All the sections 1492-2000's Flashcards
What was the alliance between the US and the countries of Western Europe?
NATO
What was the speech that Eisenhower’s VP gave to save his candidacy?
The Checker’s Speech
What was the new international peacekeeping organization that was agreed on at the Yalta Conference?
United Nations
What was the country that the US and USSR fought over the governance of at the Yalta Conference?
Poland
What was FDRs stance on Germany at the Yalta Conference?
He wanted a restored and reunited Germany
How was Germany divided at Yalta?
Into 4 sections. Each one’s controlled by either the US, USSR, France & Great Britain.
Who had control over the German capital of Berlin?
Either US, USSR, France or Great Britain.
How did the US handle the Japanese after World War II?
They wanted to restore Japan
What the US policy to limit communism to the USSR and those countries they controlled?
Containment
What policy said that the United States would help any nation at any time in their quest to fight communism?
Truman Plan
What were the first two nations that the US helped defeat the spread of communism?
Greece & Turkey
What was the US plan to help to re-build Western Europe?
Marshall Plan
What was the BIGGEST reason people in the US supported the Marshall Plan?
They feared the countries of Western Europe would fall to the communists
How did the Marshall Plan deal with communist countries like the USSR?
They offered them aid to rebuild. Each country turned it down.
Why did the Soviets place a blockade on Berlin?
Because the US, France & Great Britain unified their sections of Germany (became West Germany) & their sections of Berlin
What was the operation that brought in supplies to the communist controlled portion of Berlin called?
Berlin Airlift
What was the alliance between the USSR and the communist governments of Eastern Europe?
Warsaw Pact
What were two major reasons that the US fear of communism was heightened?
The fall of China to the Communists and the USSR gaining access to the Atom Bomb
List 4 reasons for the Economic surge after World War II.
GI Bill, tax cuts, increased consumer spending, consumers saving their money during the war
What happened to women and minorities that were working in the industrial jobs during the war?
Many were let go to give jobs back to the men returning from war.
What was President Truman’s legislative plan called?
Fair Deal
What did the Taft-Hartley Act do?
It greatly reduced the power of labor unions
What did the segment of Southern Democrats that were upset over the new Civil Rights stance of the party called?
“Dixiecrats”
What were the major civil rights accomplishments of Truman?
He desegregated the military and government
Why was General Douglas MacArthur dismissed during World War II?
He publicly criticized President Truman on how he was handling the Korean War
What country did MacArthur and Truman disagreeing about bombing?
China
What high-ranking government official was convicted of lying about spying?
Alger Hiss
What was the couple that were convicted and executed over giving secrets about the atom bomb to the USSR?
Julius & Ethel Rosenberg
What symbolized the fear of communist subversion in the US?
McCarthyism
Who was Eisenhower’s Vice President?
Richard Nixon
What happened to the standard of living in the United States during the 1950s?
It increased dramatically
List 4 reasons for the economic expansion in the 1950s and 60s.
Rapid expansion of the suburbs, continued government spending, rise in family incomes, baby boom
What happened to the nations birthrate between 1945-1960?
It rapidly increased
What caused labor unions to lose pubic support in the 1950s?
A series of corruption scandals by its leaders
What disease was largely erased when Jonas Salk created a vaccine?
Polio
What was the response of the US government to USSR launching Sputnik in 1957?
The government increased funding for math and science programs in schools
What piece of legislation caused the growth of the American suburbs?
Federal Highway Act of 1956
How did the workforce change in the 1950s?
White collar works outnumbered blue collar workers
What was suburban living criticized for by the “Beat Generation”?
It’s conformity
What did parents think that Rock n’ Roll would do to their kids?
Increase juvenile delinquency and sexual promiscuity
What groups did not experience the prosperity of the 1950s?
Small farmers, African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans
What did the Supreme Court Case of Brown v. Board of Education do?
It ended school segregation
What did President Eisenhower do to help desegregate Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas?
It brought in the National Guard
What did MLK lead in response to Rosa Parks failing to move to the back of the bus?
The Montgomery Bus boycott
What was Martin Luther King’s philosophy on Civil Rights?
