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Gross Anatomy II Final > All the Neuro Things > Flashcards

All the Neuro Things Flashcards

1
Q

Which requires a cortical input: Reflex or Reaction?

A

Reaction requires cortical input

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2
Q

The perineal reflex is used to test integrity of which spinal cord segments?

A

S1-S3

Afferents & efferents from pudendal

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3
Q

When is it normal to see a crossed-extensor reflex in an animal?

A

It is normal in a standing animal.

It is **not normal **in a recumbent animal.

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4
Q

In which type of vestibular lesion will nystagmus not change when head position changes?

A

Peripheral Vestibular Lesion

With a central vestibular lesion, nystagmus may change when the patient is placed in dorsal or lateral recumbency

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5
Q

In which type of vestibular lesion might we see nystagmus change when the patient is placed in dorsal or lateral recumbency?

A

Central Vestibular Lesion

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6
Q

Is menace response an example of a reaction or a reflex?

A

reaction

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7
Q

Is PLR​ an example of a reaction or a reflex?

A

reflex

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8
Q

Does a **reflex **imply consciousness?

A

No.

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9
Q

Does a reaction imply consciousness?

A

Yes. It is voluntary.

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10
Q

Is panniculus​ an example of a reaction or a reflex?

A

reflex

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11
Q

To elicit a deep pain response in an animal, where might you pinch?

A

Nail bed

You can pinch increasingly harder until you see a behavior response (you want a behavior response, not just a withdrawl reflex)

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12
Q

Which apparatus is involved with balance & acceleration?

A

vestibular apparatus

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13
Q

Is nystagmus voluntary or involuntary?

A

involuntary

It is a rapid involuntary movement of the eyes that can be either horizontal, vertical, or rotary

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14
Q

Positional nystagmus is a sign of which disease?

A

vestibular disease

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15
Q

Which **pathway **is responsible for the menace response?

A

Retinogeniculostriate pathway

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16
Q

Which pathway is responsible for PLR?

A

retinopretectal pathway

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17
Q

Define miosis

A

constriction of the pupils

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18
Q

Define mydriasis

A

dilation of the pupils

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19
Q

Does **Horner’s Syndrome **indicate a problem with the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic

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20
Q

What clinical signs does Horner’s Syndrome present with?

A

drooping of the eyelids & miosis

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21
Q

Are LMN signs going to increase or decrease reflexes?

A

LMN signs will decrease reflexes

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22
Q

With UMN signs, is there damage to white matter or grey matter?

A

white matter

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23
Q

With LMN signs, is there damage to white matter or grey matter?

A

Grey matter

Interneurons no longer functioning & can’t support reflexes

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24
Q

Is decreased muscle tone a LMN sign or an UMN sign?

A

LMN

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25
Q

Is spastic paresis/paralysis an UMN sign or a LMN sign?

A

UMN

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26
Q

Is flaccid paresis/paralysis a LMN sign or an UMN sign?

A

LMN

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27
Q

Is continuous leakage of the bladder a LMN sign or an UMN sign?

A

LMN

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28
Q

What is micturition?

A

it’s the same thing as urination

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29
Q

If there is no voluntary micturition, is that a LMN sign or an UMN sign?

A

UMN

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30
Q

What is the main function of the cerebellum?

A

determines rate, range, & force of movement

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31
Q

T/F: Cerebellum is a primary initiator of movement.

A

FALSE.

The cerebellum is a regulator. The frontal lobe initiates movement.

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32
Q

T/F: Cerebellar damage results in paresis

A

FALSE.

Cerebellar damage does not cause paresis.

(aresis is a partial loss of voluntary movement)

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33
Q

What is dysmetria?

A

inability to regulate rate, range, and/or force of movements

this will be seen with cerebellar damage

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34
Q

What does **ipsilateral **mean?

A

same side of the body

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35
Q

Cerebellar lesions generally produce ipsilateral signs. What is the exception to this general rule?

A

Lesions at the cerebellar peduncle (connects cerebellum to brainstem) produce contralateral body signs and ipsilateral CN signs

36
Q

If there is no menace response, which cranial nerve(s) might be damaged?

