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GEO509 - Food, place & Identity > All The Chapters > Flashcards

All The Chapters Flashcards

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0
Q

Geography & the price of wine

A

Geographical location makes wine expensive

No wine anywhere costs more than $20

Rarity & location increase price

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1
Q

American & Canadian Average Diets

A

1 in 5 Americans live on a diet of 10 foods or less:

  • French fries
  • Mac n cheese
  • hot dogs
  • hamburgers
  • etc

82 grams (20 teaspoons) of sugar = average consumption

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2
Q

Canadian spending on food (1969 & 2009)

A 
1969 = 19% of household expenses
2009 = 10.2% of household expenses
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3
Q

Agricultural Statistics

A

250 million farmers on the planet engaged in raising a large number of crops

2% of farmers directly involved in Canada

50% of farmers directly involved in developing country

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4
Q

4 Starches

A
  1. Potatoes
  2. Wheat
  3. Rice
  4. Corn
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5
Q

Monopolizing of the food market

A

Recipes with enormous commercial value are protected and kept secret

Example: Bask - principle supplier of fish because they kept the fishing location secret for hundreds of years

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6
Q

Brillat-Savarin

A

Author of Physiology of Taste

“Tell me what you eat & I’ll tell you who you are.”

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7
Q

Eric Schlosser

A

“A nations diet can be more revealing than it’s culture or history.”

Author of Fast Food Nation

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8
Q

Modern Industrial Agriculture is based on

A

Synthetic inputs

Artificial manure = artificial food = artificial animals = artificial humans

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9
Q

Cooking

A

Began = 150,000 years ago

One of the first revolutionary movements

Makes food more digestible; food becomes safer to eat; less energy used to digest food

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10
Q

S-methyl thioproprionate

A

Camembert cheese odour

Smells like the feet of God

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11
Q

Vegetarian Term Facts

A

Term Vegetarian = 18 centuries old

Before 18th century = Pythagorean Diet

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12
Q

Oscar Wilde

A

“Nature is a damp place over which a large number of ducks fly uncooked.”

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13
Q

Spaghetti & “The Spaghetti Harvest”

A

Video - broadcasted on April 1st

In 1957 - most of Britain believed spaghetti grew on trees

Major producers of Spaghetti = Italy

Lessons learned - ignorance of food is always there & will always be there.

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14
Q

Global Population Facts

A 
57% - Asian
21% - European
18% - Americas
8% - Africa
70% - non white
70% - non Christian
70% - can't read
50% - malnutrition
80% - sub-standard housing
70% - have never placed a phone call
1% - post-secondary education
6% controls 50% of the wealth on earth
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15
Q

Food Consumption & Purchasing Facts

A

70 years ago = 900 items in a grocery

Modern Supermarket = 25,000 different items

$ spent on food has decreased from 20% of the household income to around 10%

Food spending went down when food prices increased

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16
Q

Food Market Facts

A

Large grocery chains - dominate the market & determine pricing

LCBO - largest single purchaser of alcohol in the world

Canada - major agricultural force; importers must compete with Canadian products

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17
Q

Hypothalamus

A

In the brain, controls hunger & anger

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18
Q

Isadore Da Silva

A

“Anything available in abundance is vile.”

Pleasures to widely shared quickly lose their attractiveness.

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19
Q

Facts about taste

A

Perception of taste = exercise of tasting food engages more of your brain than any other action

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20
Q

5 senses that play a role in flavour

A
  1. Taste
  2. Smell
  3. Pain
  4. Feel
  5. Temperature
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21
Q

Tongue Facts

A

Masseter muscle = strongest muscle in the mouth

5 cranial nerves are connected to the tongue: ingestion, mouth movement, lips, teeth

No ability to taste without water
Saliva production gives us the ability to taste - produce 2 gallons a day

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22
Q

Tastebuds/papillae

A

Nodules on the tongue

Average adult = 10,000 tastebuds

Average tastebuds last about a week

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23
Q

Umami

A

Taste receptors on the tongue specifically for umami

Translates as deliciousness

One of the 5 basic tastes

Umami = MSG (monosodium glutamate)
- amino acid;glutamic acid

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24
Q

Umami Facts Continued

A

Most common acid in the human body

Important in the bodies ability to rebuild muscles

Foods that contain umami: fish sauce, soya sauce, green tea, mushrooms, apples, potatoes, oranges, cheese, tomatoes

Umami paste can be bought
Pizza = compromised of many umami ingredients

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25
Q

Umami continued

A

Savoury, mouth filling sensation

Works to harmonize various flavours in food

It’s an amino acid used to make proteins in your body

MSG = not actually a health risk; too much of anything is a health risk

= doesn’t have a flavour/taste

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26
Q

Taste Facts Continued

A

Taste receptors in more than your tongue. Babies have tastebuds in their cheeks.