Non-violent civil disobedience
Who was the first athlete to integrate professional sports when he made his debut in Major League Baseball?
Jackie Robinson
List 4 causes of the Civil Rights movement in the 1950s.
Growing African American middle class, increased levels of education for African Americans, Cold War, TV
Why did the nations social attitudes toward African Americans change after World War II?
Americans saw how the Nazi’s used racism (holocaust) and realized it was wrong
What brought an end to McCarthyism?
McCarthy accused members of military of being communist subversives, without evidence during a televised Senate hearing.
What was the policy of Eisenhower’s Secretary of State John Foster Dulles in response to communism?
“Massive Retaliation” threatening to use nuclear weapons to counter communist aggression.
Why was the United States embarrassed by the Suez Canal crisis?
The British, French and Israelis acted with US involvement
Who led a resistance movement to replace the Cuban government (taking over himself)?
Fidel Castro
What country did Cuba align with after its relationship with the US disintegrated?
USSR
What country did the Soviet Union crush to end hopes of a democratic government?
Hungary
What did Eisenhower warn about in his farewell address?
The military-industrial complex
What was the problem that President Kennedy has in the 1960 election?
He was a Catholic
What was President Johnson’s legislative program called?
The Great Society
What (issue) did LBJ declare a war on?
Poverty
What immigrant groups saw increases after the passage of the Immigration Act of 1965?
Hispanics & Asians
Who were the Freedom Riders?
an interracial group of students working with CORE trying to force desegregation of bus stations
What event caused JFK to take action regarding Civil Rights?
The demonstration in Birmingham
What was the law that prohibited discrimination in places of public accommodation?
Civil Rights Act of 1964
What tactics did Southern state governments take to keep African Americans from voting?
Violence, poll tax, racial gerrymandering, literacy tests
What was the philosophy that African Americans should “take back control of all aspects of their lives “ known as?
Black Power
Why did the US experience an energy crisis in the 1970s?
Because they supported Israel in a war with Middle Eastern nations. The Arab nations placed on embargo on oil to the US.
What countries began to challenge the US in manufacturing in the late 60’s?
Japan & Western European countries
Who was Richard Nixon’s VP that resigned over accusations of receiving bribes?
Spiro Agnew
What was Nixon’s firing of the special prosecutor in the Watergate called?
“Saturday Night Massacre”
What action by Gerald Ford greatly hurt his public image?
The pardon of Richard Nixon
What reached an all time high under Jimmy Carter?
Interest Rates
What group urged African Americans to arm themselves and confront white society in order to force whites to grant them equal rights?
Black Panthers
What was the book written by Rachel Carson that help to spark the environmental movement in the 1960s?
“Silent Spring”
What college had a tragic event that sped up the US exit from Vietnam?
Kent State University
What city was captured by North Vietnam as the communists took control of Vietnam?
Saigon
What two nations did Nixon practice Détente’ (a relaxation of tensions)?
China & USSR
What Supreme Court case said that schools could not lead students in prayer start the day?
Engle vs. Vitale
What Supreme Court case said that if someone is accused of a crime and cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for them?
Gideon vs. Wainwright
What did JFK introduce to fight poverty in Latin American countries and help fight communism?
Peace Corp
What was the event where the US attempted to overthrow the Castro led Cuban government?
Bay of Pigs
What did the USSR do when the US refused to recognize the East German government?
Built the Berlin Wall
What event occured because the USSR placed nuclear weapons (pointed at the US) and placed them in Cuba?
Cuban Missile Crisis
How did JFK attempt to limit further Soviet missiles from being placed in Cuba?
A blockade (quarantine) around Cuba
What did the US do in exchange for the USSR taking missiles out of Cuba?
The US removed nuclear missiles in Turkey (aimed at the USSR)
Who were the group of North Vietnamese guerrillas who attacked South Vietnam?
Viet Cong
What president escalated the war in Vietnam?
LBJ
What gave LBJ congressional authority to use force in Vietnam?
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
What was the offensive launched by North Vietnam on the Vietnamese new year?
Tet Offensive
What civil rights leader was assassinated in Memphis launching a series of riots across the country?
MLK Jr.
