All Text Terms Flashcards
Full Class Study
1
Q
A
2
Q
What is holophrasic speech?
A
Use of a single word to form a whole sentence
3
Q
Define spatial skills.
A
The capacity to understand, reason, and remember the spatial relations among objects or space
4
Q
What is the corpus callosum?
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A dense band of fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain
5
Q
What does locomotion refer to?
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Physical movements such as running, jumping, and skipping
6
Q
What are object control skills?
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Physical movements such as throwing, catching, and kicking
7
Q
What is the preoperational stage in Piaget’s theory?
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Piaget’s stage of cognitive development where children use symbols to represent words, images, and ideas
8
Q
What does the term operational refer to in cognitive development?
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Ability to perform mental processes and logical reasoning on concrete or abstract concepts
9
Q
What characterizes the symbolic function substage?
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Occurs between two and four years; child can mentally represent an object that is not present
10
Q
What is the intuitive thought substage?
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Greater dependence on intuitive thinking
11
Q
Define egocentrism in early childhood.
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Inability to take the perspective of others, believing everyone sees, thinks, and feels as they do
12
Q
What is conservation in cognitive development?
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Ability to recognize that moving or rearranging matter does not change the quantity
13
Q
What does transductive reasoning involve?
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Making connections between two unrelated events based on superficial similarities or proximity
14
Q
What is animism in child development?
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Attributing lifelike qualities to objects
15
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Define the zone of proximal development (ZPD).
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Occurs when children can almost perform a task but not quite on their own without assistance
16
Q
What is scaffolding in learning?
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Temporary support that parents or teachers give a child to do a task
17
Q
What is divided attention?
A
Ability to switch focus between tasks or external stimuli
18
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Define sustained attention.
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Ability to stay on task for long periods of time
19
Q
What is selective attention?
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Ability to focus on a single task or stimulus while ignoring distracting information
20
Q
What is sensory memory?
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First stage of the memory system; stores sensory input in its raw form for a very brief duration
21
Q
What is working memory?
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The component of memory in which current conscious mental activity occurs
22
Q
Define executive function (EF).
A
Self-regulatory processes that enable adaptive responses to new situations or to reach a specific goal
23
Q
What is clustering rehearsal?
A
Rehearsing previous material while adding in additional information
24
Q
What are declarative/explicit memories?
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Memories for facts or events that are consciously recollected
25
Define non-declarative/implicit memories.
Typically, automated skills that do not require conscious recollection
26
What are semantic memories?
Memories for facts and knowledge that are not tied to a timeline
27
What are episodic memories?
Memories tied to specific events in time
28
Define autobiographical memory.
Memory recollected from an individual’s own life
29
What does behavioral genetics study?
The scientific study of using genetic methods to explore the nature and origins of individual differences in behavior
30
What are genotype environment correlations?
Procedures by which genetic factors influence variations in the environment
31
Define passive genotype-environment correlation.
Relation between genetically influenced behavior inherited from parents and the environment in which they are raised
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What is evocative genotype-environment correlation?
Relation between genetically influenced behavior of an individual and the reaction of others to that behavior
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Define active genotype-environment correlation.
Relation between the genetic propensities of an individual and the environmental niches that the individual picks
34
What are genotype-environment interactions?
Interactions between the genotype of individuals and the environment resulting in different reactions based on genetic susceptibility
35
What is epigenetics?
Study of behavior and environment changes that affect the way genes work
36
Define goodness-of-fit.
The rapport between individual temperament and the surrounding environment
37
What is social referencing?
Process infants use by reading caregivers’ responses to manage their own responses
38
What is attachment in psychology?
An emotional relationship involving care and affection
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Define contact comfort.
The comfort an infant receives as a result of physical contact with its mother
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What is meant by secure base in attachment theory?
Presence of a parent or familiar person that gives children a sense of safety while exploring
41
What is constructivism?
A theory of learning based on the idea that children actively try to understand the world around them
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Define cognitive constructivist.
Theorist focused on independent learning
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What does a social constructivist believe?
Relies on social interactions for learning
44
What is the theory of mind?
Ability to think about other people's thoughts
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What are collectivistic cultures?
Cultures that emphasize conformity to family and cultural values
46
Define individualistic cultures.
Cultures that encourage children to think for themselves
47
What is self-concept?
Your self-description according to various categories
48
What is self-esteem?
An evaluative judgment about who you are
49
What is categorical self?
A self-description that is focused on external qualities
50
Define gender socialization.
Focuses on what young children learn about gender from society
51
What is social learning theory?
Theory that argues behavior is learned through observation, modeling, reinforcement, and punishment
52
What does cognitive social learning theory emphasize?
Reinforcement, punishment, imitation, and adds cognitive processes
53
What is gender schema theory?