Agusia = taste blindness
Hypo-Agusia = reduced amount of taste

Cigarettes & hot sauce kill your ability to taste

1.5 thousandths of a second - ability to taste; allows us to spit thugs out fast if they’re bad or sour

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27
Q

Significance of bitterness taste

A

A lot of toxins are associated with bitter tastes; nature has conditioned us to be cautious of bitterness

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28
Q

Agricultural Revolution

A

Invention of farming - changed the way people organized themselves geographically

Happened 10,000 years ago

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29
Q

Taste Instincts/more facts

A

Humans are born with an instinct to like sugar. (Lactose in milk is the sweet flavour)
2nd instinct - salt flavour; naturally acquired after birth

Taste is learned, just like you can learn to not like things

Takes 13-14 exposures to taste to like it.

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30
Q

Miracle Fruit

A

No interesting flavour
Narcotic
Transforms your tongues ability to taste sweetness; makes everything taste sweet
Lasts 15-30 min

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31
Q

Facts about smell

A

Can only minimally taste without smell
There are 1000 human genes devoted to taste & smell.
Olfactory (smell)/ epithelium - located at the base of your nose
- set of nerves that bring food to our attention/warns us of danger/easily fooled by our sense of smell

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32
Q

Claude Levi Strauss

A

“A societies cuisine is it’s language.”

Author of Origin of Table Manners
- D-day when the Americans arrived in Normandy; army destroyed some buildings because of corpse smell but it was just the smell of cheese.

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33
Q

Proust Effect

A

Ability to remember things through smell

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34
Q

Women & Smell

A

Women have a much stronger smell ability than men & it varies during the month

Women have the ability to smell genetic differences in men & that determines level of attractiveness.

Women are attracted to men who smell like their father.

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35
Q

Alan Hirsch

A

Studied bodies response to aromas

Sexually attractive aromas - pumpkin pie, donuts, popcorn, cinnamon, roast beef & lavender, liquorice & cucumber, banana nut bread, vanilla, peppermint, jasmine

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36
Q

Sight & Food

A

Food tastes better when it’s the right colour

Shape can affect taste (colour, shape, arrangement)

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37
Q

Top 10 best aromas

A
  1. Lavender & pumpkin pie
  2. Doughnut & black liquorice
  3. Pumpkin pie & doughnut
  4. Orange
  5. Lavender & doughnut
  6. Black liquorice & cola
  7. Black liquorice
  8. doughnut & cola
  9. Lily of the valley
  10. Buttered popcorn
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38
Q

Myoglobin & Meta-myoglobin

A 
Myoglobin = oxygen in muscles
Meta-myoglobin = oxygen leaving muscles when animal dies
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39
Q

Sound & taste

A

Crunchiness of potato chips - make them more appealing
Connection between sound & taste of snack food
The way food is eaten also has an effect; types of utensils used

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40
Q

Scoville Units

A

Used to measure the heat of peppers; also includes how many parts of water are needed to remove pepper heat

Pepper Spray = 2-3 million
Ghost Pepper = more than 1 million
Jalapeño Pepper = 350,000 units

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41
Q

Pain & Pleasure - Spicy Food

A

Eating spicy food - adrenaline rush; endorphins are released to reduce pain

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42
Q

Capsaicin

A

Creates sensation of heat
Pure capsaicin - 16 million Scoville units
- 11 million units of water to remove heat

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43
Q

Vitamins

A

Ideal balance for healthy eating - 50 vitamins, 50 minerals, 11 amino acids

1912 - 100th anniversary of the discovery of vitamins

7 nutrients accessed from plants & others that come from animals

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44
Q

Disease & Diet

A 
#1 factor in diseases = diet
Eating too many calories - prevents balance
Excessive intake of calories can lead to: heart disease, diabetes, cancer, high blood pressure, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue
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45
Q

Amino Acids

A

Organic compounds that combine to form proteins.