Who did Sirhan Sirhan assassinate after a victory in the 1968 California primary?
Robert Kennedy
What did Nixon call the group of the middle class that were tired of crime and disorder?
“The Silent Majority”
What did Nixon call for in Vietnam?
“Peace with Honor”
Who were the counterculture?
Those that held values that conflicted with established society
What was the symbol for the counterculture’s political and social unrest in the 1960’s?
Woodstock Music Festival
What did the American Indian Movement (AIM) want to accomplish with their seizure of lands at Wounded Knee?
That reservations be managed by tribal governments
What event sparked the gay liberation in 1969?
Stonewall Riot
What was the book, written by Betty Friedan, that argued that middle class women were nut fulfilled with their lives as house wives?
“The Feminine Mystique”
What was the original mission of the National Organization of Women (NOW)?
To fight against the pay gap (difference in money made by men and women)
What was the proposed amendment to the constitution that said equality should not be denied to anyone because of sex?
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
How was African Americans representation in the middle class affected in the post-civil rights era?
It increased.
What state did George W. Bush win to eventually win the election of 2000?
Florida
What was the scandal that showed the US sold arms to Iran, thengave the money to aid the contras in Nicaragua?
Iran-Contra Scandal
What was the symbolic end to the Cold War?
The fall of the Berlin Wall
What two nations did the US exercise the Reagan Doctrine, to help those countries fight off Communism?
Grenada & Nicaragua
What was Reagan’s plan to create a shield that would intercept and destroy nuclear missiles?
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)-“Star Wars”
What did Ronald Reagan call the USSR?
“The Evil Empire”
What did Reagan greatly increase spending on?
The military
What event showed a rising tide of conservatism in the 1980’s?
Election of Ronald Reagan
What was Carter’s response to the hostage crisis in Iran?
Negotiating the release of hostages for more than a year
What was the peace treaty that Jimmy Carter helped negotiate between Egypt and Israel?
Camp David Accords
What was the message in Jimmy Carters “Malaise” speech?
That the US was experiencing a “Crisis of Confidence” and needed to decrease dependence on foreign oil
What was the Five Power Pact?
To stop naval production for 10 years among the US,
Britain, France, Japan and Italy
What international agreement outlawed the practice of war?
Kellogg-Briand Pact
What law lowered the tariffs for foreign nations to stimulate trade?
Reciprocal Trade Agreement
What nation did the USSR fear had an increasing presence in SE Asia?
Japan
What was the US policy in Latin America that said we would stop intervening in their affairs?
Good Neighbor Policy
What did Germany & Italy think would help to ease their economic woes?
Colonial Expansion
What were the Neutrality Acts?
Said that the US could not sell munitions to any nation at war
What nation did Italy attack as its first act of aggression?
Ethiopia
Who did Germany & Italy support in the Spanish Civil War?
The rebels
What nation did FDR warn about in his “Quarantine Speech?
Japan
What was the US gunboat that Japan “accidentally” sank that was patrolling in China?
Panay
What land did Germany acquire prior to the Munich Conference and the start of WW II?
Rhineland, Sudetenland, Austria, Czechoslavakia
What was the result of the Munich Conference?
Great Britain and France agreed to allow Germany to annex part of Czechoslavakia if they agreed to no more territorial expansion
Who did Germany sign a non-aggression pact with prior to the start of World War II?
Germany signed a non-aggression pact with the USSR
What event started the war in Europe?
When Germany invaded Poland
When did France & Britain enter World War II?
When Germany invaded Poland
What did FDR come up with as a means to get around the Neutrality Acts?
Cash & Carry plan
What was the critical battle that the USSR won to allow help to arrive and eventually defeat the Germans?
Stalingrad
What was a social change for women during the war?
They began to work in higher paying industrial jobs (traditionally filled by men)
What was the symbol of women contributing to the industrial workforce?
“Rosie the Riveter”
What group worked as “Code Talkers” to hide military messages from foreign spies?
Native Americans
Did African Americans see an increase in combat responsibilities during WW II?
Yes
What event caused Stalin to hold a grudge against FDR and Churchill?
For not waging war on the western front to start the war, to help take the pressure off the Soviets
What caused African Americans to migrate to Northern cities during WW II?
