All Questions Flashcards
What three things surround the two main organs of the CNS?
bones, fluids, and membranes
What occupies the vertebral canal within the vertebral column?
Spinal Cord
What lies within the cranial cavity of the skull?
Brain
Where are the meninges located?
Located between the bone and soft tissues.
What are the three layers of meninges, outside to inside?
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater
What meninge layer is composed primarily of tough white fibrous connective tissue?
dura mater
What layer lacks blood vessels
arachnoid mater
Dura mater may extend inward between lobes of the brain to form
Partitions
The partitions form for?
Support and protection
Which layer of meninge contains the most nerves and blood vessels
Pia mater
What is the importance of blood vessels in the pia mater
Nourish underlying cells of brain and spinal cord
Which layer of meninge continues into the vertebral canal as a strong, tubular sheath surrounding the spinal cord?
dura mater
which layer generally does not dip into grooves and depressions?
arachnoid mater
Which layer is attached to the surface of the brain and spinal cord following their irregular contours?
Pia mater
What is the name of the opening in the base of the skull where the spinal cord begins
foramen magnum
where does the spinal cord terminate?
near the intervertebral disk of the first and second lumbar vertebrae
where is the epidural sheath located
located between the dural sheath and the bony wall of vertebral column
The spinal cord is padded by an epidural sheath. what two tissues make up this sheath?
loose connective and adipose tissue
How many segments are in the spinal cord
31 segments
What is the name of the thickening of the spinal cord in the neck region, giving off nerves to arms?
cervical enlargement
what is the name of the thickening of the spinal cord in the lower back, giving off nerves to legs?
Lumbar enlargement
What are the two grooves extending length of the spinal cord dividing it into right and left halves?
anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus
what is the core of the spinal cord and what is it patterned like?
gray matter and is patterned like a butterfly
what are the “wings” of the pattern called
Horns
What are the protrusions on the sides of the wings?
lateral horns
what connects the right and left wings?
gray commissure
where is the cerebrospinal fluid in the spinal cord?
central canal
what are the three regions of white matter in the spinal cord called?
anterior funiculus, posterior funiculus, lateral funiculus
what does each region in #28 contain?
nerve tracts
what are the two main functions of the spinal cord
conduct nerve impulses and serve as a center for spinal reflexes
ascending tracts conduct blank impulses from blank and carry blank info to the brain
body parts and carry sensory info to the brain
descending tracts conduct blank impulses from blank to blank and blank
motor; brain to muscles and glands
what two things are reflected in the names of the nerve tracts
common origins and terminations
what are two examples of #33
Spinothalmic and corticospinal
what is the brain composed of
one hundred billion mulitpolar neurons and inumerable nerve fibers
what are the four major portions of the brain?
cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, and diencephalon
what is the largest portion of the brain?
cerebrum
what portion deals with coordination of voluntary muscle movements
cerebellum
what portion deals with higher mental functions and involves motor and sensory functions
cerebrum
what portion deals with regulation of various visceral activities?
brain stem
what connects the two halves of the cerebrum?
corpus callosum
what separates the two halves of the cerebrum
layer of dura mater
ridges in the cerebrum are called what
gyri
grooves are called what? shallowest and deep?
sulcus and fissure
this type of groove divides each hemisphere into lobes
sulcus
what separates right and left cerebral hemispheres
fissure
what separtes the cerebrum from the cerebellum
fissure
loves of the cerebral hemispheres are named after what?
skull bones they underlie
the frontal love is separated from the other lobes by which two sulci?
central and lateral sulcus
the parietal lobe is separated by what sulcus
central side
the temporal lobe lies under which lobe and is separated by what sulcus?
lies below frontal lobe; lateral sulcus
the occipital lobe is separated by what from the cerebellum?
by a shelf-like extension
the insula lobe is located deep within which sulcus and separated by which sulcus?
lateral sulcus; circular sulcus
what is the gray matter around the cerebrum?
cerebral cortex
does the cerebral cortex dip into grooves and cover ridges?
Yes
cerebral cortex contains what % of neuron cell bodies in the nervous system?
75%
the bulk of the cerebrum is what matter
white matter
what are the four general functions of the cerebrum?
interpret sensory impulses, initiate voluntary muscle movement, store info for memory and reasoning, and determine intelligence and personality
motor areas like in which lobe?
frontal lobe
right cerebral hemisphere controls which side of the skeletal movements (vice versa)
left skeletal movements
broca’s area coordinates muscular action in what three areas
tongue, mouth, and larynx
what controls voluntary movements of the eyes and eyelids
frontal eye field
area infront of broca, frontal eye field, and cerebral hemispheres controls muscular movement of what?
muscular movements of hands and fingers
what do sensory areas of the cerebral cortex do?
interpret sensory impulses that give rise to feelings and sensations
parietal lobes deal with what?
skin sensations
occipital lobe deals with what?
vision
temporal loves deal with what
hearing
central/lateral sulcus deal with what
taste
where does smell association occur
centers deep within cerebrum
what are the five general functions of association areas
function in analysis and interpretation of sensory experiences and involved with memory, reasoning, verbalizing, judgement, and emotional feelings
what higher intellectual processes are the frontal lobe involved with?
concentration, planning, complex problem solving, and judging possible consequences of behavior
what two things are associated with the parietal lobes
aid in understanding speech and choosing words needed to express thoughts and feelings
what five things does the temporal lobe do?
aid in understanding speech and in reading printed words, also involved in memory of visual scenes, music and other complex sensory patters
what two things does the occipital lobe do?
aid in analyzing visual patterns and combining visual images
what basic functions are both hemispheres involved with?
receiving and analyzing sensory impulses, controlling skeletal muscles, and storing info
the left hemisphere deals with five things. Name them
speech, writing, readings, verbal, analytical, and computational skills
the right hemisphere deals with what
motor tasks, interpreting musical patterns and nonverbal visual experiences, emotional and intuitive thought processes
what allows for the dominant side to control motor cortex of the non-dominant and non-dominant to send sensory info to dominant
corpus callosum
what secretes cerebrospinal fluid?
choroid plexuses
what are choroid plexuses made of?
tiny cauliflowerlike masses of capillaries from the pia mater
cerebrospinal fluid is mainly what?
clear liquid
what are ventricles
interconnected cavities within the cerebrum and brain stem
what are ventricles filled with
cerebrospinal fluid
how many ventricles are there
four
what are the two largest and what are they named?
first and second ventricles; lateral ventricles
Name four general functions of the cerebrum
interprets sensory impulses
initiates voluntary muscle movement
stores info for memory and reasoning
determines intelligence and personality
Name the three functions of the left hemisphere
speech, writing, reading, verbal, analytical, and computational skills
Name the three functions of the right hemisphere
motor tasks, interpreting musical patterns of nonverbal visual experiences, emotional and intuitive thought processes