The body uses amino acids to:
Break down food
Grow
Repair body tissue
Perform many other body functions
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46
Q

Spinal disease

A

Connection to phallic acid

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47
Q

Beriberi

A

Disease in which the body doesn’t have enough thiamine (vitamin B1)

Common among rice eating people

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48
Q

Rickets

A

Shortage of vitamin D

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49
Q

Pellagra

A

Lack of niacin in diet

Joseph Golburger - established connection of pellagra to corn

Rough skin & butterfly marking on nose

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50
Q

Aboriginal diet

A

Corn, beans & squash

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51
Q

Cruciferous Vegetables

A

Cross-shaped vegetables; cabbage, cauliflower

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52
Q

Breast Cancer & Salt

A

Breast Cancer is reduced by 32% in women who consume salt

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53
Q

Benefits of fresh food

A

All food contains toxins, levels of toxins are less when food is fresh

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54
Q

Red Meat

A

High amounts of red meat consumption = higher mortality

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55
Q

Hot peppers & mammals

A

Humans are the only mammal to eat hot peppers

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56
Q

Humans don’t eat

A
  1. Nails
  2. Hair
  3. Teeth
  4. Fur
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57
Q

Food Phobias

A

Most important part of the eating process = the mind

Top 10 food phobias:

  1. Oysters
  2. Fish with eyes
  3. Offal (internal organs & entrails)
  4. Rare cooked meat
  5. Anchovies
  6. Blue cheese
  7. Liver
  8. Shellfish
  9. Fish on the bone
  10. Pickles
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58
Q

Flavour Corridor

A

New Jersey

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59
Q

2 major synthetic flavour companies

A

IFF - New Jersey
Givaudan - Switzerland

  • anything you buy that’s processed has been infected by these companies
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60
Q

Hartmann & Vanilla

A

Isolated the vanilla flavour in 1893

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61
Q

Reimer

A

Synthesized the flavour of vanilla & reproduced it

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62
Q

Vanilla facts

A

Larger bottles = artificial - vanillin

  • most popular/common flavour in the world
  • artificial flavour comes from the pulp & paper industry

Smaller bottles = real vanilla beans

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63
Q

Creosote

A

Petroleum product used to treat wood so it doesn’t rot

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64
Q

Food Poisoning

A

25-30% of people have food poisoning each year

#1 place for food poisoning - long term care facilities
#2 - cruise ships
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65
Q

Meat & Poultry

A

Various pathogens like ecology are normal occurring constraints in meat & poultry

80% bacteria in meats = antibiotic resistant

40% of poultry = contain a bacteria that causes nausea

Applying heat kills majority of bacteria

Lysteria on hot dogs & luncheon meat - every year 500 people die

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66
Q

Tobacco

A

Literally in taking poison

1 cigar - enough nicotine to kill 2 mice

  • greater poison than heroine & cocaine
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67
Q

Mycology

A

Study of fungus

First law of mycology

  • if you eat a mushroom & die; it was poisonous
  • if it doesn’t kill you it can lead to kidney failure & other problems

Every pharmacist in France is trained to know poisonous mushrooms

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68
Q

Jack in the Box restaurant fiascos

A

1993 - outbreak of ecoli in contaminated hamburger meat

40,000 sold were contaminated

4 children died; hundreds with food poisoning

1 pound of beef = 1,000 cows; only 1 cow needs to be contaminated

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69
Q

St. Anthony’s Fire

A

Ergot - type of fungus

  • found in grains if not properly stored
  • LSD - Lysergic acid
  • some medical benefits
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70
Q

Mad Cow Disease/Celiac Disease

A

William Dicke - Netherlands

- first found the cause & how to treat

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71
Q

Pufferfish - fugu

A

Contains deadly toxins
Even if the chef does a perfect job it could kill you
Sometimes if it’s perfectly done you could feel tingling in your fingers & toes

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72
Q

Food Preparation tips

A

The faster something is made, the safer it is, the less hands that have touched it.

