value addition and bringing about broader structural changes.

Question 7

What happened to the growth of global value chains after the global financial crisis?

Answer 7

The growth of global value chains has slowed since the global financial crisis.

Question 8

How can a country’s GDP (value added) be decomposed in terms of trade?

Answer 8

A country’s GDP (value added) can be decomposed into purely domestic, traditional trade, simple value chain trade, and complex value chain trade.

Question 9

How did global value chains, especially complex ones, perform compared to other components of GDP between 2000 and 2007?

Answer 9

From 2000 to 2007, global value chains (especially complex ones) were expanding at a faster rate than other components of GDP.

Question 10

What is the definition of Pure Domestic in terms of production of value-added or final products?

Answer 10

Pure Domestic refers to production that does not involve any border crossing. An example of Pure Domestic production is getting a haircut.

Question 11

How would you define Traditional Trade in the context of production of value-added or final products?

Answer 11

Traditional Trade involves cross-border transactions for consumption purposes. An example of Traditional Trade is when Portugal exports wine to England in exchange for cloth.

Question 12

What does GVCS stand for, and what does it entail?

Answer 12

GVCS stands for Global Value Chains. It represents the production sharing between two or more countries, involving cross-border movements for production purposes.

Question 13

What is the difference between Simple GVCS and Complex GVCS?

Answer 13

Simple GVCS involves cross-border movements once for production. An example would be Chinese steel being used in building construction in the United States. On the other hand, Complex GVCS requires multiple cross-border movements. Products like iPhones or automobiles are examples of Complex GVCS.

Question 14

Is the distribution of value in the digital economy automatic and equitable? Why or why not?

Answer 14

No, the distribution of value in the digital economy is not automatic and equitable. Just because digitalization has the potential to support development, any value realized is unlikely to be equitably distributed.

Question 15

Can individuals, firms, and countries be indirectly affected by the digital economy even if they do not fully participate in it?

Answer 15

Yes, individuals, firms, and countries can still be adversely affected indirectly by the digital economy, even if they do not fully participate in it.

Question 16

What are some challenges faced by workers with limited digital skills in the digital economy?

Answer 16

Workers with limited digital skills will find themselves at a disadvantage compared to those who are better equipped for the digital economy. They may face difficulties in securing employment or opportunities for growth.

Question 17

How does digitalization impact local firms in terms of competition?

Answer 17

Local firms that have not embraced digitalization may face stiff competition from both domestic and foreign digitalized firms.

Question 18

What is one potential consequence of the digital economy in terms of jobs?

Answer 18

Automation in the digital economy may lead to the loss of various jobs.

Question 19

What factors influence the net impact of the digital economy on development and stakeholders?

Answer 19

The net impact of the digital economy depends on the level of development and digital readiness of countries and their stakeholders. It also depends on the policies adopted and implemented at national, regional, and international levels.

Question 20

How does the generation, processing, and distribution of knowledge and information impact productivity in the digital economy?

Answer 20

The generation, processing, and distribution of knowledge and information drive productivity in the digital economy.

Question 21

Why is it important for all firms to have ICT (Information and Communication Technology) in the digital economy?

Answer 21

In the digital economy, all firms need ICT to stay competitive and be at the forefront of technology.

Question 22

What is the characteristic of knowledge in the digital economy due to the internet?

Answer 22

Due to the internet, knowledge in the digital economy is almost non-rival and non-excludable.

Question 23

Why can knowledge not be kept secret for a long period in the new economy?

Answer 23

In the new economy, knowledge cannot be kept secret for a long period. It is subject to rapid dissemination and sharing.

Question 24

What are some characteristics of the new economy in terms of spillovers and externalities?

Answer 24

The new economy is characterized by uncontrollable spillovers and externalities, meaning that knowledge and information have widespread effects beyond individual firms or entities.

Question 25

What is the importance of experts conceptualizing how knowledge and information can be best modeled in the digital economy?

Answer 25

It is important for experts to conceptualize how knowledge and information can be best modeled in the digital economy to optimize their utilization and impact.

Question 26

Why is measuring value in the digital economy challenging?

Answer 26

Measuring value in the digital economy is difficult due to various reasons.

Question 27

What is one reason for the difficulty in measuring value in the digital economy?

Answer 27

One reason is the lack of a widely accepted definition of the digital economy, making it challenging to establish clear parameters for measurement

Question 28

What is another challenge in measuring the digital economy, particularly in developing countries?

Answer 28

Reliable statistics on the key components and dimensions of the digital economy, especially in developing countries, are lacking.

Question 29

Are there any ongoing initiatives to address the measurement challenges in the digital economy?

Answer 29

Yes, there are several initiatives underway to improve the measurement of the digital economy.

Question 30

What is the current status of these initiatives in coping with the rapid pace of evolution in the digital economy?

Answer 30

Despite these initiatives, they still remain insufficient and are struggling to keep up with the rapid pace of evolution in the digital economy.

Question 31

What is the estimated range of the size of the digital economy in relation to world GDP?

Answer 31

Depending on the definition, estimates of the size of the digital economy range from 4.5 to 15.5 percent of world GDP.

Question 32

Which countries contribute significantly to the value added in the information and communications technology (ICT) sector?

Answer 32

The United States and China together account for almost 40 percent of the world’s total value added in the ICT sector.

Question 33

How has global employment in the ICT sector changed between 2010 and 2015?

Answer 33

Global employment in the ICT sector increased from 34 million in 2010 to 39 million in 2015.

Question 34

Which sub-sector of the ICT sector has the largest share of employment?

Answer 34

Computer services account for the largest share (38 percent) of employment in the ICT sector.

Question 35

How has the share of the ICT sector in total employment changed between 2010 and 2015?

Answer 35

The share of the ICT sector in total employment rose from 1.8 percent to 2 percent over the same period (2010 to 2015).

Question 36

What is the estimated combined value of platform companies with a market capitalization of more than $100 million in 2017?

Answer 36

The estimated combined value of platform companies with a market capitalization of more than $100 million was over $7 trillion in 2017.

Question 37

How much higher was the combined value of platform companies in 2017 compared to 2015?

Answer 37

The combined value of platform companies in 2017 was 67 percent higher than in 2015.

Question 38

What is the market share of Google in the Internet search market?

Answer 38

Google has approximately 90 percent of the market share for Internet searches.

Question 39

What is the market share of Facebook in the global social media market?

Answer 39

Facebook accounts for two thirds of the global social media market.

Question 40

In how many world economies is Facebook the top social media platform?

Answer 40

Facebook is the top social media platform in more than 90 percent of the world’s economies.

Question 41

What is the market share of Amazon in the world’s online retail activity?

Answer 41

Amazon has an almost 40 percent share of the world’s online retail activity.

Question 42

What is the market share of Amazon Web Services in the global cloud infrastructure services market?

Answer 42

Amazon Web Services accounts for a similar share (almost 40 percent) of the global cloud infrastructure services market.

Question 43

What steps have global digital platforms taken to consolidate their competitive positions?

Answer 43

Global digital platforms have taken steps to consolidate their competitive positions by acquiring potential competitors and expanding into complementary products or services.

Question 44

Give an example of a major acquisition by a digital platform company in the professional networking sector.

Answer 44

Microsoft acquired LinkedIn, a major professional networking platform.

Question 45

Which messaging platform was acquired by Facebook?

Answer 45

Facebook acquired WhatsApp, a popular messaging platform.

Question 46

What telecommunications equipment companies did Alphabet (Google) and Microsoft acquire, respectively?

Answer 46

Alphabet (Google) acquired Motorola, and Microsoft acquired Nokia, both in the telecommunications equipment industry.

Question 47

In which industries have major digital platforms made large acquisitions?

Answer 47

Major digital platforms have made large acquisitions in industries such as retail, advertising and marketing, and non-residential real estate.

Question 48

What are the core aspects of the digital economy?

Answer 48

The core aspects of the digital economy include the digital and information technology (IT) sectors and a wider set of digitalizing sectors.

Question 49

What are the fundamental innovations and core technologies in the digital economy?

Answer 49

The fundamental innovations in the digital economy include semiconductors and processors, while core technologies encompass computers and telecommunication devices.

Question 50

What are some enabling infrastructures in the digital economy?

Answer 50

Enabling infrastructures in the digital economy support the functioning of core technologies and include aspects such as networking and connectivity.

Question 51

What are some key products or services that rely on core digital technologies in the digital economy?

Answer 51

Key products or services in the digital economy that rely on core digital technologies include digital platforms, mobile applications, and payment services.

Question 52

Give an example of a sector where digital products and services are increasingly being used in the digital economy.

Answer 52

E-commerce is an example of a sector where digital products and services are being increasingly used.

Question 53

What are digitally enabled sectors in the digital economy?

Answer 53

Digitally enabled sectors in the digital economy refer to sectors where new activities or business models have emerged and are being transformed as a result of digital technologies. Examples include finance, media, tourism, and transportation.

Question 54

What are the components of the ecosystem in the digital economy related to connectivity and infrastructure?

Answer 54

The components related to connectivity and infrastructure in the digital economy include e-Connectivity and e-Infrastructure.

Question 55

What are the components of the ecosystem in the digital economy related to applications and services?

Answer 55

The components related to applications and services in the digital economy include e-Applications and e-Services.

Question 56

What are the components of the ecosystem in the digital economy related to security and privacy?

Answer 56

The components related to security and privacy in the digital economy include e-Security and e-Privacy.

Question 57

What are the components of the ecosystem in the digital economy related to skills and literacy?

Answer 57

The components related to skills and literacy in the digital economy include e-Skills and e-Literacy.

Question 58

What is the role of governments in shaping the digital economy?

Answer 58

Governments, in close dialogue with other stakeholders, have the responsibility to shape the digital economy by defining the rules of the game.

Question 59

What is the challenge policymakers face regarding the digital economy?

Answer 59

Policymakers need to make choices that can help reverse current trends towards widening inequalities and power imbalances caused by the digital economy.

