All the chapters Flashcards
Define absolute location
The position on a global grid.
Define relative location
A location that is described in relation to places around it
Define physical geography
Pg is Concerned with the spatial analysis of the structures, processes, and locations of the earth’s nature.
Define human geography
HG is analyzing the structures, processes, and locations of humans and their interaction with their env.
Define cultural ecology
Analyzing human env.
Define spatial pattern
Reoccurring themes on how human and physical characteristics are arranged.
What dos questions do geographers ask?
- How human activities affect their env.?
- How env. changes impact human life?
- Where the tacos at?
Describe the cultural landscape and give another term for it.
The physical implications oh human culture. Built env.
Define formal regions
Area that share a common cultural or physical feature. Ex. A map showing where Christianity is practiced
Define functional regions
A group of places linked together by some functions influence on them Ex: PIzza delivery chains. Note: Diffuses from a central point!!! (node)
Define vernacular regions
The boundaries of a perceptual region are dertermined by peoples beliefs. Ex: Where the “cool kids” sit at lunch, different perceptions of what the South is.
Define distance decay
As the distance between two places increases the interaction between them decreases
Define friction of distance
The degree to which distance interferes with some inter-action Ex: a working-class Ohio man wanting to visit a dentist in Ethiopia is high. Distance gets in the way of this interaction occurring.
Define space time compression
The increasing sense of accessibility and connectivity seems to bring humans in distant places closer together
Elaborate on the 4 properties of a map
Shape-geometric shapes of objects on a map
Size- the relative amount of space taken up on the map by landforms or objects
Distance-the represented distance
Direction-the degree of accuracy representing cardinal directions. No, So, Ea and West
Define a Mercator projection
Shows the shapes of the continents and landforms accurately. Distorts the size (area) of the continents
Define a Peters projection
Shows relative size of the earth’s continents accurately, distorts its shape
Define a Robinson projection
Shows the world according to slight distortion of all four properties.
Define GPS
Uses satellites to determine exact locations on the global grid
Define GIS
A computer program that stores geographic data and produces maps to show that data
Define Remote Sensing
The collection of info. from satellites and distant collection systems
Define a Parallel
A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians.
Define a meridian
An arc drawn on a map between the North and South poles
Define site
The physical character of a place
Define situation
The location of a place relative to other places
Define Env. determinism
Human behavior is controlled by the physical env.
Define Possibilism
The physical env. affects human actions but people have the ability to adjust to the env. and choose a course of action
Define choropleth map
A map that shows a pattern of a variable, such as population density or voting patterns by using various colors or degrees of shading
Define Cartogram
A map that uses proportionality to show a particular variable
Define a reference map
A map showing common features like boundaries, roads, highways, mountains and cities
Define a large scale map
The larger the area of space being represented on the map, the smaller its scale- shows smaller things like neighborhoods and cities
Define a small scale map
shows large regions such as continents and large regions
Define Hierarchical diffusion
Spreads from a person of higher power to another in a leveled pattern. Ex: A King spreading Christianity to his subjects
Define Contagious diffusion
Numerous places or people near the point of origin become adopters (or infected in the case of diseases)
Define Stimulus diffusion
The innovative idea diffuses from its hearth outward, but the original idea is changed by the new adopters
Define relocation diffusion
The actual movement of the orginal adoopters from their point of origin, or hearth, to a new place
What is the study of population geography called? What do you call these kinds of geographers?
Demography, demographers
Define Arithmetic density
People divided by land
Define Physiological density
People divided by the amount of arable land. Arable land- lnd that people can farm on
Define Agricultural density
Farmers divided by amount of arable land
What is the ecumene? Where are the top 4 largest regional population clusteres located?
The part of the earth where people can live
- East Asia, South Asia, and Europe, the book didn’t list the 4th one
Use the term carrying capacity in the definition of overpopulation
Overpopulation occurs when a regions population outgrows its carrying capacity
DTM stages
Stage 1: Low NIR, high CBR, high CDR, not much migration
Stage 2: High NIR, high CBR, rapidly declining CDR, high migration to the U.S. bc other countries are poorer
Stage 3: Declining NIR, rapidly declining CBR, not much migration but still a decent amt.
Stage 4: Low NIR, low CBR, low CDR
What does analyzing the dependency ratio tell geographers?
