all sections Flashcards
1
Q
Guanosine Tri-phosphate is a
A
nucleotide
2
Q
a class of hydrolase responsible for the cleavage of phosphate bonds
A
phosphatase
3
Q
protein translation mostly occurs where?
A
in the endoplasmic reticulum
4
Q
Eukaryotes have a _____, but viruses, bacteria, and archaea don’t
A
Golgi apparatus
5
Q
Lactate, oxaloacetate, glycerol, and alpha-ketoglutarate are used as starting materials in
A
gluconeogenesis
6
Q
What is the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis)?
A
Glycogen phosphorylase
7
Q
_____ is involved in the pentose phosphate pathway, not involved in gluconeogenesis
A
Phosphogluconate
8
Q
catalyze the addition of a phosphate group to a substrate
A
Kinase
9
Q
catalyzes the removal of phosphate groups
A
Phosphatase
10
Q
increased activity of succinyl-CoA synthase will likely result in increased levels of
A
succinate and increased levels of GTP
11
Q
What does the pentose phosphate pathway result in the generation of?
A
NADPH (which is used as a reductive agent in cellular respiratory processes)
12
Q
The Vmax of an enzymatic reaction is altered by which inhibitors?
A
Noncompetitive, uncompetitive, and Mixed
13
Q
What is the goal of glycolysis?
A
Formation of acetyl-CoA for use in the citric acid cycle
14
Q
What is the goal of gluconeogenesis?
A
The regulation of blood glucose levels
15
Q
used by cells to restore NAD+ in order to continue anaerobic metabolism
A
Fermentation
16
Q
the conversion of a substance from the liquid or solid phase into the gaseous phase
A
Vaporization
17
Q
the conversion between the solid and the gaseous phases of matter
A
Sublimation
18
Q
the conversion of a gas directly to a solid
A
deposition
19
Q
the conversion of a solid to a liquid is called
A
fusion
20
Q
Reacting H2 and Pd reduces alkenes to
A
alkanes
21
Q
P=V^2/R
A
Power
22
Q
V=IR
A
Current is in amperes
23
Q
_____ is a non-conservative force, and gravity and electrostatic forces are conservative
A
friction
24
Q
____ hormones like estrogen are hydrophobic (nonpolar)
A
steroid
25
_____ hormones like insulin are hydrophilic (polar)
peptide
26
In a gel electrophoresis, the farther a substance migrates means it is more
compact
27
the removal of introns and splicing of exons is a step in the production of mature mRNA from the transcript produced from
DNA (pre-mRNA)
28
In oxidative phosphorylation, Cytochrome c is a __-electron carrier since it cycles between a ferrous and ferric state
1-electron
29
suitable primers have a high __ content and have _ or _ base pairs at the 5' and 3' ends
GC content, G, C
30
the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during anaphase I of meiosis or the failure of sister chromatids to separate during anaphase II of meiosis
Nondisjunction
31
_____ stimulates cellular uptake of glucose resulting in lower blood glucose levels
Insulin
32
is not dependent on the conc. of the amino acid transport protein
Kt
33
Km is equal to the substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is 1/2?
1/2 Vmax (Km=1/2Vmax)
34
__ isomers are used to form proteins during ribosomal protein synthesis
L
35
An organism that has a low____ will best suited to withstand periods of nutrient deprivation
metabolic rate
Having a low metabolism will result in weight coming off slower
36
In aerobic conditions, cellular respiration is used and it nets ___ ATP/glucose
38
37
in anaerobic conditions, fermentation is used and it nets __ATP/glucose
2 ATP/glucose
38
is a housekeeping gene that is expressed continuously
GADPH
39
in a loose confirmation and is readily accessible for transcription
Euchromatin
40
Actin filaments are
microfilaments
41
the visual receptor cells in the retina that absorb light
photoreceptors
42
a specialized adipose tissue that contains large numbers of mitochondria that generate heat during thermogenesis
brown adipose tissue
43
The _______, but not tissue cells, can survive independently for an extended period of time
Paramecium
44
in the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to _____ in the cytoplasm and isn't transported to the mitochondria to be converted to acetyl-CoA
lactate
45
What is a fatty acid composed of?
a long hydrocarbon tail and a head consisting of a carboxyl group
46
Systemic veins carry
high CO2 levels
47
systemic arteries carry
low CO2 levels
48
Gases enter and exit the RBC through diffusion across the
RBC plasma membrane
49
disrupts alpha helices which are a form of secondary structure
Proline
50
The lower the Kd, the ___ effective it will be
more effective it will be
51
Hydrolytic cleavage is most likely catalyzed by a
protease
52
____ has the epidermis of skin, lining of mouth and anus, cornea and lens of eye, nervous system, adrenal medulla, the brain
ectoderm
53
_____(middle layer)
blood cells, vessels, heart, kidney, skeletal muscle, bone, muscles, tendons, reproductive system, muscular layer of stomach and intestine
mesoderm
54
______ epithelial lining of the digestive tract, lining of the respiratory system, lining of urethra, urinary bladder, and reproductive system, liver, pancreas, thymus, thyroid and parathyroid glands
endoderm
55
The electron transport chain uses the free energy from redox reactions to pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the _______
intermembrane space
56
The intermediate compound between succinate and malate is _____ in the citric acid cycle
Fumarate (stop flipping moving)
57
a technique used to detect a particular sequence in a sample of DNA. Can not be used to analyze gene expression
Southern blotting
58
SNOW DROP
southern blotting-DNA
Northern blotting-RNA
Western blotting-proteins
59
can be either a sperm or an egg or an early embryo
a germ cell
60
a cell that makes the body tissues of multicellular organisms and doesn't have the ability to transfer gene information to offspring. Can cause injuries like cancers
somatic cells
61
Somatic cells are produced by _____, and germ cells are produced by _____
mitosis, meiosis
62
Where do leukocytes gravitate toward?