Question 60

What does the adaptation of existing policies, laws, and regulations, or the adoption of new ones entail?

Answer 60

It entails addressing the challenges and opportunities presented by the digital economy and its impact on society.

Question 61

Why are policies and regulations in the digital economy considered uncharted territory for most countries?

Answer 61

For most countries, the digital economy and its long-term repercussions remain uncharted territory, and policies and regulations have not kept up with the rapid digital transformations taking place in economies and societies.

Question 62

What is the state of approaches to digital economy policies in developed countries?

Answer 62

Even in developed countries, few approaches to digital economy policies have been tried and tested, indicating the need for further exploration and experimentation.

Question 63

What does the evolution of the digital economy require in terms of economic thinking and policy analysis?

Answer 63

The evolution of the digital economy calls for unconventional economic thinking and policy analysis.

Question 64

What challenges do policymakers face in enforcing national laws and regulations in the digital economy?

Answer 64

Policymakers face increased difficulties in enforcing national laws and regulations in the digital economy, especially regarding cross-border trade in digital services and products.

Question 65

What should policy responses in the digital economy consider regarding the boundaries between sectors?

Answer 65

Policy responses should take into account the blurring of boundaries between sectors due to servitization, where services become an integral part of traditional product offerings.

Question 66

What should policymakers explore in terms of local value creation and capture?

Answer 66

Policymakers should explore new pathways for local value creation and capture in the digital economy, aiming to ensure broader benefits and opportunities for a larger segment of society.

Question 67

What is the potential impact of digitalization on structural transformation?

Answer 67

Digitalization has the potential to drive further structural transformation, and policymakers should explore how to leverage digital technologies to foster such transformation and its associated benefits.

Question 68

How is the digital economy associated with frontier technologies?

Answer 68

The evolving digital economy is closely associated with several frontier technologies, including blockchain, data analytics, artificial intelligence, 3D printing, Internet of Things, automation & robotics, and cloud computing.

Question 69

What is the significance of data in the digital economy?

Answer 69

Data fuels the digital economy, playing a crucial role in its functioning and growth.

Question 70

What is the growth trend of global Internet Protocol (IP) traffic?

Answer 70

Global Internet Protocol (IP) traffic, a proxy for data flows, has experienced dramatic growth over the years.

Question 71

How much IP traffic was recorded per day in 1992?

Answer 71

In 1992, the global IP traffic was recorded at 100 gigabytes (GB) per day.

Question 72

How much IP traffic is projected to be recorded per second in 2022?

Answer 72

It is projected that in 2022, the global IP traffic will reach 150,700 gigabytes (GB) per second, indicating the exponential growth of data flows in the data-driven economy.

Question 73

What are the estimated ranges for the size of the global digital economy?

Answer 73

The global digital economy is estimated to range from 4.5% to 15.5% of GDP, depending on the definition used.

Question 74

What percentage of the US GDP was accounted for by the digital economy in 2017?

Answer 74

In 2017, the digital economy in the US accounted for approximately 6.9% of GDP based on the narrow definition and 21.6% of GDP based on the broad definition.

Question 75

What percentage of China’s GDP was estimated to be accounted for by the digital economy in 2017?

Answer 75

In 2017, the digital economy in China was estimated to account for around 6% of GDP based on the narrow definition and 30% of GDP based on the broad definition.

Question 76

How has the share of digitally deliverable services exports in global services exports changed from 2005 to 2018?

Answer 76

The share of digitally deliverable services exports in global services exports increased from $1.2 trillion in 2005 to $2.9 trillion in 2018.

Question 77

How has global ICT services exports changed from 2005 to 2018?

Answer 77

Global ICT services exports increased from $175 billion in 2005 to $568 billion in 2018.

Question 78

How has global employment in the ICT sector changed from 2010 to 2015?

Answer 78

Global employment in the ICT sector increased from 34 million in 2010 to 39 million in 2015, indicating growth in job opportunities within the sector.

Question 79

How is electronic commerce (e-commerce) defined?

Answer 79

Electronic commerce or e-commerce refers to the exchange and processing of business transaction information using computers connected through a network.

Question 80

What are some advantages of e-commerce for businesses?

Answer 80

E-commerce offers unique advantages for businesses, including the ability to operate 24/7, eliminating time zone limitations. It also enables a seamless transition from advertising and information to the point of sale on a website, without the need for other mediums.

Question 81

How has e-commerce reinvented the way businesses operate?

Answer 81

E-commerce has revolutionized business operations by providing new ways to reach customers, conduct transactions, and streamline processes, transforming the traditional business landscape.

Question 82

What are some examples of new types of businesses that have emerged due to e-commerce?

Answer 82

E-commerce has given rise to new types of businesses, such as online shopping and Internet banking, which were not possible in traditional commerce.

Question 83

What are some benefits and advantages of e-commerce in commerce processes?

Answer 83

E-commerce provides numerous benefits and advantages, including reduced costs and prices, increased efficiency in conducting business, and improved productivity. It achieves this through lower production costs, reduced inventory holding costs, and overall lower input costs for businesses.

Question 84

How does e-commerce impact business interactions with other businesses?

Answer 84

The savings and efficiencies brought by e-commerce extend throughout the entire value chain, positively impacting business interactions with other businesses. It fosters cost reductions, streamlined processes, and improved collaboration, leading to more efficient and effective business relationships

Question 85

What does the term “Digital Divide” refer to?

Answer 85

The term “Digital Divide” signifies the unequal access to computer technologies and the Internet, leading to a gap between those who have access and those who do not.

Question 86

How has the Internet and information and communication technologies (ICTs) impacted society, work, business, and government?

Answer 86

The Internet, ICTs, and the growth of e-commerce have had a profound influence on services, market structure, competition, and the restructuring of industries and markets. These changes are transforming various aspects of society, work, business, and government.

Question 87

What is the impact of e-commerce on socio-economic divisions and the digital divide?

Answer 87

The use of ICTs for e-commerce has deepened and intensified the socio-economic divisions among individuals, businesses, and nations. While e-commerce has created new opportunities for economic growth, it has also given rise to the social problem of the digital divide, exacerbating inequalities in access to technology and its benefits.

Question 88

What is the digital economy?

Answer 88

The digital economy refers to economic activities that are conducted or facilitated through digital technologies.

Question 89

How is digital trade defined?

Answer 89

Digital trade encompasses digitally-enabled transactions of trade in goods and services that can be delivered digitally or physically. It involves consumers, firms, and governments.

Question 90

What is the relationship between digital trade and e-commerce?

Answer 90

‘Digital trade’ and ‘e-commerce’ are often used interchangeably. They both refer to economic activities enabled by digital technologies, regardless of whether the delivery is digital or physical.

Question 91

Why do we need an agreement in the digital area?

Answer 91

An agreement in the digital area is needed because digital trade is growing exponentially and provides opportunities for countries, especially small and medium-sized businesses. It helps businesses overcome challenges of scale and distance, accelerates their growth, and benefits consumers with convenience, lower prices, more choice, and better information. Additionally, digital technologies can support increased participation in trade by women and rural communities. However, barriers to digital trade are emerging in the changing nature of trade in the digital era.

Question 92

What are examples of profit-oriented digital platforms?

Answer 92

Examples of profit-oriented digital platforms include:

• Electronic payment platforms
• Crowdfunding platforms
• Social media
• E-commerce platforms

Question 93

Name some types of profit-oriented digital platforms.

Answer 93

Types of profit-oriented digital platforms include electronic payment platforms, crowdfunding platforms, social media, and e-commerce platforms.

Question 94

What are examples of non-profit-oriented digital platforms?

Answer 94

Examples of non-profit-oriented digital platforms include:
* Exchange platforms
* Donation platforms
* Free service platforms
* Other “true” sharing economy platforms

Question 95

Give examples of non-profit-oriented digital platforms.

Answer 95

Non-profit-oriented digital platforms include exchange platforms, donation platforms, free service platforms, and other “true” sharing economy platforms.

Question 96

What are the different types of e-commerce platforms?

Answer 96

The different types of e-commerce platforms are:
* Incumbent companies
* Third-party platforms

Question 97

Describe the two categories of e-commerce platforms.

Answer 97

E-commerce platforms can be categorized into incumbent companies and third-party platforms.

Question 98

What are some examples of non-profit-oriented digital platforms in the sharing economy?

Answer 98

Non-profit-oriented digital platforms in the sharing economy may include exchange platforms, donation platforms, free service platforms, and other platforms that promote sharing and collaboration.

Question 99

Why do we need negotiations in the e-commerce domain?

Answer 99

The volume of international trade in e-commerce is growing exponentially, and negotiations are needed to establish common rules, promote inclusivity and development, address regulatory challenges, ensure a level playing field, and enhance trust and security.

Question 100

How much did the cross-border data flows (used as a proxy for digital trade) grow between 2004 and 2014 and how much it has generated in global economic revenue?

Answer 100

Cross-border data flows (used as a proxy for digital trade) grew by 45 times between 2004 and 2014 and generated $2.8 trillion in global economic revenue in 2014 alone.

Question 101

What are the challenges and opportunities posed by digital technology to the global trading environment?

Answer 101

Digital technology presents challenges and opportunities to the global trading environment, including the need to adapt traditional trade rules and architecture to accommodate digital trade, address evolving policy areas such as personal privacy, consumer protection, cyber security, customs procedures, and taxation structures.

Question 102

Why is it important to develop international trade rules for the evolving digital economy?

Answer 102

Developing international trade rules for the evolving digital economy is crucial to provide governance and establish a framework that promotes economic growth for individuals and businesses. It ensures that adequate safeguards are in place to address policy areas that arise online, such as personal privacy, consumer protection, cyber security, customs procedures, and taxation structures.

Question 103

Who confirmed their intentions to launch negotiations on e-commerce at the WTO?

Answer 103

Over 70 members of the WTO confirmed their intentions to launch negotiations on e-commerce in January 2019.

Question 104

What was agreed upon regarding e-commerce negotiations at the Ministerial Conference in Buenos Aires?