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73
Q

George Orwell

A

Wrote about dining in London & Paris

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74
Q

Anthony Bordaine

A

Wrote Kitchen confidential

- adventures in the kitchen underbelly; writes about what goes on in kitchens of restaurants

75
Q

Porgy

A

Stripped sea bass; bream fish species

  • found off the coast of Africa
  • flesh has a special toxin that creates hallucinations
  • in Roman times: used as a recreational drug
  • sounds become distorted; visual distortions, can last as long as 36 hours
  • effects of the fish are determined by what it eats
76
Q

Beaver Fever “giardiasis”

A

Most common parasitic infection from fresh water that has been contaminated by feces

About 280 million people in 2013 got symptoms

Picked up from camping

77
Q

Adulteration of food

A

Deliberate contamination or deliberate attempt to mislead consumer

Most of what is put in food is harmful to us; it’s put there to look better, taste better, sell better, etc..

78
Q

Paprika & Hungary

A

Paprika to Hungary is like tomatoes to Italy

National spice
- many years ago Hungarians were dying from lead poisoning because lead oxide is red & cheaper than paprika

79
Q

Frederick Accum

A

German Chemist - 1820

Treat us on the adulteration of the use of food & chemicals

80
Q

1800’s - adulterations

A

Lead & copper used to colour candies
Cheap tea treated with poison to make it look Chinese
Lime flavour made from old almonds
Cheeses coloured to be more appealing; colours from mould & lead

Factories specializing in making new teas - basically taking old teas & making them new;collected old tea leaves, recoloured them & sold it as new tea

81
Q

Parmesan cheese scandal

A

Italian cheese maker sold fake Parmesan cheese that had no dairy products; cheese sold was made from grated umbrella handles

82
Q

Kianti Scandal (wine)

A

Wine made from banana skins

83
Q

Greek cemeteries

A

Bodies not decomposing fast enough; were essentially mummified by their diets

84
Q

Cow Patties in England

A

Cows fed with so many preservatives that the cow patties didn’t decompose

85
Q

Childhood Obesity study - 34 countries

A
  1. England
  2. USA
  3. Malta
  4. Canada
    (Ages = 11,13,15 & 16)
86
Q

2005 obesity stats

A

4% of Canadian children were obese

1/5 of the study were overweight

87
Q

Greg Critser

A

Author of Fatland

- how America became the fattest country in the world

88
Q

Poultry changes over the years

A

Poultry - chicken today has 3x more fat as chickens 35 years ago; fat content of a roasted chicken is 6x it’s protein content
- chickens genetically modified for more chicken breast
1 single roasted chicken leg - more fat than a Big Mac
More chicken eaten now than in the past

89
Q

Argan Oil

A

Pressed from a seed which goats eat, the poo is collected and the seeds are squeezed for argon oil, which is used in salad dressing.

90
Q

Kopi Luwak

A

Harvested from the poo of a wild civets cat which eats the coffee berries. These berries are harvested and the seeds are collected (350/400 per pound)

91
Q

Pitaya Fruit

A

Sari Indians rely on the seeds from the Pitaya fruit which they get from going through their own poo. This is the most effective for the winter months to prevent starvation.

92
Q

FDA Food Regulations

A

In 1972 the FDA made a file called the “fifth guide lines”

  • peanut butter: 30 insect fragments per 100 g (one 1 rodent hair per 100g)
  • tomato juice: 2 maggots, 10 fly eggs per 100 g.
  • ginger: 3mg of shit
  • bluefin: 60 parasitic cysts.
  • fig paste: 13 or more insect heads.
  • white flour: 1 mouse turd.
  • the average human eats around 1-2 pounds of insects a year.
93
Q

Casu Marzu

A

A traditional Sardinian cheese that is filled with maggots.

94
Q

Geophagy

A

The practice of eating clay. States in America serve clay. Pregnant women eat clay. In Alabama signs had to be posted to prevent people from digging up clay.

95
Q

Chicha

A

Drink that is fermented with human saliva (men especially love it)

96
Q

Anthropophagous (cannibalism)

A

Eating others! Cannibalism came after Colombus found a group called the Carabis, the name was misspoken and were called cannibals. The Aztecs would get rid of 200,000 people per year.

97
Q

Patrick Fermour

A

Wrote about the Aztec people and how they liked to eat the French since they tasted the best, then the English. The Dutch tasted full. Spanish people were very stringy to eat.

98
Q

The Druids

A

The Druids are an English tribe that would eat people. Especially their own deceased fathers.

99
Q

Fun apple facts!