An inflammation
63
the blood plasma and the lymph is considered the
extracellular fluid
64
Where is the cytoplasm located?
Within the cell
65
Why is water lost through the skin?
To keep the body at normal temperature
66
a recombinant process that depends on the F factor plasmid
Conjugation
67
process whereby genes are transferred by a virus
transduction
68
a term used in biology to describe movement from one place to another
translocation
69
inflation of the lungs is accomplished by
negative pressure pumping action
70
a measure of the enzyme units per mg of total protein in a solution
specific activity
71
A size-exclusion chromatography allows larger molecules to pass more freely through the column matrix and hinders the passage of
smaller molecules
72
Which is smaller:
| Urea, 10kDa, 40 kDa?
Urea
73
Each double bond (unsaturated) in an acyl chain removes __ H atoms when compared to saturated chains
two H atoms
74
A tri-unsaturated chain would have how many less hydrogens than a saturated chain?
(3 double bonds x 2 H/bond)=6 more hydrogen atoms
75
is produced from cytosine as a result of a conversion of an amine group to a carbonyl group
Uracil
76
disruption of two disulfide bonds with a protein requires
two molecules of NADH
77
are 1-ring structures, and ___ are 2-ring structures
Pyrimidines, Purines
78
this amino acid side chain contains a sulfhydryl group
Cysteine
79
Complexes (I-IV) of the electron transport chain work independently or do they work with each other?
with each other, so they affect one another
80
When a macrophage ingests foreign material, the material is initially trapped in a phagosome. This phagosome fuses with a
lysosome
81
inhibition of phosphofructokinase-1 by ATP is an example of:
allosteric regulation and feedback inhibition
82
If potassium ion channels are blocked:
the membrane would fail to repolarize, extending the length of the action potential and simulating excessive muscle contractions
83
Secretory proteins are synthesized, and folded in the
rough endoplasmic reticulum
84
If a protein has an isoelectric point around 9, it will be ____ charged at physiological pH
positively-charged
85
Transcription occurs in the
nucleus (c in transcription and c in nucleus)
86
Ubiquination targets a protein for degradation by a
proteasome
87
Transmembrane domains are likely to have a higher proportion of ____ residues,
hydrophobic (nonpolar)
88
if subunits can be separated with reducing agents, this shows that the subunits are linked by
disulfide bonds (found in the thiol groups of cysteine residues)
89
is a glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the reversible conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
GADPH
90
Southern blotting-
Northern blotting-
Western blotting-
DNA
RNA
Proteins
(SNOW DROP)
91
post-translational modification of proteins such as histone acetylation is analyzed by
Western blotting
92
regulates the fusion of aquaporins with the apical membranes of the collecting duct epithelial cells
Vasopressin
93
part of the kidney that filters glucose, salts, potassium, amino acids, phosphates, and more in the blood
proximal tubule
94
a cup-like sac at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron in the mammalian kidney that performs the first step in the filtration of blood to form urine
Bowman's capsule
95
a major resorptive segment of the nephron and accounts for resportion of nearly a quarter of the filtered load of sodium, chloride, and potassium ions
Ascending loop of Henle
96
are the myelin-forming cells in the peripheral nervous system
Schwann cells
97
a type of neuroglia located throughout the brain and spinal cord. Serve as the first form of active immune defense in the central nervous system
Microglia
98
a sub-type of glial cells in the central nervous system. Star-shaped, their many processes envelop synapses made by neurons
Astrocytes
99
a type of neuroglia whose main functions are to provide support and insulation to axons in the central nervous system of some vertebrates
Oligodendrocytes
100
an abnormally folded protein that induces a normally folded protein to adopt the abnormal structure
Prion
101
If S. typhi enters the bloodstream from the small intestine, the first organ it would encounter is the
liver
102
affects estrogen levels
LH (Luteinizing hormone)
103
internalization of viral particles through endocytosis is mediated by
endosomes
104
What do proteases do?
They digest proteins into smaller fragments
105
A frameshift mutation results in an
aberrant carboxy-terminal
106
Which molecule is not formed during the citric acid cycle?
| Malate, succinate, alpha-ketoglutarate, or phosphoenolpyruvate
Phosphoenolpyruvate (it is a product of glycolysis, not the citric acid cycle)
107
Avogadro's number
6.02x10^23
108
both eggs and sperm contain a haploid # of chromosomes, so they are similar in their
genome size
109
Mysosin Va is a
motor protein
110
Motor proteins such as myosin Va move along _____ through interaction with actin
microfilaments
111
Actin binds with
myosin
112
membrane-bound organelles that contain hydrolytic enzymes activated by low pH
Lysosomes
113
Microtubules are cellular structures that originate from
centrosomes
114
an intracellular organelle that is responsible for the packaging and transport of protein products
Golgi apparatus
115
a disc-shaped protein structure associated with duplicated chromatids in eukaryotic cells where the spindle fibers attach during cell division to pull sister chromatids apart
kinetochore
116
target virus-infected cells by recognizing the viral antigen presented on the cell surface
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
117
Where are sperm produced?
in the seminiferous tubules of the testes
118
Sperm complete maturation and become motile where?
The epididymis
119
What do sperm travel through?
The urethra
120
During normal muscle contraction, ___ is required to break the bonds between the actin filament and the myosin head
ATP
121
Which of the following nucleotide sequences describes an antisense molecule that can hybridize with the mRNA sequence 5′-CGAUAC-3′?
3'-GCUAUG-5'
