All the Neuro Things Flashcards
Which requires a cortical input: Reflex or Reaction?
Reaction requires cortical input
The perineal reflex is used to test integrity of which spinal cord segments?
S1-S3
Afferents & efferents from pudendal
When is it normal to see a crossed-extensor reflex in an animal?
It is normal in a standing animal.
It is **not normal **in a recumbent animal.
In which type of vestibular lesion will nystagmus not change when head position changes?
Peripheral Vestibular Lesion
With a central vestibular lesion, nystagmus may change when the patient is placed in dorsal or lateral recumbency
In which type of vestibular lesion might we see nystagmus change when the patient is placed in dorsal or lateral recumbency?
Central Vestibular Lesion
Is menace response an example of a reaction or a reflex?
reaction
Is PLR an example of a reaction or a reflex?
reflex
Does a **reflex **imply consciousness?
No.
Does a reaction imply consciousness?
Yes. It is voluntary.
Is panniculus an example of a reaction or a reflex?
reflex
To elicit a deep pain response in an animal, where might you pinch?
Nail bed
You can pinch increasingly harder until you see a behavior response (you want a behavior response, not just a withdrawl reflex)
Which apparatus is involved with balance & acceleration?
vestibular apparatus
Is nystagmus voluntary or involuntary?
involuntary
It is a rapid involuntary movement of the eyes that can be either horizontal, vertical, or rotary
Positional nystagmus is a sign of which disease?
vestibular disease
Which **pathway **is responsible for the menace response?
Retinogeniculostriate pathway
Which pathway is responsible for PLR?
retinopretectal pathway
Define miosis
constriction of the pupils
Define mydriasis
dilation of the pupils
Does **Horner’s Syndrome **indicate a problem with the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system?
Sympathetic
What clinical signs does Horner’s Syndrome present with?
drooping of the eyelids & miosis
Are LMN signs going to increase or decrease reflexes?
LMN signs will decrease reflexes
With UMN signs, is there damage to white matter or grey matter?
white matter
With LMN signs, is there damage to white matter or grey matter?
Grey matter
Interneurons no longer functioning & can’t support reflexes
Is decreased muscle tone a LMN sign or an UMN sign?
LMN
Is spastic paresis/paralysis an UMN sign or a LMN sign?
UMN
Is flaccid paresis/paralysis a LMN sign or an UMN sign?
LMN
Is continuous leakage of the bladder a LMN sign or an UMN sign?
LMN
What is micturition?
it’s the same thing as urination
If there is no voluntary micturition, is that a LMN sign or an UMN sign?
UMN
What is the main function of the cerebellum?
determines rate, range, & force of movement
T/F: Cerebellum is a primary initiator of movement.
FALSE.
The cerebellum is a regulator. The frontal lobe initiates movement.
T/F: Cerebellar damage results in paresis
FALSE.
Cerebellar damage does not cause paresis.
(aresis is a partial loss of voluntary movement)
What is dysmetria?
inability to regulate rate, range, and/or force of movements
this will be seen with cerebellar damage
What does **ipsilateral **mean?
same side of the body
Cerebellar lesions generally produce ipsilateral signs. What is the exception to this general rule?
Lesions at the cerebellar peduncle (connects cerebellum to brainstem) produce contralateral body signs and ipsilateral CN signs
If there is no menace response, which cranial nerve(s) might be damaged?
CN II (Optic n.) or CN VII (Facial n.)
CN2 in, CN 7 out
T/F: deep pain is typically the 1st thing to be lost
FALSE.
Conscious proprioception is typically lost 1st. Deep pain is the last thing to go.
What type of ataxia might be present if the patient had a wide based stance, intention tremors, truncal sway, & absent menace response?
Where would you expect the lesion to be located?
cerebellar ataxia
lesion in the cerebellum
What type of ataxia might be present if the patient is presenting with head tilt, leaning/falling/rolling, and crouched posture?
Where might the lesion be located?
vestibular ataxia
lesion in vestibular apparatus, vestibular nuclei, CN 8 or vestibular receptors
What type of ataxia might be present if the patient presents with abnormal postural reactions with paresis?
Where might the lesion be located?
proprioceptive ataxia
Lesion in peripheral nerve, dorsal root, spinal cord, brainstem, cerebral cortex
Name some ways you can test for proprioceptive defects?
- Proprioceptive positioning
- Wheel barrowing
- Hopping
- Hemistanding/hemiwalking
- Placing (with & without vision)
Which fibers are responsible for myelinated, fast coducting, & responsible for sharp, pricking pain?
aδ fibers
(a delta fibers)
Which fibers are responsible for burning or throbbing pain?
C fibers
Are C fibers myelinated or unmyelinated?
unmyelinated
(therefore slow conducting)
Do visceral structures have more aδ fibers or more C fibers?
Visceral structures have more C fibers
T/F: Pain reaction is a voluntary behavior
TRUE.
Which nerves are involved with gag reflex?
- CN IX (Glossopharyngeal n.)
- CN X (Vagus n.)
What are the afferent & efferent nerves associated with PLR?
- Afferent: CN II
- Efferent: CN III
“2 in, 3 out”
What are the afferent & efferent nerves associated with corneal reflex?