Relationship between dependents and independents- age distribution in a country
What was the theory of Thomas Malthus?
The worlds population was growing geometrically and the worlds food supply is growing arithmetically. worlds pop. will outgrow food supply
What do neo-malthusians believe?
The worlds pop. will outgrow all resources, not just food
Ex. of a pro-natalist population
Tax breaks for families with more children. Ex: Hitler giving “Aryan” women $ for reproducing “Aryan” babies
Ex, of an anti-natalist pop.
One child policy- China gave cash rewards to families who only had 1 child, punished families with more than 1 child. India- encouraged contraception
Growth patterns in MDC’s v.s. LDC’s
MDC’s: Higher amount of elderly pop. b/c of advancement’s in medical technology
LDC’s: pop. growth is much more rapid b/c families need more children to help on farms and such. Life span is shorter due to lack of technological advancements`.
Who is considered a refugee? What areas of the world have seen the largest number of refugees over history and why?
Anyone who is fleeing from some form of persecution or abuse. Sub-Saharan Africa b/c of religious and tribal disputes. Middle East b/c of Palestinians and Kurdish ppl fleeing- home to a lot of terrorism. Southeast Asia-Vietnam war,Cambodias violent gov, dictorial gov. of Burma. South Asia- Afghani refugees and in Sri Lanka b/c pf a feud in the gov.-terrorism
List 5 of Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
- The majority of migrants travel short distances
- Migrants who are traveling a long way tend to move to larger cities
- Rural residents are more likely to migrate across national borders than are young adults
- Families are less likely to migrate across national borders than are young adults
- Every migration stream creates a counter stream
Define Intraregional migration
Moving within a region such as from a city to a suburb
Define Interregional migration
Moving from one region in the country to another region
What is a guest worker? What areas of the world have seen large numbers of refugees over history and why?
A person with temporary permission to work in another country. Most of them are heading to places with a lot of job opp. and freedom-U.S. Most of them are coming from Asia and Europe-didn’t explain why
Migration patterns in the U.S. and worldwide
During the Great Migration many southern African Americans moved North for jobs. 1970-A.A. returned to the South b/c of better weather and increased jobs. World migration-Jewish immigrants to Israel, emigration by East Germans, Asia to the U.S.- Philippines, Vietnam, India. North Africa+Turkey to Europe-mostly France, Germany+England
List as many culture hearths as possible
Agricultural innovation in East Asia and Mesopotamia, Andean (near Andes mount. in SA), Mesopotamia, West Africa, Nile River Valley, Indus River Valley, Ganges River delta, Wei and Huang rivers (China)
Define acculuration
The “weaker” of the two cultures adopts traits from the more dominant culture
Define assimilation
The original traits of the weaker culture are completely erased and replaced by the traits of the more dominant culture.
Define folk culture
Limited to a smaller region and a smaller number of people than popular culture- isolated group, long-lasting culture traits that have not changed much over long periods of time.
Define popular culture
A mass culture that diffuses rapidly, changes with what’s “in”
Define a universalizing religion
A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living
Define a ethnic religion
A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are based on the physical characteristics of that location
Define the origins, diffusion, branches, and cultural landscape features of Buddhism
Origin: India. Diffusion: India then to China, Korea, Japan, Tibet, Mongolia, Southeast Asia along the Silk Road. Branches- Theravada, Mahayana, Landscape: ancient burial mound shapes, Bodhi tree
Define the origins, diffusion, branches, and cultural landscape features of Christianity
Origin: Semitic hearth- Israel. Diffusion: Roman Empire in 312 CE, European colony in the 15th century- Western hemisphere. Branches: Roman Catholic, Protestant, Baroque cathedrals. Landscape: Churches
Define the origins, diffusion, branches, and cultural landscape features of Islam
Origin: Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Diffusion: Muhammad’s followers to Africa, Europe, and Asia. Branches- Sunni and Shiite. Landscape: Mosque, five minerates
Define the origin, diffusion, branches and cultural landscape features of Hinduism
Origin: India, Indo-Gangetic hearth. Diffusion: Indo-Gangetic hearth eastward by the Ganges and south India. No formal branches. Landscape; Caste system, temples, Shrines
Define the origin, diffusion, branches, and cultural landscape of Judaism
Semitic hearth, tribe in Southwest Asia known as the Jews, scattered North into Central Europe toward the Iberian peninsula. branches-orthodox Judaism, reform Judaism, Conservative Judaism. Landscape features: Synagogue, Torah, Western wall, holy Temple mount
What is secularism? Ex.
