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all terms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

abiotic factor

A

any condition affecting the environment that results from non-living sources

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2
Q

absorption

A

process by which small soluble molecules are taken up by cells

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3
Q

active site

A

area on an enzyme’s surface that binds with a specific substrate

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4
Q

active transport

A

energy-demanding process in cell that moves substances against a concentration gradient

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5
Q

four bases found in DNA

A
  • adenine
  • cytosine
  • guanine
  • thymine
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6
Q

aerobic respiration

A

type of respiration requiring oxygen in which substrates such as glucose are completely broken down to water and carbon dioxide to release large amounts of energy

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7
Q

algal bloom

A

excess algae often associated with an increase in the nutrient level in a body of water

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8
Q

allele

A

different forms of a gene

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9
Q

alveolus

A

thin-walled sac where gas exchange takes place in the lungs

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10
Q

amino acid

A

basic building block of protein

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11
Q

amylase

A

enzyme that breaks starch down into the sugar maltose

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12
Q

anther

A

male structure in a flowering plant which produces pollen

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13
Q

antibody

A

large protein molecule produced in response to invasion by a foreign agent and capable of rendering it harmless

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14
Q

artery

A

vessel carrying blood from the heart

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15
Q

bacterial cell

A

microscopic one-celled organism with no nucleus but a definite cell wall and plasmids

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16
Q

base

A

nitrogen-containing chemical such as adenine, thymine, cytosine or guanine

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17
Q

biconcave

A

being curved inwards on both sides

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18
Q

biodiversity

A

all the different species that live in an environment

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19
Q

bioaccumulation

A

build up of pesticides accumulating in the bodies of organisms over time

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20
Q

biological control

A

method of controlling pests using naturally occurring living organisms to regulate the size of the pest population

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21
Q

biotic factor

A

anything that affects the environment as a result of the activities of living things

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22
Q

capillary

A

smallest diameter blood vessel whose walls are only one cell thick and across which an exchange of gases, nutrients and wastes takes place

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23
Q

carbon fixation

A

combination, by photosynthetic plants, of the gas carbon dioxide with hydrogen to produce glucose

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24
Q

cell membrane

A

outer covering of cells that regulates what can enter or leave

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25
Q

carbohydrate

A

chemical containing the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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26
Q

catalyst

A

chemical that can speed up a reaction

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27
Q

cell wall

A

relatively thick layer found on the outside of plant, fungal and bacterial cells. In each case, it is chemically different but functions to give the cell shape and helps protect internal cell structures

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28
Q

cellulose

A

main structural chemical that makes up plant cell walls

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29
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

consists of brain and spinal cord

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30
Q

cerebellum

A

The part of the brain that controls balance and co-ordination

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31
Q

cerebrum

A

The large folded part of the brain that controls conscious responses, memory, thought and intelligence

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32
Q

chlorophyll

A

green pigment found in chloroplasts capable of trapping light energy

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33
Q

chloroplast

A

structure found in green plant cells that contains the pigment chlorophyll and where photosynthesis takes place

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34
Q

chromatid

A

one of the two identical strands forming a chromosome

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35
Q

chromosome

A

The structure made of DNA that codes for all the characteristics of an organism

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36
Q

chromosome complement

A

total number and types of chromosomes found in the nucleus of a cell

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37
Q

circulatory system

A

collective name for the blood, vessels and heart

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38
Q

collagen

A

important chemical found in bone and skin that gives strength

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39
Q

community

A

collection of animals and plants living together in a particular habitat

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40
Q

companion cell

A

nucleus helps regulate activity of the sieve tube cell

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41
Q

concentration gradient

A

The difference in concentration between two solutions, between different cells or between cells and a surrounding solution.

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42
Q

consumer

A

animal which feeds on other organisms to obtain energy

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43
Q

continuous variation

A

e.g height, body mass, circumference of wrist

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44
Q

cuticle

A

continuous waxy layer that covers the surfaces exposed to air

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45
Q

cytoplasm

A

where all the chemical reactions of the cell take place

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46
Q

decomposer

A

any living thing that can break down dead material to allow nutrients to be recycled in ecosystems

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47
Q

degradation

A

breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones

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48
Q

denaturation

A

irreversible change in a protein, caused by changes in pH and temperature, that renders the activity of an enzyme useless

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49
Q

diaphragm

A

strong sheet of muscle separating the chest cavity from the lower gut cavity and is important in breathing

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50
Q

DNA

A

two strands of nucleotides twisted around each other to form a shape called a double helix. contains instructions for constructing, controlling and reproducing cells by determining the synthesis of proteins

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51
Q

diffusion

A

the movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without the use of energy