Answer 104

At the Ministerial Conference in Buenos Aires in December 2017 (MC11), Ministers agreed on a joint statement to initiate exploratory discussions on e-commerce, leading to the confirmation of intentions to launch negotiations on e-commerce in 2019.

Question 105

What is the main function of the WTO?

Answer 105

The main function of the WTO is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably, and freely as possible between its member countries.

Question 106

How many meetings of the Joint Statement Initiative have taken place since the launch of negotiations in January 2019?

Answer 106

Three meetings of the Joint Statement Initiative have taken place since the launch of negotiations in January 2019.

Question 107

What was the purpose of the first three meetings of the Joint Statement Initiative?

Answer 107

The first three meetings provided an opportunity for participating WTO Members to discuss the text proposals that had been made at that time.

Question 108

What is the second phase of the negotiation process and when did it begin?

Answer 108

The second phase of the negotiation process began in September and continued in October and November. During this phase, discussions focused on consolidated texts on an issue-by-issue basis.

Question 109

Why is discussing consolidated texts helpful in the negotiation process?

Answer 109

Discussing consolidated texts allows participating Members to compare similarities and differences between proposals and express general preferences in terms of options. It helps to facilitate a better understanding of the proposals and promotes further discussion and negotiation.

Question 110

Who can participate in the discussions of the e-commerce negotiations?

Answer 110

All WTO Members are able to participate in the discussions of the e-commerce negotiations. The participation ranges from small to large countries, as well as developed and least developed countries.

Question 111

Can text proposals be made at any stage of the negotiation process?

Answer 111

Yes, text proposals can be made at any stage of the negotiation process, and they continue to be received from participating WTO Members.

Question 112

What are the key focus areas under discussion in the e-commerce negotiations initiative?

Answer 112

The key focus areas under discussion in the e-commerce negotiations initiative include enabling digital trade/e-commerce, openness and digital trade/e-commerce, trust and digital trade/e-commerce, and cross-cutting issues.

Question 113

What are the subcategories under enabling digital trade/e-commerce?

Answer 113

The subcategories under enabling digital trade/e-commerce are customs, digital trade facilitation and logistics; facilitating electronic transactions; and customs duties on electronic transmissions.

Question 114

What are the subcategories under openness and digital trade/e-commerce?

Answer 114

The subcategories under openness and digital trade/e-commerce are market access (for both services and goods trade); flow of information; and access and non-discrimination.

Question 115

What are the subcategories under trust and digital trade/e-commerce?

Answer 115

The subcategories under trust and digital trade/e-commerce are business trust, consumer trust, and intellectual property.

Question 116

What are the cross-cutting issues being discussed in the e-commerce negotiations?

Answer 116

The cross-cutting issues being discussed in the e-commerce negotiations include transparency, infrastructure gaps/digital divide, and cooperation.

Question 117

What are the drivers of the digital economy?

Answer 117

The drivers of the digital economy include data, geography, and platforms.

Question 118

How does data drive the expansion of the digital economy?

Answer 118

The expansion of the digital economy is driven by the ability to collect, use, and analyze massive amounts of digital data. These data are generated from personal, social, and business activities taking place on various digital platforms. The growth of data flows, as represented by global Internet Protocol (IP) traffic, demonstrates the increasing importance of data in driving the digital economy.

Question 119

How has global IP traffic grown over the years?

Answer 119

Global IP traffic, which serves as a proxy for data flows, has experienced significant growth. It grew from about 100 gigabytes (GB) per day in 1992 to over 45,000 GB per second in 2017. This growth is projected to continue, reaching 150,700 GB per second by 2022. Factors contributing to this growth include more people connecting to the internet and the expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT).

Question 120

What is the significance of data in the data-driven economy?

Answer 120

Data plays a crucial role in the data-driven economy. It serves as the fuel for innovation, enabling businesses and organizations to gain insights, make informed decisions, and develop new products and services. The ability to collect, analyze, and leverage data has become a key competitive advantage for companies operating in the digital economy.

Question 121

How do digital platforms contribute to the generation of digital data?

Answer 121

Digital platforms, such as social media platforms, e-commerce platforms, and IoT devices, facilitate the generation of digital data. These platforms capture and record the digital footprints of personal, social, and business activities, creating a vast amount of data that can be utilized for various purposes, including targeted advertising, personalized recommendations, and market analysis.

Question 122

What drives the expansion of the digital economy?

Answer 122

The expansion of the digital economy is driven by various factors, including digital platforms.

Question 123

What role do digital platforms play in the digital economy?

Answer 123

Digital platforms play a crucial role in the digital economy by providing the infrastructure and mechanisms for different parties to interact online. They can be categorized into transaction platforms and innovation platforms.

Question 124

What are transaction platforms?

Answer 124

Transaction platforms are online marketplaces that facilitate exchanges between multiple parties. They operate as two-sided or multi-sided markets, connecting buyers and sellers or different user groups. Examples of transaction platforms include Amazon, Alibaba, Facebook, and eBay.

Question 125

What are innovation platforms?

Answer 125

Innovation platforms are environments that enable developers and content producers to create and develop applications, software, and other innovative solutions. These platforms provide tools, resources, and frameworks for innovation.

Examples of innovation platforms include operating systems like Android and Linux, which serve as foundations for developers to build applications.

Question 126

How do digital platforms contribute to the growth of the digital economy?

Answer 126

Digital platforms facilitate online interactions and transactions, enabling businesses and individuals to connect, collaborate, and engage in economic activities. They create opportunities for innovation, entrepreneurship, and the development of new products and services. Digital platforms have become integral to the functioning of the digital economy, driving its expansion and shaping its dynamics.

Question 127

Is the development of the digital economy geographically even?

Answer 127

No, the development of the digital economy is highly uneven geographically. There is a significant gap between under-connected and hyper-digitalized countries.

Question 128

What is the digital divide?

Answer 128

The digital divide refers to the gap between those who have access to digital technologies, such as the internet, and those who do not. It encompasses disparities in internet usage, digital skills, and access to digital infrastructure.

Question 129

How does the digital divide impact least developed countries (LDCs)?

Answer 129

In least developed countries, the level of internet usage is significantly lower compared to developed countries. Only about one in five people in LDCs uses the internet, while it is four out of five in developed countries. This is just one aspect of the digital divide that affects LDCs.

Question 130

What are some other aspects of the digital divide?

Answer 130

In addition to internet usage disparities, there are gaps in capabilities for harnessing digital data and frontier technologies. For example, regions like Africa and Latin America have a significantly lower presence of data centers compared to the rest of the world.

Question 131

What are the implications of the digital divide?

Answer 131

The digital divide exacerbates existing income inequalities and hinders the potential for inclusive growth. It is essential to address the digital divide to ensure that developing countries can fully benefit from the digital revolution and participate in the creation and capture of value.

Question 132

Which two countries are leading the development of the digital economy?

Answer 132

The United States and China are the two countries leading the development of the digital economy.

Question 133

What is the significance of the United States and China in the digital economy?

Answer 133

The United States and China have a dominant role in various aspects of the digital economy. They account for a significant share of patents related to blockchain technologies, global spending on the Internet of Things (IoT), and the world market for public cloud computing. Additionally, they hold the majority of the market capitalization value of the largest digital platforms.

Question 134

How does Europe compare in terms of market share in the digital economy?

Answer 134

Europe’s share in the digital economy is relatively small, accounting for only 4 percent. This indicates that Europe has a lower presence and influence in comparison to the United States and China.

Question 135

What is the market share of Africa and Latin America in the digital economy?.

Answer 135

Africa and Latin America together have a very small market share of only 1 percent in the digital economy.

Question 136

Which super platforms have a significant market value in the digital economy?

Answer 136

The seven super platforms with the highest market value are Microsoft, Apple, Amazon, Google, Facebook, Tencent, and Alibaba. These platforms collectively account for two-thirds of the total market value, indicating their strong influence and dominance in the digital economy.

Question 137

What is the business model where customers pay a subscription price for access to a product/service?

Answer 137

The Subscription Model

Question 138

What is the business model where customers have free access to the basic service but pay for additional features?

Answer 138

The Freemium Model

Question 139

Which business model is integrated by companies that do not charge end users?

Answer 139

The Free Model

Question 140

What is the business model used by companies that facilitate a platform for economic interactions between parties?

Answer 140

The Marketplace Model

Question 141

Which business model grants customers the use of a product/service without purchasing it?

Answer 141

The Access-over-Ownership Model

Question 142

What is the business model used by digital companies offering a wide range of products/services?

Answer 142

The Hypermarket Model

Question 143

Which business model focuses on providing customers with an exceptional experience?

Answer 143

The Experience Model

Question 144

What is the term for companies generating revenue through affiliates and resellers in a pyramid-like structure?

Answer 144

The Pyramid Model

Question 145

Which business model capitalizes on the immediate need for services and convenience?

Answer 145

The On-Demand Model

Question 146

What is the business model where companies build an entire ecosystem of products and services?

Answer 146

The Ecosystem Model

Question 147

In which two countries is the geography of the digital economy highly concentrated?

Answer 147

United States and China

Question 148

What percentage of all patents related to blockchain technologies are held by the United States and China?

Answer 148

75%

Question 149

What percentage of the market capitalization value of the world’s 70 largest digital platforms is accounted for by the United States and China?

Answer 149

90%

Question 150

What portion of global spending on the Internet of Things (IoT) is contributed by the United States and China?

Answer 150

50%

Question 151

What percentage of the cloud computing market is dominated by the United States and China?

Answer 151

75%

Question 152

What proportion of the world’s population remains offline despite the growth of the digital economy?

Answer 152

Half

Question 153

In least developed countries (LDCs), what fraction of people have access to the internet?

Answer 153

1 in 5

Question 154

How much did the components of the digital economy value in 2024/25?

Answer 154

Valuing $413 bn in 2016 to $1.15 trillion

Question 155

____ of 16-24 olds are users of internet

Answer 155

97%

Question 157

____ of 55-74 olds are users of internet

Answer 157

63%

Question 158

While more than ________ of businesses are connected to the internet, Only ________ use digital technologies to sell products online.