A

CN II (Optic n.) or CN VII (Facial n.)

CN2 in, CN 7 out

37
Q

T/F: deep pain is typically the 1st thing to be lost

A

FALSE.

Conscious proprioception is typically lost 1st. Deep pain is the last thing to go.

38
Q

What type of ataxia might be present if the patient had a wide based stance, intention tremors, truncal sway, & absent menace response?

Where would you expect the lesion to be located?

A

cerebellar ataxia

lesion in the cerebellum

39
Q

What type of ataxia might be present if the patient is presenting with head tilt, leaning/falling/rolling, and crouched posture?

Where might the lesion be located?

A

vestibular ataxia

lesion in vestibular apparatus, vestibular nuclei, CN 8 or vestibular receptors

40
Q

What type of ataxia might be present if the patient presents with abnormal postural reactions with paresis?

Where might the lesion be located?

A

proprioceptive ataxia

Lesion in peripheral nerve, dorsal root, spinal cord, brainstem, cerebral cortex

41
Q

Name some ways you can test for proprioceptive defects?

A
  • Proprioceptive positioning
  • Wheel barrowing
  • Hopping
  • Hemistanding/hemiwalking
  • Placing (with & without vision)
42
Q

Which fibers are responsible for myelinated, fast coducting, & responsible for sharp, pricking pain?

A

aδ fibers

(a delta fibers)

43
Q

Which fibers are responsible for burning or throbbing pain?

A

C fibers

44
Q

Are C fibers myelinated or unmyelinated?

A

unmyelinated

(therefore slow conducting)

45
Q

Do visceral structures have more aδ fibers or more C fibers?

A

Visceral structures have more C fibers

46
Q

T/F: Pain reaction is a voluntary behavior

A

TRUE.

47
Q

Which nerves are involved with gag reflex?

A
  • CN IX (Glossopharyngeal n.)
  • CN X (Vagus n.)
48
Q

What are the afferent & efferent nerves associated with PLR?

A
  • Afferent: CN II
  • Efferent: CN III

“2 in, 3 out”

49
Q

What are the afferent & efferent nerves associated with corneal reflex?

A
  • Afferent: CN V
  • Efferent: CN VI

“5 in, 6 out”

50
Q

What are the afferent & efferent nerves associated with menace response?

A
  • Afferent: CN II
  • Efferent: CN VII

“2 in, 7 out”

51
Q

dorsal rectus m, medial rectus m, ventral rectus m, & ventral oblique m. are all innervated by which cranial nerve?

A

CN III: **Oculomotor **

52
Q

medial strabismus in a lesioned animal is attributable to damage of which cranial nerve?

A

CN VI: Abducens

Abducens controls the lateral rectus m

53
Q

oblique deviation in a lesioned animal is attributable to damage of which cranial nerve?

A

CN IV: Trochlear n.

Trochlear n. controls the dorsal oblique m.

54
Q

Lateral strabismus & droopy upper eyelid in a lesioned animal is attributable to damage of which cranial nerve?

A

CN III: Oculomotor n.

Oculomotor n. controls dorsal rectus, medial rectus, ventral rectus, & ventral oblique mm.

55
Q

What is the order in which things are lost with a spinal cord lesion?

A
  1. conscious proprioception
  2. voluntary motor
  3. Superficial pain
  4. deep pain
56
Q

How would you test deep pain response and what are the signs of response?

A

Using hemostats on nail bed. Dog would show a behavioral response such as turning to bite you.

You can see increased respiration with deep pain response (remember does not imply cortical involvement! Can still have issues in the cortex and receive this sign). Want to use hemostats on nail bed b/c stimulates deep pain rather than superficial pain first

57
Q

A dog with Nystagmus has the FAST phase towards the left side. Which side is the lesion on?

A

Right.

Remember, slow phase goes toward lesions. Fast phase goes away from lesions

58
Q

Through what mechanism does an animal consciously control urination?

A

General Somatic Efferent (GSE)

59
Q

Name some UMN bladder signs?

A
  • Inconsistent urine leakage
  • resistance to manual expression
  • severe bladder distention
  • no voluntary mictation
60
Q

Which corresponds to cerebellar abiotrophy?