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52
Q

discrete variation

A

e.g ability to roll tongue, dominant hand

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53
Q

ecological barrier

A

means by which a species becomes divided into two or more sub-groups based on some change in the environment

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54
Q

ecosystem

A

all the organisms(the community) living in a particular habitat and the non-living components with which the organisms interact

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55
Q

egg

A

female sex cell

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56
Q

effector

A

structure that brings about an action as a result of an input from a nerve pathway

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57
Q

embryo

A

in animals development stage form foetal stage up until time of birth

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58
Q

endocrine gland

A

collection of cells that produce and release chemicals directly into the bloodstream

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59
Q

endocrine system

A

collection of glans that release chemicals directly into the bloodstream

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60
Q

enzyme

A

A protein which catalyses or speeds up a chemical reaction

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61
Q

epidermis

A

in a multicellular organism the outer layer of cells, usually one cell thick in plants

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62
Q

equator

A

plane of cell along which chromosomes line up during mitosis

63
Q

ethanol

A

alcohol produced during anaerobic respiration by plant cells

64
Q

evolution

A

the process by which living things have gradually changed over a very long period of time to become better suited to survive and reproduce in their environment

65
Q

fatty acid

A

chemical that when combined with glycerol forms fat molecules

66
Q

fat

A

chemical, usually solid at room temperature, used as an energy store

67
Q

fermentation

A

type of anaerobic respiration found in plant and yeast cells that results in the production of ethanol, carbon dioxide and small quantities of ATP

68
Q

fertiliser

A

natural or synthetically produced chemical added to soil to enhance its properties in some way

69
Q

fertilisation

A

fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote

70
Q

foetus

A

young animal in its early stages of development and still within the mothers uterus

71
Q

fungus

A

organism that has no chlorophyll, has a cell wall made of chitin and often feeds on dead animal or plant materials

72
Q

gamete

A

sex cell that possesses half the diploid number of chromosomes

73
Q

diploid cell

A

a cell that contains two sets of chromosomes

74
Q

geographical barrier

A

means by which a species becomes divided into two or more sub-groups based on some major physical obstacle that prevents the sub-groups from continuing to interbreed

75
Q

gland

A

organ producing a chemical that brings about a response in any body part which is sensitive to that chemical

76
Q

glucagon

A

hormone produced by the pancreas that causes glycogen to be converted to glucose

77
Q

glucose

A

simple 6-carbon sugar that is a product of photosynthesis and is used up in respiration

78
Q

glycerol

A

a basic component of fat molecules

79
Q

glycogen

A

main sugar made up of many glucose molecules and stored in the liver

80
Q

guard cell

A

specialised cell that surrounds a stoma and regulates the size of the opening

81
Q

habitat

A

general term for the place in an environment where an organism lives

82
Q

haemoglobin

A

protein that combines loosely with oxygen in the lungs and then offloads this in respiring tissues

83
Q

haploid cell

A

contains a single set of chromosomes

84
Q

heart

A

muscular pump situated in the chest cavity behind the breast bone

85
Q

heterozygote

A

an individual with different alleles of the same gene

86
Q

homozygote

A

an individual with identical alleles of the same gene

87
Q

hormone

A

chemical produced by one part of a plant or animal and transported to target areas to affect function and/or structure

88
Q

immune system

A

collective name for the cells, tissues and organs which bring about a response to a pathogen and may allow the development of long-term resistance

89
Q

indicator species

A

organism whose presence or absence indicates the condition of a habitat

90
Q

impulse

A

of nerves, the message conducted along a nerve

91
Q

inheritance

A

how characteristics in living things are passed from one generation to another

92
Q

insulin

A

hormone that regulates the blood glucose levels by converting glucose to glycogen

93
Q

inter neuron

A

nerve cell carrying information from sensory neurone to motor neurone

94
Q

interspecific competition

A

competition between organisms of different species for the same resources

95
Q

intraspecific competion

A

competition within organisms of the same species for the same resources

96
Q

isolation

A

when a population is split into two or more smaller groups that are prevented from genetic exchange

97
Q

lacteal

A

found in each villus, absorbs digested fats

98
Q

lactate

A

formed in animal cells, end product of anaerobic respiration during activities which have a high oxygen demand e.g running

99
Q

leaching

A

process by which dissolved substances, such as phosphates and nitrates in the soil are washed out by rainwater

100
Q

lignin

A

substance found in the xylem of some plant cell walls that it stiffens, helping to stop infection and decay and making the xylem strong

101
Q

limiting factor

A

variable that, when increased or decreased, speeds up or slows down a reaction or process