Better paying jobs in the war industry
Who was responsible for coordinating the industrial production of war materials during World War II?
War Production Board
What happened for the first time to simplify collection of taxes to pay for the war?
Taxes were taken from employees checks
After beginning in Africa, the Allied power moved on to knocking out which Axis power?
Italy
How many Jews died during the Holocaust?
6 million
What was the US position on Jews in the concentration camps?
If the war was won, the Jews would be helped
What was the public reaction to labor strikes during World War II?
It resented labor unions for striking during a time of war
List 4 products that Americans needed a ration stamp to purchase during the war.
Meat, sugar, coffee, butter, gas, tires, shoes, fuel oil
When France surrendered, who was left to fight the Axis Powers?
Britain
Who were the Allied powers in WWII?
US, Britain, USSR, France
What German leader was elected the day after FDR took office?
Adolf Hitler
What was the Allied Powers strategy against Japan in the Pacific?
“Island Hopping”
What was the first major win the war with Japan?
Battle of Midway
What was the lend-lease program?
Said that Britain could return weapons they borrowed or they could pay for them after the war
What was Germany’s response to the lend-lease program?
Germany sunk US ships
Which one of its allies did Germany turn on during WW II?
USSR
What was the document released by FDR and Winston Churchill that denounced “Nazi Tyranny”?
Atlantic Charter
Who was part of the Tripartite Treaty?
Japan, Italy, & Germany
What event drew the United States into World War II?
Japan’s bombing of Pearl Harbor
How did this affect public opinion about the US entrance into WW II?
US citizens were generally in favor of going to war
Who were the Axis powers?
Germany, Italy, Japan
What was a negative consequence of the increase of working mothers during the war?
Increase in Juvenile delinquency, teen prostitution, sexually transmitted diseases
What two cities did the United States drop the atomic bomb on?
Nagasaki & Hiroshima
What battleship did the Japanese surrender on to end World War II?
Missouri
What happened to the legal and social status of Chinese Americans during the war?
It increased
What did the Supreme Court say in the case Korematsu v. US?
It said it was constitutional to send Japanese Americans to relocation centers as a wartime precaution
Where did the D-day invasion take place in the attempt to liberate France from German control?
Normandy
What were the last two Japanese island outposts to be taken before the attack on Japanese mainland occurred?
Iwo Jima & Okinawa
What was the scientific project that created the Atomic Bomb?
Manhattan Project
What was the last major offense by Germany in World War II?
Battle of the Bulge
What group of Americans was sent to relocation centers during the war?
Japanese Americans
Why did Truman decide to use the Atom Bomb?
He thought it would save millions of lives
What was Black Tuesday?
The crashing of the stock market
What cause the end of the Great Depression?
WWII
What were the 3 goals of the New Deal?
Relief, recovery, and reform
What did the first phrase of the New Deal concentrate on?
Relief & Recovery
How many bills were passed in the first 100 days of FDR’s administration?
15
What did the “Second New Deal” concentrate on?
Recovery & Reform
Who was the first chairman of the SEC?
Joe Kennedy
How many justices did FDR want to be on the Supreme Court?
15
Who was the first women ever nominated to a President’s cabinet?
Frances Perkins
What is one of the big failures of the New Deal?
It failed to challenge Jim Crow Laws in the south and fight for racial equality
What did FDR do to combat the “Roosevelt Recession” of the late 1930’s?
Increase government spending
What group became loyal voters of the Democratic Party because of their inclusion in the New Deal programs?
African Americans
Who was his closest advisor that urged him to help those less fortunate, including minorities and women?
Eleanor Roosevelt
What were FDR’s African American advisors known as?
“Black Cabinet”
What event marked the beginning of the Great Depression?
When the stock market crash, excess credit, foreign economies crashing, overproduction of farmers
List 4 causes of the Great Depression.
Collapse of banks, stock market crash, excess credit, foreign economies crashing, overproduction of farmers
What European country hurt the US because of its failure to pay WWI
Germany
What critic of the New Deal called for a pension plan for older Americans?
Francis Townsend
What critic of the New Deal called for a “Share Our Wealth Plan” that advocated the redistribution of wealth?