A
  • biblical reference.
  • when cutting the apple: it will give you a 5 star shape, making it a pentagon shape, making it the fruit of satan.
  • also makes the shape of a vagina.
100
Q

Wheat

A
  • no other organism, other then humans to spread and avoid extinction like wheat. Covers 600 million acres of the earth’s surface
  • ancient wheat (emmer) is completely different to today’s wheat.
  • wheat was founded in Mesopotamian 10,000 years ago. Founded in the beginning of the agricultural revolution.
101
Q

Conventional bread

A
  • usually made w/wheat (unless gluten)
  • needs yeast (yeast has c02 which allows bread to rise. If bread didn’t rise it would just be dough, like dough used for pasta.
  • gluten holds c02 in bread to make it rise; can’t be made without gluten - makes it hard & unappetizing
102
Q

Assive of Bread and Ale

A

First law in British history to regulate the production and sale of food. It regulated wheat, especially bread. (1266)

103
Q

Beverages (the geography of beverage)

A
  • milk the most important. Especially breast feeding.
  • water was one of the only drink prior to the agr revolution since breast milk was only drank during infancy. Prior to the agr revolution people didn’t understand to milk cows.
  • another drink prior to the Arg rev was coconut water.
104
Q

History of the world in 6 glasses

A

2005 book

  1. Beer 2. Wine 3. Spirits 4. Coffee 5. Tea ( most consumed drink in the world) 6. Soda.
    - all beverages effect your mood. They all are considered a drug. The first 3 of alcohol and the other 3 have caffeine.
105
Q

Religion & Food

A

Least Restrictive - Christianity

Most Restrictive - Jains

106
Q

Romani - Gypsies & Food

A
  • food must be kept away from those that could pollute it
  • men should handle food
  • buy in bulk, less chance for pollution
107
Q

Robert Batewell

A

Made it possible to turn the scrawny into the brawny

No idea what this refers to

108
Q

Ghandi

A

The cattle of the rich steal the bread of the poor.

109
Q

Upton Sinclair

A

Investigative Journalist

  • focused on the industrial production of food
  • we spend more on food than everything else combined
110
Q

Gainesville Georgia

A

Chicken capital of the world

111
Q

Primitive Beginnings

A
  • no tools to get food
  • relied heavily on tortoises because they were easy to catch and kill
  • species originated in Africa
  • fewer than 10,000 left to populate
112
Q

Wine

A
  • 9000 bc wine really started being made.
  • Greeks made wine in large amounts
  • wine was diluted, since the lower class would drink full strength.
  • wine could be safer to drink then water.
  • wine reaches a max of 15-16% alcohol she to the germination of the sugar quantity in wine.
113
Q

Fruits & Vegetables changes over the years

A

2002 - fruits & vegetables eaten today have 50% less nutrients than 50 years ago
Oranges have 1/8th amount of vitamin C
Broccoli has 80% less copper
Tomatoes have 25% less calcium

114
Q

Proctor & Gamble - 1912

A

Introduced crisco (vegetable shortening)

  • advertised to encourage children to eat more fat
  • calories introduced at the same time; seen as good to have a lot; seen as energy
115
Q

Ways to remove fat in the past

A

Sanitized tapeworms

116
Q

Heart Attack Grill

A

Restaurant in the States

- people have died from heart attacks here

117
Q

BMI

A

Underweight = <

118
Q

Statistics about obesity in Canada

A

1/4 & 1/3 of all Canadians are obese

- high in territories & Maritime provinces

119
Q

Lipids(fat)

A
  • necessary for human survival; regulate water intake in the body
  • used by the body to get certain vitamins
  • more prosperous societies consume more fat in their diet
120
Q

Sugar facts

A

Rock star energy drink - 6 Krispy kremes for sugar

White hot chocolate Starbucks - 72g of sugar; 520 cal; 16g of fat

121
Q

Peppermint Gibralters

A

First candies made in America

122
Q

Geography of Sugar

A

India invaded by Darius in 1983
- encountered sugar reeds
Sugar was moved from India to the west by Alexander the Great

  • Arab people introduced sugar to the Mediterranean
123
Q

Sugar & politics

A
  • powerful force in human affairs; drive the slave trade
    Sugar = engine of the empire
  • Drew the map of North America
124
Q

Sugar Facts/Statistics

A

10 sugar cubes = 1 can of coke
3 sugar cubes = 1 chocolate chip cookie
4 sugar cubes = 1 Oreo

Canadians consume - 100g of sugar per day

125
Q

Pierre Pois

A

Helped ruin the Dutch monopoly over spices. He kidnapped spice plants from the Dutch islands. He transferred the spice plants to the French controlled islands, which allowed them to be largely dispersed.