Theory that argues children develop their own conceptions of gender attributes
54
Define developmental intergroup theory.
Theory that states many gender stereotypes are strong due to cultural emphasis on gender
55
What are primary emotions?
Emotions that first appear in infants, such as happiness, anger, and fear
56
What are secondary emotions?
Emotions that require social instruction, including doubt, envy, fear, and guilt
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What is a secure attachment style?
Attachment style that allows a child to explore freely while the caregiver is present
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Define ambivalent attachment style.
Attachment style that makes a child wary of new situations or strangers
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What is disorganized or disoriented attachment style?
Attachment style that leads the child to inconsistent ways of coping with stress
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What is avoidant attachment style?
Attachment style in which a child avoids or ignores the caregiver
61
Define intersubjectivity.
Psychological relationship between people, like the bond between caregivers and newborns
62
What is myelination?
Increase in the myelin sheath covering the fibers of neurons, improving nerve impulse speed
63
Define distal-proximal development.
Description of growth that begins in the extremities and proceeds toward the body
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What is menarche?
The onset of menstruation in human females
65
Define spermarche.
The beginning of sperm development in human males' testicles during puberty
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What are androgens?
A male sex hormone, such as testosterone
67
What is a zygote?
A fertilized ovum.
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Define mitosis.
Cell division producing two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
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What is a blastocyst?
In mammals, an embryo before implantation into the uterine wall.
70
What does the term 'embryo' refer to?
A developing mammal following conception; in humans, the first eight weeks of pregnancy.
71
What is the function of the placenta?
Organ that connects a developing mammal to its mother.
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What is cephalocaudal development?
Development process that begins at the head and proceeds to the tail.
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What is proximodistal development?
Development process that begins at the midline and proceeds outward.
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Define fetus.
Unborn mammalian offspring; in humans, from week nine through birth.
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What does viability mean in the context of fetal development?
Able to live independently outside a mother's uterus.
76
What are teratogens?
Any substance, agent, or process that causes birth defects or interferes with typical development.
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What is preeclampsia?
High blood pressure, plus possible damage to the liver and kidneys; also called toxemia.
78
Define gestational hypertension.
High blood pressure (over 140/90) occurring during pregnancy when the mother did not previously have high blood pressure.
79
What is Rh disease?
A form of anemia caused by the Rh protein.
80
What are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?
Commonly prescribed antidepressant drugs.
81
What is an ectopic (tubal) pregnancy?
Pregnancy in which the fertilized egg implants in a fallopian tube instead of in the uterus.
82
Define eclampsia.
A serious pregnancy complication that includes seizures; can cause maternal death.
83
What is spontaneous abortion?
Miscarriage; a non-induced death of a nonviable embryo or fetus.
84
What is the Lamaze Method?
Method developed by a French obstetrician that emphasizes reduction of pain during childbirth without the use of drugs.
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What are Braxton-Hicks contractions?
Uncomfortable but painless 'practice' contractions that occur during pregnancy.
86
What is a Cesarean section?
Surgery to deliver the baby through the mother's abdomen.
87
List the life stages defined in human development.
* Prenatal
* Infancy
* Toddlerhood
* Childhood (early, middle, late)
* Adolescence
* Adulthood (early, middle, late)
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What comprises the germinal period of the prenatal stage?
The first 14 days after fertilization, including implantation of the zygote and creation of a blastocyst.
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What follows the germinal period in prenatal development?
The embryonic period for weeks three through eight of pregnancy.
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What occurs during the fetal period of prenatal development?
Follows the embryonic period through the end of pregnancy, with viability reached at about 24 weeks.
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What factors can affect the development of a fetus?
* Maternal age (under 15 or over 35)
* Environmental teratogens
* Diabetes
* High blood pressure
* Rh factor
* Weight gain
* Stress
* Depression
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What are the risks involved in pregnancy?
* Ectopic pregnancy
* Preeclampsia
* Spontaneous abortion
93
What are the three stages of labor for vaginal delivery?
First stage, second stage, and third stage.
94
What are the 'baby blues'?
A common, temporary state of sadness in the mother, right after childbirth.
95
Define postpartum depression.
Unusual sadness occurring in the period following childbirth.
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What is postpartum psychosis?
Serious mental illness that can affect a new mother following childbirth; mother may lose touch with reality.
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What is postpartum anxiety?
Elevated sense of worry about the infant following childbirth.
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What does the APGAR score assess?
Infants' heart and respiratory rates, muscle tone, reflexes, and color at one minute and five minutes following birth.
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What is the NBAS?
Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale used to assess the newborn.
100
When does the postpartum phase begin and end?
Begins after the baby is delivered and concludes when the mother's body is practically back to its pre-pregnancy form.
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What should new mothers experiencing postpartum anxiety do?
Seek medical assistance.