Huey S. Long
Which law created the burst of union activity in the US?
Wagner Act
What was the aim of sit down strikes?
It prevented strikebreakers from being used or new employees from being hired
What New Deal program set up a pension system for retirees over 65 years old?
Social Security Act
What New Deal program tried to employ most of the unemployed men that were recieving relief?
Work Progress Administration (WPA)
What 4 voting groups were included in the realignment of the Democratic Party?
Unemployed & poor, African Americans,
What was FDR’s “Court Packing” scheme?
FDR wanted to add new justices for every one over 70
Who did people turn to for help during the Great Depression?
State & Local government, families, charities, churches
What New Deal program provided cheap electricity to rural southern locations?
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
What law insured individuals bank deposits?
Glass-SteagallAct
What set up the regulation of the stock market?
Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC)
Why was the Great Plains called the “Dust Bowl” during the 1930’s?
The top soil blew away
What were migrants from Oklahoma to California called?
Okies
Who were the nine African American men that were falsely convicted of raping two white women?
Scottsboro Boys
What were the makeshift communities if shacks that were formed during the Great Depression?
Hoovervilles
Why did Hoover’s Reconstruction Finance Corporation fail?
Because it only gave money to big banks and corporations that had collateral
What did the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) do?
It out limits on the amount of crops farmers could produce, and paid them for those that they could not
What was one of FDR’s first actions as president?
To take a “Bank Holiday” (suspend banking activities for several days)
What were FDR’s radio broadcasts called, that were intended to “talk” to the American public?
“Fireside Chats”
Who won the election of 1932?
FDR
What was the most pressing crisis that FDR faced when he was elected President?
The banking crisis
Why were banks collapsing in the early 1930’s?
People were all withdrawing their money
What was the withholding of food to the market by farmers?
Farmers Holiday
What did the Bonus Marchers want from the Government?
The payment of their bonus from fighting in WWI
What did Douglas MacArthur do to get rid of the Bonus Marchers?
Burnt the tent city that housed the Bonus Marchers
What event cemented Herbert Hoover’s lose of the election of 1932?
Burnt the tent city that housed the Bonus Marchers
What was FDR’s legislative plan called?
New Deal
Did the amount of women working through the 1930’s increased or decrease?
It Increased
What happened to consumerism in the US during the Great Depression?
It greatly decreased. People went back to do things for themselves (making their own clothes, etc.)
What happened to the rate of marriages during the Great Depression?
It Decreased
What happened to the birthrate during the Great Depression?
It Decreased
Why were magazines like Life popular during the Great Depression?
It gave people an escape from the real world problems.
During the Great Depression what political party saw the most popularity it has ever attained (about 100,000 members)?
Communist Party
What was Hoover’s plan to have business maintain employment and wage levels?
Volunteerism
What was the highest protective tariff in peacetime history?
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
Why did the Hawley-Smoot tariff not work?
Foreign governments raised tariffs to keep out American business
What was TR’s main goal in East Asia?
to keep a balance of power in asia
What were the disputed areas in the Russo-Japanese War (one of them was Korea)?
Korea and Manchuria
What was the Roosevelt Corollary?
It said that the US would intervene if there is a chronic wrongdoing in any American republic
What was an example of TR’s “Big Stick” diplomacy?
The acquisition of the Panama Canal
What was the United States response to Columbia’s refusal to construct a canal through Panama?
The US encouraged a revolution by Panama
What was the policy held by William Howard Taft that further US economic interest in Latin America?
“Dollar Diplomacy”
List 4 causes of WW I.
Imperialism, Arms Race, Nationalism, secret military alliances
Who were the Allied Powers during WW I?
Great Britain, France, US, Italy
What nations were part of the Central Powers during WW I?
Germany, the Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, Austria-Hungry
What event started WW I?
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand, causing Austria-Hungry to declare war on Serbia
What was the British passenger liner that was sunk leading many Americans to feel that the US should join the war?
The Lusitania
What was the Sussex Pledge?
Germany agreed to stop using U-Boats (submarines) to attack defenseless vessels and the US promised to stay out of the war
What slogan did Wilson use to try and end WW I before US became involved?
