ALL subjects

Question 1

Kehrs sign

Answer 1

blood accumulates abdominal cavity

Positive when pressure to the upper abdomen or supinepositioning reults in left shoulder pain.

(secondary to spleen rupture, refer pain to left shoulder)

Question 2

Eucapenia

Hypercapniea

Answer 2

Eucapnia- normal level of CO2 in arterial blood- PaCO2= 35-45 mm Hg

Hypercapnia- elevated CO2, PaCo2- >45mm Hg

Question 3

Hypoxemia

Hypoxia

Answer 3

Hypoxemia- low level O2 in arterial blood- PaO2 <80 mm Hg

Hypoxia- low level of O2 in tissue despite adequate perfusion

Question 4

Biocarbonate

HCO2-

Answer 4

24 (22-26) Important componnet of chemical buffering system

Keeps blood from becoming too acidic or basic

Question 5

ACE

Answer 5

decrease blood pressure

hypertension, CHF

hypotension, dizzy, hyperkalemia, hypnatremia

Capoten, VAsotec

Question 6

Antihyperlipidemia Agents

Answer 6

Statins

hhyperlipidema, atherosclerosis, prevent coronary events, diabetes, peripheral vascual dis

SE headache, GI, myalgia, rash

Lipitor, Zocor

Exercise maximizes meds

Question 7

Antithrombotic Agenets

antiplatelet

Answer 7

indication- post MI, atrial fib, prevent thrombos

SE hemorage, thromboctopenia, (Aspir-liver toxitiy) GI

Bayer, Plavix,

Question 8

Beta blockers

Answer 8

decrease HR and contractility

hypertension, angian, arrhytmia, haeart failure, migraines, essential tremor

SE bradycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, fatigue, depression, dizziness, eakenss, blurred vision

Tenormin, Lopressor

Question 9

Calcium Channel Blokcer

Answer 9

decreases entry of calcium into vascualr smooth muscle cells which decreases myocardial contraction, vasodilation, decrease oxygen demand of the heart.

hypertension, angian pectoris, arrhythmia, CHF

SE dizzy headache, hypotension, peripheral edema

Procardia, Cardizem

Question 10

Diuretics

Answer 10

Diuril, Lasix

(hypertension, edema with HF, pulmonary edema, glaucoma)

Increased excretion ourine, sodium

Question 11

Nitrate

Answer 11

decrease ischema by relaxation smoth muscle and dilate peripheral vessels

Indication: Angina pectoris

SE headache, dizz, OH, reflex tachycardia, na&vo

Nitrostat

Sublingual preferred method for acute angina attack

Question 12

Thrombolytics

Answer 12

dissolve clots

actue mi, pulmonary embolism, ischemic stroke, ar/ve thromboiss

s/e hemmorage, allergic reaction, cardia arrhythmia

Ex. Kinlytic, Activase

Question 13

Borg dypnea

Answer 13

1-breathlessness

2 slight breathlessness

3 moderate

5 severe

10 maximal

Question 14

Pulse

Answer 14

0 absence

1 small

2+ NORMAL

3+ large pulsation

Question 15

Pulmonary Function Test

Answer 15

digital spirometer, hard and as fast as possible for 6 sec

• OBSTRUCTIVE:*
• FEV1/FVC <70% primary indicator of obstructive impariment
• Asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis
• decrease expiratory flow, airway narrowing
• Restrictive:*
• Reduced lung volumes and expiratory flow
• FVC reduced, and FEV1/FEC is normal (>80%)
• Intersteital lung disease pleural disease, chest wall deformitie, obesity, pregnant, neiruomuscular disease, tumor

FVC- forced vital capacity-max exh after maxinh

FEV1- FEV in the first second