Answer 158

90%, 20%

Question 159

Why are governments increasingly aware of the importance of the digital economy?

Answer 159

Governments recognize the benefits of the digital economy for innovation, growth, and social prosperity.

Question 160

What are the factors contributing to the migration of social and economic activities to the Internet?

Answer 160

The declining cost of data collection, storage, and processing, as well as increasing computing power.

Question 161

In which areas can technologies and innovations in the digital economy make a positive impact?

Answer 161

Health, agriculture, public governance, tax, transport, education, environment, and more.

Question 162

How do information and communication technologies (ICTs) contribute to innovation?

Answer 162

ICTs contribute not only to innovation in products but also to innovation in processes and organizational arrangements.

Question 163

What is the role of innovation in the digital economy?

Answer 163

Innovation drives the development of new services, improves existing services, and helps address policy challenges in various sectors.

Question 164

How can the digital economy benefit industries and sectors beyond technology?

Answer 164

The digital economy can improve efficiency, enhance customer experiences, and enable new business models in diverse sectors.

Question 165

What are some examples of areas where the digital economy can drive innovation in processes and organizational arrangements?

Answer 165

Supply chain management, customer relationship management, and collaborative work platforms.

Question 166

How can innovation in the digital economy contribute to sustainable development?

Answer 166

It can enable more efficient resource utilization, promote renewable energy solutions, and facilitate environmental monitoring and conservation.

Question 167

Why is it important for governments to embrace and support innovation in the digital economy?

Answer 167

Embracing innovation can enhance economic competitiveness, create jobs, and improve the overall well-being of citizens.

Question 168

How does the digital economy foster entrepreneurship and the development of startups?

Answer 168

The digital economy provides opportunities for startups to disrupt traditional industries, reach global markets, and scale their businesses rapidly.

Question 169

What has limited the direct effects of access to the Internet and digital technologies on local economic development?

Answer 169

The extent and speed of these effects have been limited so far.

Question 170

What are some barriers faced by entrepreneurs in the digital economy of many developing countries?

Answer 170

Low levels of e-trade readiness and competition from established global digital competitors.

Question 171

Why do digital platforms in developing countries often struggle to become physically asset-light?

Answer 171

Servicing local markets digitally may require setting up blended digital-analog processes to build a user base or create a unique value proposition.

Question 172

How do well-established global digital competitors impact entrepreneurs in developing countries?

Answer 172

Global digital competitors are already dominant in the most scalable digital product categories, making it challenging for local entrepreneurs to compete.

Question 173

What are the implications for digital platforms in developing countries due to the absence of blended digital-analog processes?

Answer 173

They are often unable to become physically asset-light like their counterparts in developed countries, requiring them to adopt different business models.

Question 174

Why is e-trade readiness important for entrepreneurs in the digital economy?

Answer 174

Low levels of e-trade readiness can limit entrepreneurs’ ability to scale their activities and hinder their access to global markets.

Question 175

What are some strategies that entrepreneurs in developing countries can adopt to overcome barriers?

Answer 175

They may need to adapt their business models, focus on niche markets, build partnerships, or leverage local networks and resources.

Question 176

How can governments and institutions support entrepreneurs in overcoming barriers?

Answer 176

They can provide access to training and mentorship programs, improve infrastructure and connectivity, foster a supportive regulatory environment, and facilitate access to finance.

Question 177

Why is it important to address the barriers faced by entrepreneurs in developing countries?

Answer 177

Overcoming these barriers can unlock the potential of local digital entrepreneurs, drive economic growth, and contribute to job creation and poverty reduction.

Question 178

How can collaboration between entrepreneurs and digital ecosystem stakeholders help overcome barriers?

Answer 178

Collaboration can foster knowledge sharing, resource pooling, and collective problem-solving, enabling entrepreneurs to navigate challenges more effectively.

Question 179

What is one component of an entrepreneurship ecosystem that focuses on creating favorable conditions through laws, regulations, and government initiatives?

Answer 179

Policy.

Question 180

Which component of the entrepreneurship ecosystem involves providing financial resources to support the establishment and growth of new ventures?

Answer 180

Finance.

Question 181

What component of the entrepreneurship ecosystem refers to the values, attitudes, and beliefs of a society towards entrepreneurship?

Answer 181

Culture.

Question 182

Which component of the entrepreneurship ecosystem involves providing various forms of assistance, mentorship, and guidance to entrepreneurs?

Answer 182

Support.

Question 183

What is the term for the collective knowledge, skills, and abilities of individuals within an entrepreneurship ecosystem?

Answer 183

Human capital.

Question 184

Which component of the entrepreneurship ecosystem pertains to the availability and accessibility of customers, clients, and target markets?

Answer 184

Markets

Question 185

Why is culture important in the entrepreneurship ecosystem?

Answer 185

Culture influences attitudes towards risk-taking, innovation, and entrepreneurial success, shaping the overall environment for entrepreneurship.

Question 186

What is one recommendation for policymakers to promote digital entrepreneurship?

Answer 186

Policymakers should integrate efforts to promote digital entrepreneurship into broader innovation policies.

Question 187

Why is it important to facilitate a long-term build-up of immobile entrepreneurial resources?

Answer 187

Immovable resources, such as physical infrastructure and financial support, provide a foundation for digital entrepreneurship to thrive and grow.

Question 188

What are examples of physical resources that are important for digital entrepreneurship?

Answer 188

Broadband Internet and government-subsidized office space in hubs and incubators are examples of physical resources that support digital entrepreneurship.

Question 189

Why are physical and financial resources alone insufficient for the success of digital entrepreneurship?

Answer 189

While necessary, physical and financial resources are not enough for digital entrepreneurship to thrive. Other factors, such as market access and entrepreneurial knowledge, also play crucial roles.

Question 190

What potential issues can arise if investment is made in hubs, incubators, and technology parks without addressing other bottlenecks?

Answer 190

Without addressing other bottlenecks, such as limited market access or weak entrepreneurial knowledge, investments in hubs, incubators, and technology parks may go unused, resulting in a waste of resources.

Question 191

How can policymakers support digital entrepreneurship beyond providing physical and financial resources?

Answer 191

Policymakers can focus on addressing bottlenecks, improving market access, and promoting entrepreneurial knowledge and skills to create a conducive environment for digital entrepreneurship.

Question 192

Why is it important to consider a long-term perspective when building an ecosystem for digital entrepreneurship?

Answer 192

Building a conducive environment for digital entrepreneurship takes time, and long-term planning is needed to address various aspects, including infrastructure, regulations, and skill development.

Question 193

What role do technology hubs and incubators play in fostering digital entrepreneurship?

Answer 193

Technology hubs and incubators provide networking opportunities, mentorship, and support services to digital entrepreneurs, helping them develop and grow their businesses.

Question 194

How can limited market access hinder digital entrepreneurship?

Answer 194

Limited market access restricts the potential customer base and revenue opportunities for digital entrepreneurs, making it harder for them to scale their businesses.

Question 195

What is the significance of entrepreneurial knowledge in the success of digital entrepreneurship?

Answer 195

Strong entrepreneurial knowledge and skills are essential for digital entrepreneurs to navigate challenges, identify opportunities, and effectively manage their ventures in the dynamic digital landscape.

Question 196

What are some alternative focus areas for governments to foster a conducive environment for digital entrepreneurship?

Answer 196

Governments should prioritize efforts to foster entrepreneurial knowledge creation through subsidized mentoring programs, vocational training, apprenticeships, and internships.

Question 197

Why is it important for local digital enterprises to have the opportunity to scale internationally?

Answer 197

Scaling internationally allows local digital enterprises to tap into larger markets, increasing their potential for growth and success.

Question 198

What types of programs can governments implement to foster entrepreneurial knowledge creation?

Answer 198

Governments can support subsidized mentoring programs, vocational training, apprenticeships, and internships to enhance the knowledge and skills of aspiring digital entrepreneurs.

Question 199

How can governments support the internationalization of entrepreneurs?

Answer 199

Governments can create exchange programs for entrepreneurs that encourage and educate them on internationalization strategies.

Question 200

What is the role of regional innovation platforms and ecosystems in fostering digital entrepreneurship?

Answer 200

Governments can support the creation of regional innovation platforms and ecosystems to promote collaboration, knowledge sharing, and networking among entrepreneurs and stakeholders in a specific geographical area.

Question 201

How can policymakers incentivize the development of complementary technical knowledge bases within different clusters in a region?

Answer 201

Policymakers can provide incentives, such as grants or tax benefits, to encourage the formation of specialized knowledge clusters within a region that complement each other’s expertise.

Question 202

Why is it important to improve women’s access to opportunities in the digital economy?

Answer 202

Improving women’s access to the digital economy helps bridge the gender digital divide and expands opportunities for women entrepreneurs to find employment and generate income.

Question 203

What is meant by empowering women through digital technologies?

Answer 203

Empowering women through digital technologies involves enabling their upward mobility beyond the informal sector, rural areas, and micro loans/initiatives, and helping them move beyond subsistence levels.

Question 204

How can governments encourage and empower women entrepreneurs in the digital economy?

Answer 204

Governments can create better funding opportunities for women entrepreneurs, provide role models and mentoring programs, and implement policies that support women’s participation and success in the digital economy.

Question 205

Why is it important to provide role models and mentoring for women entrepreneurs in the digital economy?

Answer 205

Role models and mentoring provide guidance, inspiration, and support to women entrepreneurs, helping them navigate challenges, develop skills, and unlock their full potential in the digital business landscape.

Question 206

What capabilities, skills, and awareness do many small business owners in developing countries lack in relation to the digital economy?

Answer 206

Many small business owners in developing countries lack the necessary capabilities, skills, and awareness to fully leverage the opportunities presented by the digital economy.

Question 207

How can MSMEs gain an online presence to market their goods and services?

