All Terms Flashcards
Applied Behavioral Analysis
treatment of behavior in Autism to improve clients’ life by increasing prosocial behaviors and decreasing maladaptive behaviors
Registered Behavior Technician
- practices under BCBA
- direct implementation
- 5% of hours must be supervised by BCBA
BACB
Behavior Analyst Certification Board
Hierarchy
- BCBA
- BCaBA
- RBT
RBT Task List
- Measurement
- Assessment
- Skill Acquisition
- Behavior Reduction
- Documenting and Reporting
- Professional Conduct and Scope of Practice
Characteristics of ABA
- Applied - socially significant improvements
- Behavioral - observable behavior targeted for change
- Analytic - observable and repeatable methods, functional relationships
- Technological - clear procedures that can be replicated
- Conceptually Systematic - evidence based
- Effective - positive change
- Generality - last over time and applied to multiple social situations
Reinforcement
the addition or removal of a stimulus following a behavior that increases the probability that the behavior will be repeated
Punishment
the addition or removal of a stimulus following a behavior that decreases the probability of that behavior being repeated
Motivating Operation
environmental variable that alters the reinforcing or punishing aspect of a stimulus/object/event, or alters the frequency of all behavior reinforced or punished by that stimulus/object/behavior
Stimulus Control
a situation where the frequency/duration/severity of behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus
Operant Conditioning
the basic principle of learning in which behavior is controlled by consequences (+/- reinforcement, +/- punishment)
Schedules of Reinforcement
rules specifying environmental arrangements and response conditions for reinforcement
- continuous
- intermittent
Continuous Reinforcement
reinforcement after every correct response
Intermittent Reinforcement
not continuous
Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement
- Fixed Ratio
- Fixed Interval
- Variable Ratio
- Variable Interval
Fixed Ratio
reinforcement after a constant number of correct responses
Fixed Interval
reinforcement given after a specific period of time
Variable Ratio
reinforcement varies but averages out at a specific number
Variable Interval
time periods vary but average at a specific time interval
Measurement
the process of applying quantitative labels to observed properties of events using a standard set of rules
Baseline Measurements
the initial data on targets in which we test future successes of an intervention against
Measurement/Data Collection
- 5 trial data sheets
- 1 initial probe data sheets
- behavior tracking forms (frequency and duration)
- ABC behavior charts
Properties of the Measurable Dimensions of Behavior
- Repeatability/Countable - count, rate, acceleration/deceleration
- Temporal Locus - when behavior occurs, latency
- Temporal Extent - duration of behavior
Rate
combination of count and the observable time, making it stronger and more comprehensive form of measurement
Inter-Response Time (IRT)
measure of elapsed time between two successive responses
Continuous Measurement
measures all responses over a given period of time
Discontinuous Measurement
measures a specified time limit
- Event Recording
- Time Sampling
Event Recording
number of times a target behavior occurs and time period; for behaviors that are frequent enough to be recorded within a time period, but not too frequent that it is difficult to record accurately
Time Sampling
recording behavior during intervals or specific moments; observation in intervals; presence and absence of behavior is recorded
- Whole Interval
- Partial Interval
- Momentary
Whole Interval Recording
continuous behavior with longer durations
Partial Interval Recording
used at the end of an interval
Momentary Time Sampling
captures whether behavior is occurring at the end of the interval
Permanent Product Recording
uses the effects of the environment to measure behavior
Characteristics of Behavior
- Observable
- Individual
- Continuous
- Determined by functional relations with other events
- Variability is extrinsic to the organism
When defining behavior, it should be done using and observational definition
Preference Assessment
stimulus that a person prefers, high vs. low, conditions
- free operant observation
- trial based methods
Free Operant Observation
contrived vs. naturalistic
Trial Based Methods
single, paired, and multiple stimuli
Four Methods of Assessment
- Interviews
- Checklists
- Direct Observation (ABC)
- Tests
Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA)
the foundation to creating a behavior plan:
- hypothesize the relationship between behavior and environmental events
- determine function of target behavior
- identify reinforcers
- provide framework for treatment
Steps: gather, interpret, test, develop intervention
Indirect Assessment
interviewing about behavior and conducting surveys
Descriptive Assessment
ABC continuous recording and ABC narrative
Effectiveness of Reinforcement
- reinforcement is most effective when used immediately after behavior
- reinforcement always makes a behavior INCREASE
Positive Reinforcement
a preferred stimulus is added and the behavior increases
ex. verbal praise, tangibles, access to preferred activities
Negative Reinforcement
an aversive stimulus is removed and the behavior increases
ex. requesting removal of something, using social skills against bullying
Behavior Plan
- a strategy to reduce maladaptive behaviors and increase prosocial behaviors
- it provides a framework and gives practitioners a common set of knowledge
- description of the individual
- goal of intervention
- target behaviors
- maintaining factors
Skill Acquisition Plan
programs used to increase specific skills and learning targets for a client
Task Analysis
breaking a complex skill into smaller and teachable units
ex. tying a shoe, writing, brushing teeth
Discrete Trial Training
a method of teaching in simplified and structured steps; the skill is broken down and built up using discrete trials
Prompting
antecedent stimuli used to either begin or correct a target behavior in order to help behaviors reach their targeted form
- full physical
- partial physical
- modeling
- gesturing
- verbal
- independent
Fading
progressing from the highest form of prompting to a lesser form of prompting; eventually, only the original stimulus preceding an independent response would result in reinforcement
Prompt Dependence
the situation in which a long history of prompting followed by reinforcement causes the learner to become dependent on assistance
Generalization
the learner’s performance of a target behavior in a setting or stimulus in which direct training has not been provided
Maintenance
the extent to which a learner continues to perform the target behavior after the intervention has been terminated
Functions of Behavior
- Sensory/Automatic Reinforcement
- Social Attention
- Tangibles/Access
- Escape/Avoidance
Differential Reinforcement
selective reinforcement of one behavior from among others; used when a behavior already occurs and good form, but tends to get lost among other behavior
-DRO, DRA, DRI, DRL/DRH
DRO
differential of other behavior; reinforcement is delivered whenever the problem behavior does NOT occur
DRA
differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors; reinforcement is provided for a desired alternative behavior in order to decrease the target behavior
DRI
differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors; reinforcement is provided to a behavior that cannot occur simultaneously with the behavior targeted for decrease
DRL/DRH
differential reinforcement of lower/higher rates; used when behaviors are needed to gradually increase (DRH) or decrease (DRL)
Extinction
condition where reinforcement is stopped completely, resulting in the behavior’s frequency decreasing
Errorless Teaching Procedure
- Prompt
- Transfer
- Distract
- Check
Multiple Exemplar Training
using many different stimuli to teach a skill to promote generalization
Phase Change Line
demonstrates a change in conditions on a graph
3 Step Discrimination Training Procedure
- teach in isolation
- add distracters
- mix in mastered items
Conditioned Reinforcer
anything that is paired with a primary reinforcer
Unconditioned Reinforcer
things such as food and shelter that are inherently reinforcing
Forward Chaining
teaching behavioral skills beginning with the first step
Backward Chaining
teaching a behavioral skill beginning with the last step
Extinction Burst
a temporary increase in behavior that occurs at the beginning of an extinction procedure
Abolishing Operation
a motivating operation that decreases the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus object
makes you want something less
Establishing Operation
a motivating operation that establishes the effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event as a reinforcer
makes you want something more
Antecedent
Environmental event that occurs before the behavior
Behavior
Actions and skills, both good and bad
Consequence
Environmental event that occurs after the behavior
Operational Definition
- Objective
- Clear
- Complete