“Peace without Victory”
What was the Zimmerman Note?
An attempt by Germany to form an alliance with Mexico and encourage them to attack the US
What was promised to Mexico in the Zimmerman Note?
New Mexico, Texas & Arizona (land lost in the Mexican-American War)
What Allied nation left the World War I effort as the US was entering?
Russia
What was sold to help raise over $20 billion dollars to finance WW I?
Victory Bonds (War Bonds)
How were African Americans treated after returning from WW I?
Not well
What was the “Great Migration”?
African Americans moved industrial Northern cities for higher paying factory jobs
What group was supposed to instill support for the war effort?
Committee on Public Information
What laws were used to suppress dissent to the war effort?
Espionage & Sedition Acts
What were “Loyalty Leagues” (also called “Loyalist Citizens) during the WW I era?
Organizations that encouraged neighbors to spy on one another and report anyone not being loyal
List 4 of Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
Open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, international disarmament, an international peacekeeping organization and national self-determination of government
List 2 obstacles to Wilson getting League of Nations approved.
Britain & France wanted to punish Germany, Senate Republicans were angry that Wilson did not include them in the negotiations.
Who were the “Big Four” during the Paris Peace Conference?
US, France, Britain & Italy
Why were Britain & France the most angry nations at the Paris Peace Conference?
They had suffered massive loss of life and property damage
Which of the Central Powers was punished the most by the Treaty of Versailles?
Germany
What were the punishments for Germany given by the Treaty of Versailles?
Had to take sole blame for the war, pay $33 billion in reparations, crippled their military, lost their colonies
Why was Wilson unable to get people to support the League of Nations?
He went on a speaking tour to gain support and suffered a massive stroke
Did the US enter the League of Nations?
No
How was the Chicago Race Riot different from race riots that occurred in Northern cities?
African Americans began to fight back, answer violence against them, with violence of their own
What civil rights leader made Black Nationalism famous and pushed the “Back to Africa Movement”?
Marcus Garvey
What trial symbolized a mistrust of immigrants in the US?
The trial of Sacco & Vanzetti
What was the campaign slogan of President Warren Harding?
“A Return to Normalcy”
List 2 reasons the economy boomed in the 1920s.
Technology & After WW I the US was the only industrial super power that was healthy
What was welfare capitalism?
Provided the workers with fringe benefits like health care, shorter work days in exchange for not joining a union
What was the major problem facing farmers in the 1920s?
Overproduction of crops & low prices
What product is the symbol of post - WW I consumerism?
Automobile
What made the consumer culture possible in the 1920s?
Available Credit & Advertising
Who supported a women’s right to use birth control?
Margaret Sanger
What were women of the 1920s called that supported a greater freedom of dress and moral attitude called?
Flappers
What was the Harlem Renaissance?
The outpouring of African American art and literature in the 1920s
What was known as a “Noble Experiment”?
Prohibition
What amendment outlawed the sale, manufacture and transport of liquor?
18th amendment
Who profited most from prohibition?
Mobsters like Al Capone
List 4 reasons that prohibition failed.
Rise of organized crime, lack of prohibition agents, bribery of law enforcement officers, abundance of liquor bootlegged into the nation
What were those that came back from WW I disenchanted from life called?
The Lost Generation
What was the purpose of the National Origins Act?
It established racially discriminatory immigration fixed shares a group is entitled to recieve
What parts of the world were favored by the National Origins Act?
Northern & Western Europe
What trial saw the ideas of science and religion clash?
Scopes Monkey Trial
Why did Alfred E. Smith lose the Presidential election of 1928?
Because he was Catholic
What political party becomes closely aligned with big business during the 1920s?
Republican party
What party dominated the presidency during the 1920s?
Republican party
What was the nickname given to Harding’s corrupt friends?
“Ohio gang”
What was the greatest scandal during the Harding administration?
Teapot Dome Scandal
What presidents were the most active in the 1920s in helping business and industry?
Warren Harding & Calvin Coolidge
What economic policy did Republican presidents pursue to help the economy?
Cut taxes
What did Henry Ford give the working man in the 1920s (NOT in the book)?
$5 Work day