Answer 207

MSMEs can establish an online presence through various means, such as utilizing digital platforms or creating their own websites, to market their goods and services to potential buyers in their own country or foreign markets.

Question 208

What role can policymakers play in ensuring the full utilization of digital platforms by local enterprises?

Answer 208

Policymakers can engage with platform owners to ensure that their platforms are accessible and can be fully utilized by local enterprises. They can also review and update existing regulations to prevent any obstacles that may hinder access to digital platforms.

Question 209

How did contacts with Google benefit Egyptian developers?

Answer 209

Contacts with Google in Egypt led to the opening up of the Google Play app market for Egyptian developers, creating opportunities for them to sell their apps and reach a wider audience.

Question 210

What are some traditional obstacles that digital platforms help overcome for MSMEs?

Answer 210

Digital platforms help overcome obstacles such as the need for in-house resources, information technology equipment, and expertise by providing a platform for businesses to establish and maintain their online presence without significant infrastructure requirements.

Question 211

Why is it important for governments and development actors to learn from private sector experiences in supporting digitalization efforts?

Answer 211

Learning from private sector experiences allows governments and development actors to understand effective strategies and interventions that can help enterprises and civil society make the most of technological developments and opportunities in the digital economy.

Question 212

What are some ways in which governments can support enterprises and civil society in seizing digital opportunities?

Answer 212

Governments can provide training programs, capacity-building initiatives, and access to resources that enhance digital skills and capabilities for enterprises and civil society. They can also create an enabling environment through supportive policies, regulations, and partnerships with private sector entities.

Question 213

Question: How can policymakers ensure that existing regulations do not hinder access to digital platforms?

Answer 213

Policymakers can conduct regulatory assessments to identify any barriers or restrictions that impede access to digital platforms. They can then work with relevant stakeholders to address and remove such barriers, enabling businesses to fully utilize digital platforms for their benefit.

Question 214

What is the primary objective of Germany’s Digital Agenda 2014-17?

Answer 214

The primary objective of Germany’s Digital Agenda 2014-17 is to increase the exploitation of innovation potential for further growth and employment, along with enhancing high-speed networks and trust.

Question 215

What is the aim of Mexico’s National Digital Strategy?

Answer 215

The aim of Mexico’s National Digital Strategy is to make Mexico the leading country in digitization in Latin America, with a strong focus on fostering innovation and entrepreneurship in the digital economy.

Question 216

What is the focus of Brazil’s Strategic Programme for Software and Information Technology Services (TI Major)?

Answer 216

The focus of Brazil’s Strategic Programme for Software and Information Technology Services is to enhance Brazil’s performance in the ICT sector, with an emphasis on innovation, entrepreneurship, and competitiveness.

Question 217

What initiatives are included in Colombia’s Plan Vive Digital?

Answer 217

Colombia’s Plan Vive Digital includes the Digital Talent Initiative, Apps.co for digital entrepreneurship, and the Digital Content Initiative.

Question 218

What is the objective of Mexico’s Creative Digital City initiative?

Answer 218

The objective of Mexico’s Creative Digital City initiative is to create an urban ecosystem that concentrates the creative industries, harnessing the creativity and talent of people in Guadalajara while utilizing technology to boost innovation and maximize economic, environmental, and social benefits.

Question 219

How does Germany’s Digital Agenda prioritize innovation?

Answer 219

Germany’s Digital Agenda prioritizes innovation as a means to achieve further growth and employment, recognizing the potential for innovation to drive economic development and job creation.

Question 220

What is the role of Colombia’s FITI initiative?

Answer 220

Colombia’s FITI initiative aims to support the formation of over 59,000 new IT professionals through forgivable loans and scholarships awarded by higher education systems and private enterprises, contributing to the growth of the IT sector and fostering innovation in Colombia.

Question 221

How does Mexico’s National Digital Strategy aim to position the country in the region?

Answer 221

Mexico’s National Digital Strategy aims to position Mexico as the leading country in digitization within Latin America, highlighting the importance of innovation and entrepreneurship in driving digital transformation and economic growth.

Question 222

What are some key software-oriented technologies associated with the evolution of the digital economy?

Answer 222

Some key software-oriented technologies associated with the evolution of the digital economy include blockchain, data analytics, and artificial intelligence (AI).

Question 223

What are examples of user-facing devices in emerging digital technologies?

Answer 223

Examples of user-facing devices in emerging digital technologies include computers and smartphones.

Question 224

What are examples of specialized machine-oriented hardware in emerging digital technologies?

Answer 224

Examples of specialized machine-oriented hardware in emerging digital technologies include the Internet of Things (IoT), robotics, and cloud computing

Question 225

What are blockchain technologies?

Answer 225

Blockchain technologies are distributed technologies that enable secure, trusted transactions without intermediaries, allowing multiple parties to engage directly.

Question 226

Besides cryptocurrencies, what other domains can benefit from blockchain technologies?

Answer 226

Blockchain technologies are relevant in domains such as digital identification, property rights, and aid disbursement, among others.

Question 227

What can be developed on open-source blockchain platforms?

Answer 227

Open-source blockchain platforms enable the development of decentralized applications that can run on the blockchain, allowing programmers to create innovative solutions.

Question 228

In which areas are blockchain applications already being used in developing countries?

Answer 228

Blockchain applications are being used in developing countries in areas such as fintech (financial technology), land management, transport, health, and education, particularly in Africa.

Question 229

Which country filed the most blockchain patent applications in 2017?

Answer 229

China filed the most blockchain patent applications in 2017, accounting for over half of the 406 blockchain-related patent applications, according to data from the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) database collated by Thomson Reuters.

Question 230

What is three-dimensional printing?

Answer 230

Three-dimensional printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a process of creating physical objects by layering materials based on a digital model.

Question 231

How can 3D printing disrupt manufacturing processes?

Answer 231

3D printing can disrupt manufacturing processes by enabling the international trade of designs rather than finished products. This reduces the need for traditional manufacturing and distribution channels.

Question 232

What opportunities does 3D printing offer to developing countries?

Answer 232

3D printing offers developing countries the potential to leapfrog traditional manufacturing processes and build local capacity for producing goods. It can spur innovation, reduce reliance on imports, and promote local entrepreneurship.

Question 233

Are there existing 3D printing ventures in developing countries?

Answer 233

Yes, there are already 3D printing ventures in some developing countries. These ventures are exploring the possibilities of 3D printing technology for various applications, such as healthcare, education, and small-scale manufacturing.

Question 234

What is another term for three-dimensional printing?

Answer 234

Three-dimensional printing is also known as additive manufacturing.

Question 235

What is the Internet of Things (IoT)?

Answer 235

The Internet of Things refers to a network of internet-connected devices that can send and receive data, enabling them to interact with each other and perform various tasks.

Question 236

What are some examples of IoT devices?

Answer 236

Examples of IoT devices include sensors, meters, RFID chips, and wearable devices. These devices are embedded in everyday objects and can collect and transmit data over the internet.

Question 237

What are the applications of IoT?

Answer 237

IoT has wide-ranging applications, including energy meters for monitoring energy consumption, agricultural sensors for monitoring soil and weather conditions, and wearable devices for tracking health and fitness data.

Question 238

What is 5G mobile broadband?

Answer 238

5G mobile broadband refers to the fifth generation of wireless technology that enables faster data transmission, lower latency, and increased capacity compared to previous generations.

Question 239

What is the significance of 5G for the Internet of Things (IoT)?

Answer 239

5G is crucial for IoT as it has the capability to handle massive volumes of data, connect a large number of devices, and provide low latency communications, which are essential for the functioning of IoT applications.

Question 240

How does 5G differ from previous generations of wireless technology?

Answer 240

5G offers much higher data transfer speeds, lower latency, and increased capacity compared to previous generations like 4G. It allows for faster and more reliable wireless connections, making it suitable for advanced applications such as autonomous vehicles, smart cities, and industrial automation.

Question 241

What are the potential benefits of deploying 5G in developing countries?

Answer 241

Deploying 5G in developing countries can unlock the full potential of IoT, enable advanced digital services, improve connectivity in remote areas, drive innovation and economic growth, and enhance the overall digital infrastructure.

Question 242

What are the challenges associated with 5G deployment in developing countries?

Answer 242

One challenge is the significant investment required for 5G infrastructure, which may pose financial constraints for developing countries. Additionally, the deployment of 5G may exacerbate the urban-rural digital divide if adequate infrastructure is not extended to remote or underserved areas.

Question 243

What are the benefits of cloud computing for businesses?

Answer 243

Cloud computing offers several benefits for businesses, including reducing the need for in-house IT expertise, providing flexibility for scaling resources up or down based on demand, and enabling consistent application rollout and maintenance across multiple devices and locations.

Question 244

How has cloud computing been enabled by technological advancements?

Answer 244

Cloud computing has been enabled by higher internet speeds, which reduce latency between users and data centers. Additionally, the decrease in data storage costs has made it more feasible to store and manage large amounts of data in the cloud.

Question 245

What is automation?

Answer 245

Automation refers to the use of technology, such as machines or computer systems, to perform tasks or processes with minimal human intervention. It aims to streamline operations, improve efficiency, and reduce the need for manual labor.

Question 246

What are the potential impacts of automation and robotics on employment?

Answer 246

There are concerns that automation and robotics technology in manufacturing may lead to job displacement, as machines replace human workers in certain tasks. This could impact employment opportunities, particularly in industries that heavily rely on low-skilled labor.

Question 247

How might automation and robotics impact developing countries’ industrialization efforts?

Answer 247

There are concerns that automation and robotics technology may constrain the ability of developing countries to adopt export-led manufacturing as a path to industrialization. Developed economies may opt to “reshore” manufacturing jobs by leveraging automation and robotics, potentially limiting opportunities for developing countries in the global manufacturing market.

Question 248

What are some applications of AI?

Answer 248

AI has diverse applications across various industries. Examples include voice recognition systems, virtual assistants, recommendation engines, autonomous vehicles, fraud detection systems, and medical diagnostics.

Question 249

How is machine learning related to AI?