126
Q

Samhain “Halloween”

A

Celtic lord of death.
Two days the Catholics celebrate for Halloween (all saint day) all soul day (after Halloween).
October was the winter festival for the dead.
Celtic pagons performed sacrifices by offering the spirits pumpkins, apples, cake, nuts and kale.

127
Q

Coca cola facts

A

Drinking a can of coke = the same as doing cocaine

- sugar gives you a high just like cocaine

128
Q

Animal Caloric Intake

A

Animals consume more cal/day than they produce
- cows need 16 kilos of feed to produce 1 kilo of beef

  • 3 kilos of grain = 1 kilo of chicken
129
Q

WWII food facts

A

Dutch forced to eat tulip bulbs

130
Q

Linseed Oil

A

Toxic

Extracted from flax seed, used to preserve wood

131
Q

Distillation

A
  • the Arabic people kept a lot of knowledge from the dark ages. Although they are against booze, they contributed a lot to distillation.
  • distillation is when a liquid is vaporized and the liquid is condensed (the process of making spirits)
  • it can take any plant with sugar in it and change it to alcohol.
132
Q

Mothers Ruin (Gin)

A

Dutch discovered a cheap way to make gin.
Gin alleys were created (women and men could drink together at these bars)
Women became alcoholics, making them go into prostituion, hence the name.
In the 17th century everyone was drunk always. Beer and bread were the main caloric diet in Europe.

133
Q

Monopoly over spices

A

vasco da gama broke the monopoly over spices. The Portuguese explorer sailed a route from Portugal to India by sailing around the southern tip of Africa (around 15 hundreds)

This opened Europe to the spices, etc which was a lot harder /expensive before to get.

134
Q

Agricultural Hearths

A

Places where agriculture originated/vavalov centres

Iraq & Middle East, Northern China, southern China, sub-Saharan Africa, Southern Canada

135
Q

Male & Female Roles in the beginnings

A

Men - hunting
Women - gathering & taking care of children; understand biology more than men; learned to control animals first; in charge of agriculture

136
Q

4000 years ago/2000 BC

A

All major crops were domesticated; not many new ones found since then
All animals were domesticated

137
Q

3000 years ago

A

Irrigation introduced

138
Q

1000 years ago

A

Manure became important
Sickle
Ox drawn plough

139
Q

Gobekli Tepe

A

Predates beginnings of agriculture
Predates creation of pyramids & stone henge
Is the earliest found monuments - constructed for religious reasons & purposes

140
Q

Food: an intimate commodity

A

Stuart Lee Allen - a quarter of the population who lose taste for food, lose sex drive
- symbolize foods to sexuality: peaches, coco de mer, food gras

141
Q

McDonalds Facts

A

More than 30,000 McDs in 2004, 45% located in the US
2nd - japan
3rd - canada
4th - Germany

Avg # of outlets are 5 per 1 million people in the US;

Employs more people than the steel industry
Golden Arches are the second most recognized symbol after the cross

142
Q

Food Semiotics

A

Avocado - Aztec word means testicles; women had to stay inside when they were being harvested
Quince - seen as sexually attractive that women were to eat one before entering the bed chamber
Figs & Eggs - represent fertility
Urchin - on the island of Crete - orgasmic food

143
Q

Spices facts Continued

A

Country to consume the most - Americas
Spices are considered tropical but are now world wide
Book - talks about the spices in 93 nations
- countries with hottest temperatures use spices the most

144
Q

Spice trade expansion

A

System of canals - Nile Delta with the Red Sea

145
Q

Cinnamon & Cassia (tastes like cinnamon)

A

Traded in 200 BC

146
Q

Centre of Spices

A

3000 years ago, 1000 BC - India

  • not the source of all of them
  • source for pepper
  • where spices were taken & brought to other countries
147
Q

Main spices in the trade

A

Pepper
Cumin
Coriander

148
Q

Arab Nations & Spices

A

Spice trade was conducted over land by camels; across Asia

- according to the people, lakes had dangers according to the people & finding the origin of spices were discouraged

149
Q

Mustard Seed

A

Romans introduced it to Britain

When Rome was in control it became the centre of the spice trade

150
Q

Geography of the spice trade - centres of the spice trade

A

India - first centre
Arab Nations
Then the Roman Empire controlled it for 300 years.
Then it moved to Northern Egypt in Alexandria
Roman Empire fell then it moved to the Mediterranean in control by the Islamic Nations
Spread of Islam - connected to the distribution of spices