  1. More common in cats and congenital
  2. More common in horses and congenital
  3. More common in cats and slowly progressive
  4. More common in horses and slowly progressive
A

4. More common in horses & slowly progressive

It* *is a genetic defect, and is congenital, but it does not show signs at birth

61
Q

PLR reflex is part of which pathway?

A

retinopretectal

62
Q

Circadian rhythm is a part of which pathway?

A

retinohypothalamic

63
Q

The fasciculus cuneatus delivers proprioceptive information in which of the following?

  1. pelvic limb
  2. thoracic limb
  3. head
  4. tail
A

2. thoracic limb

64
Q

Are **a δ fibers **myelinated or unmyelinated?

A

myelinated

65
Q

A dog comes into your clinic with the following clinical signs: bumping into doorways/objects, PLRs WNL, absent menace response. ID the pathway that would be compromised.

A

Retinogenticulostriate

66
Q

Head tilts are associated with a deficit to which cranial nerve?

A

CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear n.

67
Q

Dog presents with superficial pain absent but deep pain still present. Which pathway is most likely affected?

A

Spinocervicothalamic tract

Deep pain is hard to get rid off because pathways for it are diffusely spread throughout the spinal cord and deep. This is why its so bad to loose deep pain because the lesion is most likely blocking a large area of the spinal cord.

68
Q

If I want to help stop an animal’s perception of pain what pathways need to be blocked?

  1. NMDA
  2. WDR Neurons
  3. Substance P
  4. Inflammatory Mediators
  5. All of the above
A

All of the above

69
Q

When touching the medial canthus, what branch of the trigeminal are you testing?

A

Ophthalmic

70
Q

Dog presents with NO gag reflex. What CN might be damaged?

A

CN IX (Glossopharyngeal n.) & CN X (Vagus n.)

71
Q

What nerves innervate the stifle?

A
  • saphenous n. (from femoral)
  • tibial n. (from sciatic)
  • common peroneal n. (from sciatic)
72
Q

What is the principal source of blood to the paw in the canine thoracic limb?

A

median a.

73
Q

What is the major blood supply to the digit in the equine pelvic limb?

A

Great metatarsal a.

(aka Dorsal Metatarsal a. III)

74
Q

Clinical signs associated with a right cerebellar peduncle lesion will produce ____________.

  1. head tilt to the left
  2. hypermetria of the left limbs
  3. leaning to the right
  4. dysmetria of the right limbs
A

hypermetria of the left limbs

75
Q

Identify the afferent CN being tested

(you are pinching the upper lip/cheek and observing the dog wrinkling its nose)

A

CN V: Trigeminal

76
Q

Which cranial nerve(s) innervate the tongue?

A
  • CN VII: Facial (sensory, afferent - taste to the rostrol 1/3)
  • CN IX: Glossopharyngeal (afferent - sensory to caudal tongue, taste & touch)
  • CN XII: Hypoglossal (efferent - motor), trigeminal (lingual, sensory)
77
Q

Which pelvic limb vein is most commonly used for venipuncture in cats?

A

medial saphenous v.

78
Q

Which pelvic limb vein is most commonly used for venipuncture in dogs?

A

cranial br. of lateral saphenous v.

79
Q

Which actions would be lost if we lacerate the sciatic nerve?

A

Laceration of the sciatic n. would result in inability to flex the stifle & inability to extend the hip

80
Q

Which nerve supplies the flexors of the elbow in the canine thoracic limb?

A

musculocutaneous n.

81
Q

What is the main blood supply to the bovine distal thoracic limb?

A

median artery

82
Q

What is the main blood supply to the digits in the bovine thoracic limb?

A

palmar common digital a. III

83
Q

What is the name for the ligament between the uterine horns in the cow?

A

intercornual ligament

84
Q

Which nerve supplies the extensors of the elbow, carpus, & digits in the canine pelvic limb?

A

Radial n.

if this is cut, the animal can not stand

85
Q

Name the two motor pathways:

A

**dorsolateral system **and ventromedial system

Gross Anatomy II Final (1 decks)

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