Answer 249

Machine learning is a subset of AI that focuses on the development of algorithms and models that enable computers to learn from data and make predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed. It involves training algorithms on large datasets to identify patterns and make accurate predictions or classifications.

Question 250

Which countries are expected to reap the largest economic gains from AI?

Answer 250

China and the United States are projected to experience significant economic gains from AI due to their investments in research and development, technological advancements, and the presence of large tech companies. However, the benefits of AI may be less pronounced in regions such as Africa and Latin America.

Question 251

Who is credited with popularizing the term “digital economy”?

Answer 251

Don Tapscott is often credited with popularizing the term “digital economy” through his book “The Digital Economy: Promise and Peril in the Age of Networked Intelligence” published in 1996.

Question 252

How does the European Parliament define the digital economy?

Answer 252

The European Parliament describes the digital economy as a “complex structure” without providing a specific definition.

Question 253

How do some sources view the digital economy as a concept?

Answer 253

Some sources view the digital economy less as a specific concept and more as a way of doing things.

Question 254

How does the European Commission define the digital economy?

Answer 254

According to the European Commission, the digital economy is defined as an economy based on digital technologies.

Question 255

What is the general understanding of the digital economy based on recent definitions?

Answer 255

Recent definitions of the digital economy often describe it as an economy that relies on digital technologies.

Question 256

According to Don Tapscott, what is the essence of the digital economy?

Answer 256

Don Tapscott described the digital economy as the “Age of Networked Intelligence,” emphasizing the networking of humans through technology and the combination of intelligence, knowledge, and creativity for wealth creation and social development.

Question 257

What were the four drivers of the emerging digital economy identified by Margherio et al. in 1999?

Answer 257

The four drivers identified by Margherio et al. in 1999 were: building out the Internet, electronic commerce among businesses, digital delivery of goods and services, and the retail sale of tangible goods.

Question 258

According to Kling & Lamb (2000), what is the key characteristic of goods or services in the digital economy?

Answer 258

Goods or services in the digital economy, as described by Kling & Lamb, are those whose development, production, sale, or provision is critically dependent upon digital technologies.

Question 259

According to Mesenbourg (2001), what are the three primary components of the digital economy?

Answer 259

According to Mesenbourg, the three primary components of the digital economy are: e-business infrastructure, electronic business (e-business), and electronic commerce (e-commerce).

Question 260

Define e-business according to Mesenbourg (2001).

Answer 260

According to Mesenbourg, e-business refers to any process that a business organization conducts over computer-mediated networks.

Question 261

Define e-commerce according to Mesenbourg (2001).

Answer 261

According to Mesenbourg, e-commerce refers to the value of goods and services sold over computer-mediated networks.

Question 262

According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (2010), how is the ranking of a country’s digital economy determined?

Answer 262

The ranking of a country’s digital economy, as per the Economist Intelligence Unit, is based on the quality of its ICT infrastructure and the ability of its consumers, businesses, and governments to utilize ICT to their benefit.

Question 263

According to the OECD (2013), what does the digital economy enable?

Answer 263

According to the OECD, the digital economy enables and executes the trade of goods and services through electronic commerce on the Internet.

Question 264

How does the Department of Broadband Communications and the Digital Economy (DBCDE) in Australia (2013) define the digital economy?

Answer 264

The DBCDE defines the digital economy as the global network of economic and social activities that are enabled by digital technology, such as the internet and mobile networks.

Question 265

How does the European Commission (2013) define the digital economy?

Answer 265

According to the European Commission, the digital economy is defined as an economy based on digital technologies, which is sometimes referred to as the internet economy.

Question 266

How does the European Parliament (2015) describe the structure of the digital economy?

Answer 266

The European Parliament describes the digital economy as a complex structure with multiple levels and layers connected by numerous nodes. It emphasizes that platforms are stacked on top of each other, allowing for multiple routes to reach end-users and making it challenging to exclude certain players or competitors.

Question 267

According to Elmasry et al. (2016), how is the digital economy described?

Answer 267

Elmasry et al. view the digital economy less as a concept and more as a way of doing things. It is associated with creating value at new frontiers, optimizing processes for customer experiences, and building foundational capabilities.

Question 268

In Bahl’s (2016) perspective, what is the differentiation made in the digital economy?

Answer 268

Bahl differentiates between “doing” and “being” digital, but does not provide an explicit definition of the digital economy.

Question 269

How does Rouse (2016) define the digital economy?

Answer 269

Rouse defines the digital economy as the worldwide network of economic activities enabled by information and communication technologies (ICT). It can also be defined as an economy based on digital technologies.

Question 270

According to the Department of Broadband Communications and the Digital Economy (DBCDE) in Australia, how is the digital economy described?

Answer 270

The DBCDE defines the digital economy as the global network of economic and social activities that are enabled by digital technology, such as the internet and mobile networks.

Question 271

According to Dahlman et al. (2016), how is the digital economy described?

Answer 271

Dahlman et al. describe the digital economy as the amalgamation of general purpose technologies (GPTs) and the range of economic and social activities carried out by people over the Internet and related technologies. It encompasses the physical infrastructure, devices, applications, and functionality provided by digital technologies.

Question 272

How does Oxford University Press (2017) define the digital economy?

Answer 272

Oxford University Press defines the digital economy as an economy that primarily functions through digital technology, especially electronic transactions made using the Internet.

Question 273

According to Deloitte, how do they define the digital economy?

Answer 273

Deloitte defines the digital economy as the economic activity that arises from the vast number of online connections among people, businesses, devices, data, and processes. It is enabled by hyperconnectivity, which refers to the growing interconnectedness of people, organizations, and machines through the Internet, mobile technology, and the Internet of Things (IoT).

Question 274

How does SAP define the digital economy?

Answer 274

According to SAP, the digital economy is the economic activity that emerges from the vast number of online connections among people, businesses, data, and devices.

Question 275

What are the three levels or foundations that define the digital economy from an application perspective?

Answer 275

The three levels or foundations that define the digital economy from an application perspective are foundations, core, and new frontiers.

Question 276

What are the foundations of the digital economy from an application perspective?

Answer 276

The foundations of the digital economy from an application perspective include network and connectivity, computing and storage, and underlying technologies and capabilities affecting corporations, government, and personal life.

Question 277

What are the components of the core in the digital economy’s application perspective?

Answer 277

The core of the digital economy’s application perspective consists of digitization of back-end processes and digital B2B and B2C interaction in front-end processes.

Question 278

What is the purpose of new approaches, practices, and systems in the digital economy’s application perspective?

Answer 278

New approaches, practices, and systems in the digital economy’s application perspective aim to combine several foundations to improve the performance of a company’s core processes.

Question 279

How does improving the company’s core in the digital economy enable the expansion of frontiers?

Answer 279

Improving the company’s core in the digital economy allows for the development of new products, services, and business models, as well as the improvement of existing ones, by leveraging the capabilities in the foundations and core levels

Question 280

What is the core of the digital economy often referred to as, encompassing the manufacturing and services industries that capture, transmit, and display data and information electronically?

Answer 280

The core of the digital economy is often referred to as the “IT sector” or the “ICT sector,” which includes a combination of manufacturing and services industries involved in capturing, transmitting, and displaying data and information electronically.

Question 281

What are the sub-sectors within the ICT sector?

Answer 281

Content
Services
Retail
Goods
Software
Infrastructure

Question 282

Is the digital economy solely limited to the digital sector?

Answer 282

No, the digital economy is broader than just the digital sector.

Question 283

What is the problem associated with defining the digital economy?

Answer 283

The digital economy is becoming increasingly intertwined with the traditional or offline economy, making it difficult to clearly differentiate between them.

Question 284

What are the key digital technologies associated with the Industry 4.0 framework?

Answer 284

Location Detection

Internet Of Things

Smart Sensor

Cloud Computing

Advanced Robotics

Augmented Reality

Big Data Analytics

3D Printing

Question 285

What is the core of the digital economy that includes software, IT consulting, hardware manufacturing, and telecommunications?

Answer 285

The digital sector

Question 286

What term refers to all economic activities that have been transformed by digital technologies and platforms?

Answer 286

The digitalized economy

Question 287

What are some examples of economic activities within the digitalized economy?

Answer 287

E-business, E-commerce, Industry 4.0, Precision agriculture, Algorithmic economy

Question 288

What does the narrow scope of the digital economy refer to?

Answer 288

The subset of the digitalized economy that is directly related to the digital sector

Question 289

What are some examples of economic activities within the narrow scope of the digital economy?

Answer 289

Digital services, platform economy, sharing economy, gig economy

Question 290

Why are new policies needed at national and international levels for building an inclusive digital economy?

Answer 290

To create both opportunities and address challenges

Question 291

What is required at the international level to navigate the global nature of the digital economy?

Answer 291

Consensus-building and dialogue

Question 292

Who should be involved in policy-making for the digital economy?

Answer 292

Governments, academia, private sector, civil society, and the tech community

Question 293

What is the role of governments and other stakeholders in shaping the digital economy?

Answer 293

Defining the rules of the game and addressing widening inequalities and power imbalances

Question 294

What are some policy areas that need attention in the digital economy?

Answer 294

Digital entrepreneurship and innovation policies, leveraging niche areas, strengthening readiness for e-commerce, data policies, competition, digitalization of MSMEs, taxation of digital platforms, intellectual property, labor market and skills, social protection, and development cooperation.

Question 295

Why is it important to strengthen the readiness of developing countries for e-commerce and the digital economy?

Answer 295

To enable them to engage in and benefit from digital opportunities, including for women.

Question 296

What do data policies aim to capture in the digital economy?

Answer 296

Value generated from data.

Question 297

Why is competition an important policy area in the digital economy?

Answer 297

To ensure fair and competitive practices in the digital marketplace.

Question 298

Why is there a need for new policies and regulations in the digital economy?

Answer 298

To tailor them to national objectives and address digital divides, differences in readiness, market power concentration, and create a fairer distribution of gains.