151
Q

Cloves

A

Todorra & Tonate - origin
335 AD - when cloves entered Europe
1000 years later - origin of cloves was found

152
Q

Crusades

A

Were responsible for the development of spices in Europe

153
Q

Venetians

A

15th century - main spice traders in Europe

154
Q

Marco Polo

A

Set out in 1201 looking for spices

- assertion of power was to control the spice trade because of how precious and profitable spices are

155
Q

Distribution of Spices & Empires that arose

A

Portugal - first to bring spices from India to Europe

Netherlands - controlled spice islands after the Portuguese

Spain

United Kingdom

USA

156
Q

Fruit Facts

A

Latin word for fruit = enjoyment; pleasure
Fruits - ovary of a flower; has seeds

20-26% sugar - fruits grown in tropical areas near the equator

250,000 - 500,000 fruits on the planet/plant species that bear fruit

10,000-50,000 are edible
20% have been tasted

157
Q

Climacteric Fruits

A

Ripen after picked

Example: bananas, pears, peaches (at their peak for 10 min)

158
Q

Non-climacteric fruits

A

Don’t ripen after they’re picked

Example: grapes

159
Q

Avocados

A

Can’t ripen on the tree, only ripen after they are picked.

160
Q

Apples

A

Hard to grow; insects, fungus & moulds like them so a lot of pesticide is used.
Every seed has it’s own variety

Takes 5-7 years for apple trees to grow seeds

161
Q

Elma Atta

A

Father of apples; epicentre of the origin of apples

162
Q

Macintosh Apple

A

200 years old

Discovered in Eastern Ontario

163
Q

Granny Smith Apple

A

Found in Sydney Australia

164
Q

Delicious Apple

A

Hiatt discovered it in 1870
Mutant tree in his orchard
Out of alignment with others so he cut it down

165
Q

The Big 6 (grains)

A
  1. Rye
  2. Barley
  3. Millet
  4. Rice
  5. Maize, Corn
  6. Wheat

Others: oats, sorghum (from Rwanda), teff (used in Ethiopian bread)

166
Q

Rye

A

Hearty, extremely tolerant of poor soils

Used to make whiskey
Altitude sensitive
Highly susceptible to ergot/fungus
Called the Wheat of Alla because of it’s heartiness

167
Q

Barley

A

Heartier than rye

Sole grain of the Greeks & Mesopotamia

168
Q

Millet

A

Grows well in hot temperatures

Originated in China

169
Q

Rice

A

20% of calories on the planet come from rice; 2 billion people eat it
1 acre of rice - feeds 2.3 people

170
Q

Corn

A

First if all grasses to be bred

Corn is in everything

171
Q

3 sisters

A

Corn
Beans
Squash

172
Q

Greatest consumers of bread

A
  1. Ireland
  2. Britain
  3. Canada
173
Q

Alcohol

A

Pure alcohol - 200%

Without distillation we wouldn’t have vodka; made far more plants

174
Q

1820’s & alcohol

A

In a hospitals in London, they only served alcohol since the water was contaminated.

175
Q

Biggest drinkers in the world

A

Luxembourg

176
Q

Principal alcohol in Canada

A

Beer

  • 75% of beverages
  • 80 L per person per year
177
Q

Random Drinking statistics

A

Medieval English Monks - Drink 2 gallons of beer a day

Siena - 1.5L of wine

Rome - 270L of alcohol

178
Q

Drugs - Nutmeg

A

Myristicin - narcotic

179
Q

Drugs - Alkaloids

A

Hallucinogenic

180
Q

Drugs - Poppy

A

Opium

181
Q

Drugs - KHAT

A

Aphrodisiac, euphoric, stimulant

  • may have come from Yemen
  • drunk as tea or smoked
  • good for health
182
Q

Betel

A

Specific to India
Good for learning & focusing
Good for intestinal parasites
Consumed by 10% of the world’s population

183
Q

Cocaine

A

Annual supply can fit in 13 trucks

184
Q 
Conventional bread can be made of: 
A) wheat & rye
B) rye only
C) wheat & buckwheat
D) none of the above
A

A) wheat and rye

You can’t make bread from just rye because the bread will come out hard.

GEO509 - Food, place & Identity (1 decks)

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