- Afferent: CN V
- Efferent: CN VI
“5 in, 6 out”
What are the afferent & efferent nerves associated with menace response?
- Afferent: CN II
- Efferent: CN VII
“2 in, 7 out”
dorsal rectus m, medial rectus m, ventral rectus m, & ventral oblique m. are all innervated by which cranial nerve?
CN III: **Oculomotor **
medial strabismus in a lesioned animal is attributable to damage of which cranial nerve?
CN VI: Abducens
Abducens controls the lateral rectus m
oblique deviation in a lesioned animal is attributable to damage of which cranial nerve?
CN IV: Trochlear n.
Trochlear n. controls the dorsal oblique m.
Lateral strabismus & droopy upper eyelid in a lesioned animal is attributable to damage of which cranial nerve?
CN III: Oculomotor n.
Oculomotor n. controls dorsal rectus, medial rectus, ventral rectus, & ventral oblique mm.
What is the order in which things are lost with a spinal cord lesion?
- conscious proprioception
- voluntary motor
- Superficial pain
- deep pain
How would you test deep pain response and what are the signs of response?
Using hemostats on nail bed. Dog would show a behavioral response such as turning to bite you.
You can see increased respiration with deep pain response (remember does not imply cortical involvement! Can still have issues in the cortex and receive this sign). Want to use hemostats on nail bed b/c stimulates deep pain rather than superficial pain first
A dog with Nystagmus has the FAST phase towards the left side. Which side is the lesion on?
Right.
Remember, slow phase goes toward lesions. Fast phase goes away from lesions
Through what mechanism does an animal consciously control urination?
General Somatic Efferent (GSE)
Name some UMN bladder signs?
- Inconsistent urine leakage
- resistance to manual expression
- severe bladder distention
- no voluntary mictation
Which corresponds to cerebellar abiotrophy?
- More common in cats and congenital
- More common in horses and congenital
- More common in cats and slowly progressive
- More common in horses and slowly progressive
4. More common in horses & slowly progressive
It* *is a genetic defect, and is congenital, but it does not show signs at birth
PLR reflex is part of which pathway?
retinopretectal
Circadian rhythm is a part of which pathway?
retinohypothalamic
The fasciculus cuneatus delivers proprioceptive information in which of the following?
- pelvic limb
- thoracic limb
- head
- tail
2. thoracic limb
Are **a δ fibers **myelinated or unmyelinated?
myelinated
A dog comes into your clinic with the following clinical signs: bumping into doorways/objects, PLRs WNL, absent menace response. ID the pathway that would be compromised.
Retinogenticulostriate
Head tilts are associated with a deficit to which cranial nerve?
CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear n.
Dog presents with superficial pain absent but deep pain still present. Which pathway is most likely affected?
Spinocervicothalamic tract
Deep pain is hard to get rid off because pathways for it are diffusely spread throughout the spinal cord and deep. This is why its so bad to loose deep pain because the lesion is most likely blocking a large area of the spinal cord.
If I want to help stop an animal’s perception of pain what pathways need to be blocked?
- NMDA
- WDR Neurons
- Substance P
- Inflammatory Mediators
- All of the above
All of the above
When touching the medial canthus, what branch of the trigeminal are you testing?
Ophthalmic
Dog presents with NO gag reflex. What CN might be damaged?
CN IX (Glossopharyngeal n.) & CN X (Vagus n.)
What nerves innervate the stifle?
- saphenous n. (from femoral)
- tibial n. (from sciatic)
- common peroneal n. (from sciatic)
What is the principal source of blood to the paw in the canine thoracic limb?
median a.
What is the major blood supply to the digit in the equine pelvic limb?
Great metatarsal a.
(aka Dorsal Metatarsal a. III)
Clinical signs associated with a right cerebellar peduncle lesion will produce ____________.
- head tilt to the left
- hypermetria of the left limbs
- leaning to the right
- dysmetria of the right limbs
hypermetria of the left limbs
Identify the afferent CN being tested
(you are pinching the upper lip/cheek and observing the dog wrinkling its nose)
CN V: Trigeminal
Which cranial nerve(s) innervate the tongue?
- CN VII: Facial (sensory, afferent - taste to the rostrol 1/3)
- CN IX: Glossopharyngeal (afferent - sensory to caudal tongue, taste & touch)
- CN XII: Hypoglossal (efferent - motor), trigeminal (lingual, sensory)
Which pelvic limb vein is most commonly used for venipuncture in cats?
medial saphenous v.
Which pelvic limb vein is most commonly used for venipuncture in dogs?
cranial br. of lateral saphenous v.
Which actions would be lost if we lacerate the sciatic nerve?
Laceration of the sciatic n. would result in inability to flex the stifle & inability to extend the hip
Which nerve supplies the flexors of the elbow in the canine thoracic limb?
musculocutaneous n.
What is the main blood supply to the bovine distal thoracic limb?
median artery
What is the main blood supply to the digits in the bovine thoracic limb?
palmar common digital a. III
What is the name for the ligament between the uterine horns in the cow?
intercornual ligament
Which nerve supplies the extensors of the elbow, carpus, & digits in the canine pelvic limb?
Radial n.
if this is cut, the animal can not stand
Name the two motor pathways:
**dorsolateral system **and ventromedial system