Question 299

What is the importance of international support in implementing new policies and regulations in the digital economy?

Answer 299

It provides backing and collaboration in achieving national objectives and addressing global challenges.

Question 300

What is the significance of policy space for experimentation in the digital economy?

Answer 300

It allows for assessing the benefits and disadvantages of different options and adapting policies accordingly.

Question 301

How can inclusive digital transformation be achieved in developing countries?

Answer 301

Through national efforts supported by international cooperation and assistance.

Question 302

Why is it important for governments and stakeholders in developing countries to understand the dynamics of the digital economy?

Answer 302

To formulate and implement relevant policies that can help them benefit from the digital economy.

Question 303

What can governments and stakeholders in developing countries benefit from in terms of policy-making in the digital economy?

Answer 303

Access to empirical evidence of their own performance in policy areas relevant to their participation in the digital economy.

Question 304

What approach should countries adopt in formulating and implementing policies for digitalization?

Answer 304

A coordinated response that considers the cross-sectoral nature of digitalization.

Question 305

Why is digital transformation considered complex and rapidly evolving?

Answer 305

Because digital technologies and developments are constantly evolving, requiring policy decisions to be made under uncertainty about future changes.

Question 306

What is the current state of progress in addressing policy challenges in the digital economy?

Answer 306

Some progress has been made in answering pressing questions faced by governments, but more work is needed to understand complex issues and design resilient policy frameworks.

Question 307

What event took place in March 2019 that focused on policy-making in the digital economy?

Answer 307

The “Going Digital Summit” took place in March 2019, bringing together stakeholders to discuss and address policy challenges in the digital economy.

Question 308

Why is it important to raise awareness and understanding of key issues in countries with lower levels of digital readiness?

Answer 308

Raising awareness and understanding helps countries recognize the significance of digital issues and enables them to develop appropriate policies and strategies.

Question 309

Is there a one-size-fits-all approach to policy-making in the digital economy? Why or why not?

Answer 309

No, there is no one-size-fits-all approach because policy priorities vary among countries based on their levels of development and specific circumstances.

Question 310

What are some good practices in policy-making for the digital economy?

Answer 310

Good practices include having high-level advocates in a lead ministry, forming cross-ministerial teams, establishing national task forces or committees on e-commerce, and assigning clear responsibilities to relevant agencies.

Question 311

How does the introduction of new technologies and their applications create opportunities for individuals?

Answer 311

It provides individuals with access to information, resources, new job opportunities, and the ability to offer their skills and services in global markets.

Question 312

How can firms in the digital sector benefit from enhanced use of ICTs and digital applications?

Answer 312

They can experience increased demand for both ICT goods and services, reach new clients through e-commerce and digital platforms, improve productivity, and develop new business models.

Question 313

What are some economy-wide impacts of successful leveraging of the digital economy?

Answer 313

It can generate economic growth, employment opportunities, and taxable revenues.

Question 314

Are the potential benefits of the digital economy automatic?

Answer 314

No, there are major challenges, costs, and risks involved.

Question 315

Why is it necessary for countries to build the capacities needed to engage in the digital economy?

Answer 315

Countries are at different stages of preparedness, and building capacities can help more people and businesses in developing countries become developers, producers, and exporters in the digital economy.

Question 316

What are some policy areas that need to be revisited to affect the creation and distribution of wealth in the digital economy?

Answer 316

Data policies, competition policies, taxation policies, labor market policies, intellectual property (IP) policies, trade policies, and development cooperation policies.

Question 317

What is one complication faced by governments in the digital economy?

Answer 317

The rapid evolution of the digital economy, which makes it challenging to determine which policies may or may not work effectively.

Question 318

Why is there a lack of reliable evidence in dealing with digital disruption?

Answer 318

The digital economy is constantly evolving, and governments may not have enough data and evidence to assess the effectiveness of policies in specific contexts.

Question 319

How have even advanced economies approached dealing with digital disruption?

Answer 319

Even advanced economies are still in the process of assessing and determining the best approaches to deal with digital disruption.

Question 320

What type of policies are required to build the digital economy?

Answer 320

Policies are required at both national and international levels to build the digital economy.

Question 321

What is the importance of government dialogue with stakeholders in the digital economy?

Answer 321

Government dialogue with stakeholders is crucial for effective policy-making and implementation in the digital economy.

Question 322

Name one policy area that needs particular attention in the digital economy related to readiness.

Answer 322

Readiness of countries to engage in and benefit from the digital economy is an important policy area.

Question 323

Which policy area in the digital economy focuses on labor-related issues?

Answer 323

The labor market, skills, and social protection policies are areas that need attention in the digital economy.

Question 324

What policy area in the digital economy is related to promoting digital entrepreneurship?

Answer 324

Digital entrepreneurship and innovation policies are important for fostering entrepreneurial activities in the digital economy.

Question 325

Why there is a need for New polcies and regulations?

Answer 325

To deal with digital divide, Readiness and High concentration of Market power

Question 326

What are some challenges faced by developing countries in benefiting from the digital economy?

Answer 326

Developing countries often face constraints and barriers that limit their ability to fully participate and benefit from the digital economy.

Question 327

Why is it important for governments and stakeholders to have a basic understanding of the dynamics of the digital economy?

Answer 327

A basic understanding of the digital economy is crucial for formulating and implementing relevant policies that can effectively support and leverage digital transformation.

Question 328

How can governments and stakeholders benefit from empirical evidence in policymaking for the digital economy?

Answer 328

Access to empirical evidence helps governments and stakeholders assess their performance in policy areas related to the digital economy, enabling them to make informed decisions and take appropriate actions.

Question 329

Why is digital transformation considered complex?

Answer 329

Digital transformation involves various technological advancements and their impact on society, economy, and governance. It is a complex process that requires understanding and navigating through rapid changes and uncertainties.

Question 330

Why do policy decisions related to digital transformation require addressing uncertainty?

Answer 330

The rapid pace of digital developments and their potential future impacts create uncertainties that policymakers need to consider. Policy decisions must be made with an understanding that future digital and other developments can significantly influence outcomes.

Question 331

What is the importance of designing resilient policy frameworks in response to digital transformation?

Answer 331

Digital transformation brings both opportunities and challenges. Resilient policy frameworks are needed to adapt to evolving circumstances, mitigate risks, and maximize the benefits of digital transformation for society, economy, and governance.

Question 332

Why is it important to raise awareness and understanding of key issues at stake for countries at lower levels of digital readiness?

Answer 332

Raising awareness and understanding helps countries recognize the importance of digital transformation and its potential benefits. It enables them to identify the specific challenges they face and develop strategies to overcome them.

Question 333

Why is there no one-size-fits-all approach in digital policy-making?

Answer 333

The digital landscape varies across countries due to factors such as technological infrastructure, socio-economic conditions, and cultural contexts. Therefore, policy approaches need to be tailored to the specific needs and circumstances of each country

Question 334

Why is it important for policy-making to be holistic and multidisciplinary?

Answer 334

Digital transformation is a complex and multifaceted process that affects various aspects of society, economy, and governance. Holistic and multidisciplinary approaches ensure that policy decisions consider all relevant dimensions and stakeholders, leading to comprehensive and effective strategies.

Question 335

What is the role of high-level advocates in policy-making for the digital economy?

Answer 335

High-level advocates play a crucial role in championing digital policies and creating a dedicated team to develop coherent responses. Their leadership and support help mobilize resources, coordinate efforts, and drive the implementation of effective policy measures.

Question 336

What opportunities are created for individuals by the introduction of new technologies and their applications?

Answer 336

New technologies and their applications create opportunities for individuals to find information, resources, new jobs, and to offer their skills and services in global markets.

Question 337

How can firms in the digital sector benefit from enhanced use of ICTs and digital applications?

Answer 337

Firms in the digital sector can benefit from enhanced use of ICTs and digital applications by reaching new clients, improving productivity, and developing new business models.

Question 338

What are the potential economy-wide impacts of successfully leveraging the digital economy?

Answer 338

Successfully leveraging the digital economy can generate more economic growth, employment opportunities, and taxable revenues at an economy-wide level.

Question 339

Why is it important to build capacities in developing countries to benefit from the digital economy?

Answer 339

It is important to build capacities in developing countries to help more people and businesses benefit from the digital economy and seize opportunities from digitalization and platformization.

Question 340

What is the significance of revisiting national and international policies in relation to the digital economy?

Answer 340

Revisiting national and international policies is important to ensure that policies are in place to affect the creation and distribution of wealth in the digital economy and to address any challenges or gaps that may exist.

Question 341

What is a major complication faced by governments in the digital economy?

Answer 341

The rapid evolution of the digital economy is a major complication, as governments struggle to keep up with the pace of change and lack reliable evidence on which policies will be effective in different settings.

Question 342

What is the challenge related to the assessment of policies in the digital economy?

Answer 342

Governments face the challenge of not having reliable evidence on which policies may or may not work in the digital economy, leading to uncertainty in decision-making and policy implementation.

Question 343

When did the first digitalization plan set by the Brazilian federal government begin?

Answer 343

The first digitalization plan began in February 2017.

Question 344

What is the name of the development plan established in 2018 in Brazil?

Answer 344

The development plan established in 2018 is called The Brazilian Digital Transformation Strategy or E-Digital.

Question 345

What are the two blocks of thematic axes in the Brazilian Digital Transformation Strategy?

Answer 345

The two blocks of thematic axes are the digital transformation axis and the enablers of the digital transformation axis.

Question 346

Name two components of the digital transformation axis in the Brazilian Digital Transformation Strategy.

Answer 346

The components of the digital transformation axis are: i) data-driven economy and ii) connected devices.

Question 347

Name two components of the enablers axis in the Brazilian Digital Transformation Strategy.

Answer 347

The components of the enablers axis are: i) network infrastructure and access, and ii) research and development and innovation.

Question 348

What is one of the main challenges Brazil faces in the digital transformation process?

Answer 348

Infrastructure expansion.

Question 349

Why is infrastructure expansion a challenge in Brazil?