The movement away from control of life by religion. Ex: our gov.
What is theocracy? Ex.
A gov. run by religion Ex: The Taliban (supposedly)
Describe major conflicts that involve different religious groups
China+Tibet: Tibetan Buddhism+Atheism- Chinese gov. destroying Tibetan Buddhist monasteries- Nigeria+Islam and Christianity- Islam north, Christianity south, division causes trouble for gov. control. India- Hinduism+Sikhism Punjab demand autonomy from Hindu control of gov. of India. India+Pakistan- Hinduism+Islam, Former Yugoslavia- Christianity+Islam, Palestine- Judaism+Islam
What is a lingua franca?
A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages
What is the conquest theory of the Indo-European diffusion?
The location of the hearth of the Proto- Indo- European language began the in the empire-building Kurgan culture located in the Steppe region of Russia, north of the Caspian sea
What is the agriculture theory?
Indo-European diffusion started in a farming community in the Europe’s Danube river region
What are the two major languages families? What languages do they include?
Indo-European: English, Germanic branch, Indo Iranian branch, Indic group etc. Sino-Tibetan: langauges spoken in the peoples Republic of China and in other smaller countries in Southeast Asia
What is an isogloss line?
A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate
Define a state
A country
Define a nation
A large body of people who share the same legal attachment, U.S.
Define a nation-state
A country who is made up of mostly one ethnicity, Denmark, Japan
Define a state-less nation
A large group of people who represent themselves as a nation, but are scattered and do not have their own nation. Kurds
What is nationalism and how can it lead to conflict?
Loyalty and devotion to a nationality. A sense of unity within a nation-state is sometimes achieved through ethnic cleansing
Define geometric boundary
A straight line drawn on a map
Define physical boundary
Physical features on Earth’s surface. water, mountains, deserts
Define cultural boundary
Follow the distribution of cultural characteristics
What is a frontier?
A zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control
Describes the UN’s Law of the Seas
a coastal state can claim 12 nautical miles of territory beyond its shoreline, and when there is not enough water for each country on opposite seas to have 200 nautical miles, they will divide the water evenly
Define Elongated states
Long and narrow Ex: Italy, Chile, Sweden, The Gambia, Vietnam, Nepal
Define Compact states
The distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly Ex: Belarus, Poland, Ethiopia, Spain
Define Prorupted states
Usually compact with a large projecting extension Ex: Eritrea, Thailand, Dem. Rep. of the Congo, Burma, Nambia
Define perforated states
A state that completely surrounds another state Ex: Lesotho, Swaziland, Vatican City, San Marino
Define landlocked state
A state that lacks a direct outlet to a sea b/c it is completely surrounded by several other countries (or one)
Define fragmented states
Includes several discontinuous pieces of territory Ex: Indonesia, Greece, The Philippines Japan, Nunavut
Define a unitary gov.
Most power is set in the hands of the central gov.
Define a federal gov.
Allocates strong power to units of local gov. within= the country
Define a political enclave
A piece of land that is totally surrounded by another foreign country
Define a political exclave
A extension of another state
Define centrifugal forces
Divide a state’s people and regions
Define centripetal forces
Unify a state’s people and regions
What is balkanization?
When a state is in the process of breaking up into smaller states
What is supranationalism? Ex.
The growing trend of three or more countries an alliance for cultural, economic, or military reasons, ex: the U.N.
What is the difference between race and ethnicity?
Race=people share a biological ancestor
Ethnicity=people share cultural traditions of a particular homeland/hearth
Where are major clusters of ethnic groups in the U.S.?
Hispanics=south west- Arizona, Cali, New Mexico. African Americans=South- Alabama, South Carolina, Louisiana, Georgia, Mississippi, Maryland. Asians=west 40% in Hawaii, 1/2 in Cali.
Ex, of ethnic cleansing
Holocaust+Rwandan genocide, Balkans, former Yougoslavia, Bosnia+Herz., Kosovo
How is terrorism different from warfare?
Terrorism=killing innocent people to prove a point to a gov,/superpower. Warfare= Trying to defeat an enemy
WW1 v.s. Holocaust