102
Q

lymphocyte

A

white blood cell involved in defence and may be capable of producing antibodies

103
Q

medulla

A

part of brain that controls actions such as heart rate , breathing

104
Q

mRNA

A

mRNA is the substance that carries a complementary copy of a gene from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

105
Q

micron

A

unit of measurement for cells where 1mm is equal to 1000 microns

106
Q

mitochondrion

A

cylinder shaped structure found in varying numbers in the cytoplasm of cells that is the site of aerobic respiration producing ATP

107
Q

mitosis

A

type of nuclear division that results in the formation of two new cells that share the same genetic instructions as each other and the original cell from which they arose

108
Q

motor neuron

A

nerve cell carrying information towards an effector

109
Q

mutation

A

change in the genetic make-up of a cell that can result in an altered phenotype , producing a new allele if a gene is affected, or a change in the number of the chromosomes

110
Q

natural selection

A

mechanism by which gradual evolutionary changes take place

111
Q

nervous system

A

collection of structures that allows a multicellular animal to coordinate its activities very rapidly

112
Q

neuron

A

nerve cell

113
Q

niche

A

role played by a particular organism in a community

114
Q

nucleus

A

controls all the activities of a cell and contains the genetic material

115
Q

oesophagus

A

tube connecting mouth to stomach along which food passes

116
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane

117
Q

ovary

A

organ in which female sex cells are produced in animals and plants

118
Q

oviduct

A

tube that carries egg from ovary towards the uterus

119
Q

ovule

A

contains the female gamete in plants

120
Q

ovum

A

female gamete found in humans

121
Q

oxyhaemoglobin

A

formed when haemoglobin combines with oxygen

122
Q

palisade mesophyll

A

cell that forms a layer between the upper and lower epidermis of a leaf, shaped tall and columnar, and where photosynthesis mainly takes place in a leaf

123
Q

pancreas

A

produces important enzymes and the hormones insulin and glucagon

124
Q

pathogen

A

agent such as a virus or bacterial cell which is capable of producing disease

125
Q

phagocyte

A

white blood cell that can engulf and destroy pathogens

126
Q

phloem

A

plant structure that moves food material made in the leaves by photosynthesis to other parts of the plant

127
Q

plasmolysed

A

the condition of excessive water loss

128
Q

pollen grain

A

contains male gamete in plants

129
Q

pollen tube

A

narrow structure down which the male gamete travels towards the ovule

130
Q

population

A

All of the members of a single species that live within a geographical area.

131
Q

producer

A

green plant at start of a food chain which can photosynthesise to make its own food

132
Q

product

A

end result of an enzyme catalysed reaction

133
Q

pulmonary artery

A

vessel carrying blood low in oxygen from the right ventricle to the lungs

134
Q

pulmonary vein

A

vessel carrying blood rich in oxygen from the lungs to the left atrium

135
Q

receptor

A

cell or group of cells that responds to a specific stimulus

136
Q

respiration

A

process by which energy rich molecules are progressively broken down by enzymes to form adenosine triphosphate

137
Q

ribosome

A

small particle which is the site of protein synthesis in a cell

138
Q

root hair cell

A

cell found in the root of a plant that has a very large surface area for absorbing water and dissolved solutes

139
Q

speciation

A

formation of two or more groups of organism that fan no longer interbreed to form fertile offspring

140
Q

spindle

A

network of fibres that appear during mitosis and move chromosomes within the cell

141
Q

spongy mesophyll layer

A

cells that are irregularly shaped found between the upper and lower epidermis creating a large surface area and many air spaces within a leaf

142
Q

stoma

A

small opening on the surface of leaves and stems that allows exchange of materials between the environment and the plant

143
Q

synthesis

A

building up of large molecules from smaller ones

144
Q

transpiration

A

evaporative loss of water through the surfaces of a land plant

145
Q

turgid

A

condition of a plant cell that is full of water

146
Q

vacuole

A

membrane-bound sac found in plant cells containing a watery solution giving support

147
Q

valve

A

structure that allows movement of contents of a vessel or blood in the heart to flow in one direction only

148
Q

vein

A

vessel carrying blood to the heart

149
Q

vena cava

A

large vein returning blood low in oxygen to the right atrium of the heart

150
Q

ventricle

A

thick-walled chamber of the heart that sends blood to the lungs or to the body

151
Q

villus

A

finger-like projection lining the small intestine increasing the surface area available for absorbtion

152
Q

xylem

A

group of plant cells that transport water and dissolved solutes from the roots to the leaves

153
Q

zygote

A

fertilised egg at the one-cell stage that contains a full set of chromosomes

Nat 5 bio (1 decks)

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