Answer 349

It is a challenge due to Brazil’s huge territorial area and large population, making the expansion of fixed and mobile broadband and terrestrial transport networks difficult.

Question 350

What percentage of households in Brazil currently have fixed broadband access?

Answer 350

Only 40% of households have fixed broadband access.

Question 351

What are some factors contributing to the challenge of digital inclusion in Brazil?

Answer 351

Factors include internet inaccessibility in remote areas, the high cost of internet service, and digital illiteracy among adults and the elderly.

Question 352

What are some issues related to the regulatory and institutional framework in Brazil’s digital transformation?

Answer 352

The absence of regulatory obligations for service providers to cover rural or distant areas, lack of cybersecurity regulations, and bureaucratic obstacles that hinder competitiveness.

Question 353

What is the aim of the E-digital plan in Brazil?

Answer 353

The aim is to address challenges and work on more than 100 strategic actions for digital transformation coordination among different governmental initiatives.

Question 354

How has the digital economy impacted Brazil’s GDP?

Answer 354

In 2016, the digital economy accounted for 22% of the GDP, and it is estimated to grow by 25.1% in 2021. The potential growth of the digital economy is projected to lead to about a 5.7% increase in GDP.

Question 355

What is the role of the EU-Brazil strategic partnership in Brazil’s digital transformation?

Answer 355

The partnership aims to bilaterally cooperate in developing the ICT sector and digital transformation, providing a potential boost to Brazil’s digital transformation efforts

Question 356

How has Brazil performed in the production of telecom services and ICT development?

Answer 356

Brazil ranked among the top ten countries in the largest producers of telecom services and fourth in the ICT development index among Latin American countries.

Question 357

What is Brazil’s goal in becoming a digital hub in its region?

Answer 357

Brazil aims to overcome its challenges and become a sophisticated digital economy, paving the way to become a digital hub in the region.

Question 358

What is the name of Russia’s long-term program that aims to transform the country into an information-driven society?

Answer 358

The program is called “Information society 2011-2020”.

Question 359

When was the Digital Economy of the Russian Federation program developed, and what is its timeframe?

Answer 359

The Digital Economy of the Russian Federation program was developed in 2017, and its timeframe is 2017-2025.

Question 360

What is the annual budget allocated for the Digital Economy of the Russian Federation program?

Answer 360

The annual budget for the program is $1.8 billion.

Question 361

Besides the long-term strategies, what other areas does Russia focus on in its digital transformation efforts?

Answer 361

Russia focuses on improving the regulatory and legal framework, R&D, and digital skills and education.

Question 362

What are the challenges related to R&D and the business environment in Russia’s digital transformation?

Answer 362

The challenges include low levels of R&D spending, limited cooperation between enterprises and universities, low availability of venture capital for startups, high taxation levels, low intellectual property rights, and corruption.

Question 363

What is the challenge associated with digital inclusiveness in Russia?

Answer 363

The inconsistency in digital adoption among regional areas, disparities in economic development, and lack of coordination among federal, regional, and municipal levels hinder the process of digital transformation.

Question 364

What are the challenges related to digital skills and cultural barriers in Russia’s digital transformation?

Answer 364

The challenges include an outdated educational system that lacks necessary digital skills, lack of advanced technologies in educational institutions, and a centralized governance approach that contrasts with the more flexible and decentralized nature of digitalization

Question 365

What challenges does Russia face in data governance and management?

Answer 365

Challenges include the duplication of databases at different levels of government, the absence of a legal framework for data release, and delays in digitizing civil registries.

Question 366

What challenges does Russia face in data governance and management?

Answer 366

Challenges include the duplication of databases at different levels of government, the absence of a legal framework for data release, and delays in digitizing civil registries.

Question 367

What challenges does Russia face in data governance and management?

Answer 367

Challenges include the duplication of databases at different levels of government, the absence of a legal framework for data release, and delays in digitizing civil registries.

Question 368

What is the estimated share of digital economy in Russia’s GDP in 2021?

Answer 368

The estimated share is 5.6% (World Bank, 2018a, p. 12).

Question 369

In which areas does Russia demonstrate high potentials in terms of digital transformation?

Answer 369

Russia shows high potentials in e-government, cyber-security, financial technology, and the agriculture sector.

Question 370

How does Russia rank in terms of cyber-security?

Answer 370

Russia ranks 10th in the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Global Cybersecurity Index.

Question 371

What is the penetration rate of financial technology in Russian cities with over 1 million inhabitants?

Answer 371

The penetration rate is 42% in Russia, compared to 32% in the USA.

Question 372

How has the inclusion of digital technologies impacted the agriculture sector in Russia?

Answer 372

The use of digital technologies in agriculture has led to a significant increase in agriculture exports and improved farm management through satellite monitoring, soil monitors, water management, and mobile applications.

Question 373

What are the challenges related to digital skills in South Africa?

Answer 373

The traditional educational system, lack of digital technologies in schools, and absence of minimum digital skills for teachers hinder digitalization and contribute to the inequality gap.

Question 374

What is the level of internet penetration in South Africa?

Answer 374

The internet penetration rate in South Africa was 28% in 2017 (TechSalon, 2018, p. 2).

Question 375

What is the state of digital infrastructure in South Africa?

Answer 375

South Africa faces challenges with inadequate digital infrastructure, including low levels of internet coverage and limited fixed broadband availability

Question 376

What is one challenge related to the policy and regulatory framework in South Africa?

Answer 376

There is a lack of coordination and monitoring in the policy and regulatory framework, leading to limited implementation and a lack of specialized departments.

Question 377

What are some additional challenges faced by South Africa in digital transformation?

Answer 377

These challenges include gaps in cyber security and data privacy policies, a narrow digital customer base, modest R&D spending, high unemployment rates, inadequate electricity supply, and weak business confidence.

Question 378

How much GDP uplift can digital technologies generate in South Africa?

Answer 378

Digital technologies have the potential to generate $12 billion and uplift GDP by nearly 3% in South Africa.

Question 379

What initiatives has the South African government launched to support digitally-enabled startups?

Answer 379

The South African government has launched initiatives such as R&D tax incentives, the SA SME fund, and providing Wi-Fi hotspots and free Wi-Fi to address the high cost of internet services

Question 380

What is the purpose of the Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Act in South Africa?

Answer 380

The IPR Act aims to provide protection to investors and companies, and boost R&D involvement and protection in South Africa.

Question 381

What is one hindrance to the digitalization process in South Africa?

Answer 381

The weak regulatory and monitoring framework, along with unclear policies and ineffective implementation, hinder the digital adoption and growth in South Africa.

Question 382

The weak regulatory and monitoring framework, along with unclear policies and ineffective implementation, hinder the digital adoption and growth in South Africa.

Answer 382

The evolving entrepreneurship mentality in South Africa, along with strong startup communities, fosters innovation and economic growth, supported by government initiatives and programs.

Question 383

What is the sharing economy?

Answer 383

An economy in which goods and services are shared between individuals for free or for a fee.

Question 384

What is the main purpose of the sharing economy?

Answer 384

To monetize underutilized resources.

Question 385

Can you provide examples of companies in the sharing economy?

Answer 385

Airbnb, Akalni, and Uber.

Question 386

What is the gig economy?

Answer 386

It is a free market system in which organizations hire independent workers for short-term contracts without requiring a systematic schedule.

Question 387

Can you give examples of professions in the gig economy?

Answer 387

Graphic designers and freelancers.

Question 388

What does the “Beginning Digital” stage involve?

Answer 388

Construction of digital storefronts and websites to provide information and basic services with little real change to services or government operations

Question 389

What is the focus of the “Doing Digital” stage?

Answer 389

Deploying digital technologies to improve customer experience and enhance services while still maintaining limited changes to government operations.

Question 390

What does the “Becoming Digital” stage entail?

Answer 390

Employing advanced digital strategies to fully digitize some services, although most services remain a hybrid of physical and digital.

Question 391

What is the goal of the “Being Digital” stage?

Answer 391

Elevating the human experience through human-centered design and advanced technologies like AI, cyber, and cloud.

Question 392

What does digitization involve?

Answer 392

Converting data or documents into a digital format, without optimizing the process or data.

Question 393

Can you provide an example of digitization?

Answer 393

Scanning a photograph or paper and saving it as a PDF file.

Question 394

How does digitalization differ from digitization?

Answer 394

Digitalization goes beyond digitization by transforming business processes using digital technologies, leading to efficiencies and increased revenue.

Question 395

Can you give an example of digitalization?

Answer 395

Analyzing data collected by Internet-connected devices to discover new revenue streams.

Question 396

Can you give an example of digitalization?

Answer 396

Analyzing data collected by Internet-connected devices to discover new revenue streams.

Question 397

What is the concept of digital transformation?

Answer 397

It involves using encoded data to enable or improve processes, aiming to create new business models and opportunities.

Question 398

Can you provide an example of digital transformation?

Answer 398

Shifting from local control of physical processes to monitoring and controlling those processes digitally.

Question 399

How is an inclusive digital economy defined?

Answer 399

An inclusive digital economy ensures that digital tools are used to connect more people to support, services, and opportunities, with policy and regulation playing a crucial role.

Question 400

What is the goal of an inclusive digital economy?

Answer 400

To universally adopt and make digital technologies available to all.

Question 401

What is the digital economy?

Answer 401

It refers to the use of information technology to create, market, or consume goods and services, encompassing various digital tools and activities.

Question 402

How does the internet economy differ from the digital economy?

Answer 402

The internet economy is based on internet connectivity, while the digital economy encompasses a broader range of digital tools and technologies.

Question 403

What is the digital economy?

Answer 403

It is the network of economic activities and transactions conducted or facilitated through digital technologies.

Question 404

How is digital trade defined?

Answer 404

It refers to cross-border transactions that are digitally ordered, facilitated, or delivered, including e-commerce and other digitally-enabled trade activities.

Question 405

Can you provide an example of digital trade?

Answer 405

The purchase and digital delivery of an e-book through an online marketplace.