102
What does physical growth refer to?
An increase in body size (length or height and weight) and in the size of organs of babies.
103
What is the cephalocaudal path of development?
Development that proceeds from head to tail.
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What is the proximodistal path of development?
Development that proceeds from the midline outward.
105
Define fine motor skills.
Those using the muscles in fingers, toes, and eyes, enabling coordination of small actions.
106
Define gross motor skills.
Those using large muscle groups that control the head, torso, arms, and legs and involve larger movements.
107
What is binocular vision?
Vision using two eyes with overlapping fields of view, allowing good perception of depth.
108
What does circumcised mean?
Foreskin of the penis has been removed.
109
What does intermodal refer to?
More than one mode or more than one way.
110
What are habituation procedures?
Tests measuring decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations.
111
What is colostrum?
The first stage of breast milk; it develops during pregnancy and lasts for several days after birth.
112
What is infantile marasmus?
Undernourishment causing a child's weight to be significantly low for its age.
113
Define kwashiorkor.
Malnutrition in children having diets deficient in protein, often occurring after another child has been born and taken over breastfeeding.
114
What does physical development aid in?
Maintenance of a healthy weight, as well as the growth of strong bones, muscles, and a healthy heart.
115
What is motor development?
The physical growth and strengthening of a child's bones and muscles.
116
What does sensory development emphasize?
The processes used to take in information from the environment.
117
Why is nutrition critical for health and development?
Better nutrition is related to improved infant, child, and maternal health and to stronger immune systems.
118
What happens to children who have diets deficient in protein?
They may experience kwashiorkor or the 'disease of the displaced child.'
119
What are carriers in genetics?
Those who inherit only one recessive gene of a disorder and thus do not inherit the disorder.
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Define dominant gene.
Express themselves in the phenotype, even when paired with a different version of the gene.
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What are genes?
Specific sequences of nucleotides and are recipes for making protein.
122
What does genotype refer to?
Sum total of all the genes a person inherits.
123
What does heterozygous mean?
Refers to receiving a different version of a gene from each parent.
124
Define homozygous.
Refers to receiving the same version of a gene from each parent.
125
What is incomplete dominance?
When the dominant gene does not completely suppress the recessive gene.
126
What is meiosis?
The process whereby the gamete's chromosomes duplicate and then divide twice, resulting in four cells containing only half the genetic material of the original gamete.
127
What is the process of mitosis?
The cell's nucleus makes an exact copy of all the chromosomes and splits into two new cells.
128
Define phenotype.
Features that are actually expressed.
129
What does polygenic mean?
Refers to the fact that most characteristics are the result of several genes.
130
What is a recessive gene?
Express themselves only when paired with a similar version gene.
131
What are sex chromosomes?
The one pair of chromosomes that may vary in length and determine whether a child will be genetically male or female.
132
What are chromosomes?
Genetic material within the nucleus that contain the units of inheritance, genes.
133
What are gametes?
Cells formed by meiosis that are essential for sexual reproduction and contain half the amount of genetic material.
134
What are dominant gene-linked disorders?
Genetic disorders that are linked to the dominant genes that express themselves in the phenotype.
135
Define sex-linked genetic disorder.
Disorders linked with sex chromosomes.
136
What is a chromosomal abnormality?
Occurs when a child inherits too many or too few chromosomes.
137
What is trisomy-21 (Down syndrome)?
Occurs when there are three rather than two 21st chromosomes; typically exhibits intellectual disability and certain physical features.
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What is a sex-linked chromosomal abnormality?
When the abnormality is on the 23rd pair (sex chromosomes).
139
What is Turner syndrome?
Occurs when part or all of one of the X chromosomes is lost, resulting in an XO composition.
140
What is Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)?
Results when an extra X chromosome is present in the cells of a male.
141
What does prenatal refer to?
During the time of gestation.
142
What is the neural plate?
The location of stem cells in the embryo.
143
Define forebrain.
Anterior part of the brain.
144
What is the midbrain?
Small, central part of the brainstem.
145
What is the hindbrain?
Lower part of the brainstem.
146
What are neurons?
Functional unit of nervous system.
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Define neurogenesis.
The formation of neurons.
148
What is the hippocampus?
The elongated ridges on the floor of each lateral ventricle of the brain.
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What are axons?
Cell process of neuron that carries the impulse from the cell body to the synapse.
150
What is gray matter?
Regions of the brain that contain the cell bodies which look gray in color.
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What is white matter?
The axons that form the neural pathways and are covered in myelin.
152
Define synapses.
Space between two neurons.
153
What is teratology?
The study of factors that contribute to birth defects.
154
What are teratogens?
Environmental factors that can contribute to birth defects.
155
What are fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)?
An umbrella term for the range of effects that can occur due to alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
156
Define binge drinking.
Consuming four or more alcoholic drinks in the space of 2–3 hours.
157
What is placenta previa?
A condition in which the placenta lies low in the uterus and covers all or part of the cervix.
158
What is placental abruption?
A pregnancy complication in which the placenta separates prematurely from the uterine wall.
159
What is secondhand smoke?
Passive smoking that one inhales due to smoking of tobacco by other individuals.
160
What is thirdhand smoke?
Toxins from tobacco smoke that linger on clothing, furniture, and in locations where smoking has occurred.
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What is neonatal abstinence syndrome?
A condition where a baby becomes addicted to a drug before birth and goes through drug withdrawal after birth.
162
What are genes?
Inherited building blocks of nature, determining an organism's development.
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What is synaptogenesis?
The formation of connections between neurons.
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What is synaptic blooming?
Period of rapid neural growth.
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What is synaptic pruning?
Period where neural connections are reduced, making those used much stronger.
166
What is the frontal lobe responsible for?
Thinking, planning, memory, and judgment.
167
What does the parietal lobe process?
Information about touch.
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What does the occipital lobe process?
Visual information.
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What is the temporal lobe responsible for?
Hearing and language.
170
What is lateralization?
Process in which different functions become localized primarily on one side of the brain.
171
Define neuroplasticity.
The brain's ability to change to enhance adaptability to environmental change and compensate for injury.
172
What are reflexes?
Involuntary movements in response to stimulation.
173
What is the palmar grasp?
The use of the fingers and palm, but no thumbs.
174
What is the pincer grasp?
Ability to grasp an object using the forefinger and thumb.
175
What is a schema?
A framework for organizing information.
176
What does assimilation mean?
Fitting the new information into an existing schema.
177
Define accommodation.
Expanding the framework of knowledge to accommodate the new situation.
178
What is the sensorimotor stage?
First stage of cognitive development.
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What occurs in Substage 1 of the sensorimotor stage?
Newborns learn about their world through reflexes such as sucking, reaching, and grasping.
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What is Substage 2 of the sensorimotor stage?
Primary Circular Reactions; infants involve their own body in repeated activities.
181
What happens in Substage 3 of the sensorimotor stage?
Infants interact with objects in the environment and engage in deliberate repeated activities.
182
What are primary circular reactions?
Behaviors centered on the infant's own body that are repeated and learned through chance
## Footnote
These reactions help the infant learn new behaviors through repetition.
183
What characterizes Substage 3 in the sensorimotor period?
The infant interacts with objects deliberately and takes delight in making things happen
## Footnote
Examples include banging lids together or manipulating toys.
184
What is the significance of coordination in Substage 4?
The infant combines reflexes and behaviors to achieve specific goals, showing planning and anticipation
## Footnote
An example is crawling to grab a toy after seeing it.
185
What does Substage 5 represent in a toddler's development?
The toddler explores the world in a trial-and-error manner, acting like a 'little scientist'
## Footnote
For instance, throwing a ball down the stairs to observe the outcome.
186
What marks the end of the sensorimotor period?
The appearance of symbolic or representational thought
## Footnote
This includes problem-solving using mental strategies and engaging in pretend play.
187
What is infantile amnesia?
The inability to recall memories from the first few years of life
## Footnote
This phenomenon affects older children and adults.
188
Define deferred imitation.
The imitation of actions after a time delay
## Footnote
This shows the ability to remember and replicate behaviors.
189
What occurs during synaptogenesis in the infant brain?
A higher pace of neural growth followed by synaptic pruning
## Footnote
This process is crucial for brain development in the first two years.
190
How much sleep does a newborn typically get?
Approximately 16.5 hours per 24-hour period
## Footnote
Newborns spend about 50% of this time in the REM phase.
191
What reflexes are replaced by voluntary behaviors in infants?
Grasping and stepping reflexes
## Footnote
Other reflexes like eye-blink and swallowing remain functional.
192
What processes do children use to develop schemata?
Assimilation and accommodation
## Footnote
These processes help children integrate new information.
193
What is a phoneme?
The smallest unit of sound that makes a meaningful difference in a language
## Footnote
Phonemes are essential for distinguishing words.
194
Define morpheme.
A morphological element considered in respect of its functional relations in a linguistic system
## Footnote
Morphemes can be roots or affixes.
195
What does semantics refer to?
The set of rules used to obtain meaning from morphemes
## Footnote
Semantics is crucial for understanding language.
196
What is syntax?
The set of rules of a language by which sentences are constructed
## Footnote
Syntax governs the structure of sentences.
197
Define pragmatics.
The branch of linguistics dealing with language in use and the contexts
## Footnote
Pragmatics considers how context influences meaning.
198
What is contextual information?
Data that gives context to a person, entity, or event
## Footnote
Contextual information is important for comprehension.
