All Possible Questions Study Guide Flashcards
Adverse drug event
Harm to a patient caused by a therapeutic or preventative intervention; it could be due to a medication error or adverse drug reaction
Adverse drug reaction
An undesirable response to a drug by a patient; may vary in severity from mild to fatal
Agonist
Drug that brings about a specific action by binding with the appropriate receptor
Antagonist
Drug that inhibits a specific action by binding with a particular receptor
Compounding
Any modification performed to produce a dosage-form drug, other than the manipulation described in the direction for use on the labeling of an approved drug
Drug
A substance used to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease
Efficacy
The extend to which a drug causes the intended effects in a patient
Extralabel Use
The use of a drug that is not specifically listed o the US FDA approved label
Half-life
The amount of time it takes for the quantity of a drug in the body to be reduced by 50%
Manufacturing
The bulk production of drugs for resale outside of the VCPR
Metabolism
The biochemical process that alters a drug from an active form to a form that is inactive or that can be eliminated from the body
Parenteral
The route of administration of injectable drugs
Partition Coefficient
The ration of the solubility of substances between two states in which they may be found
Prescription (Legend) Drug
A drug that is limited to use under the supervision of a veterinarian because of potential danger, difficulty of administration, or other considerations
Regimen
A program for administration of a drug that includes the route, the dose, the frequency, and the duration of administration
Residue
An amount of a drug still present in animal tissue or products at a particular pointC
Veterinarian-Client-Patient Relationship (VCPR)
The set of circumstances that must exist between the vet, the client, and the patient before the dispensing of prescription drugs is appropriate
Withdrawal Time
The length of time it takes for a drug to be eliminated from animal tissue or products after it is no longer used
Indications
Reasons for using a drug
Contraindications
Reasons for not using a drug
Pharmacokinetics
Plasma or tissue levels of a drug that are altered by the presence of the other (when a drug enters the body)
Pharmacodynamics
The action or effect of one drug is altered by another (how drugs effect the body)
List the common sources of drugs used in vet med
- Plant material
- Minerals
- Animal
- Laboratory/synthetic
Diagnostic Method
Involves assessment of a patient, including history, physical examination, laboratory test, and other diagnostic procedures to arrive at a specific diagnosis
Empirical Method
Calls on the use of practical experience and common sense when the drug choice is made
For a VCPR to occur, these conditions must be met
- Vet has assumed responsibility for making clinical judgements about the health of the animal and the need for treatment
- Client has agreed to follow vet’s instruction
- Vet has sufficient knowledge of the animal to issue a diagnosis
- Vet must have seen the animal recently
- Vet must be available for follow-up evaluation
Responsibilities of the vet tech in carrying out written orders to administer drugs
- Correct drug
- Correct dose
- Correct route
- Correct time
- Correct documentation
- Clarifying orders
- Creating and placing labels on containers accurately
- Explaining administration instructions to client
Over-the-counter drug
Drugs that do not have enough potential to be toxic or that do not require administration in special ways that do not require the supervision of a vet
Events that occur after a drug is administered
- It is available for absorption into the bloodstream
- From there it may bind with plasma protein or stay in the free state
- Blood distributes it to the capillary level where the drug goes into the interstitial fluid
- The interstitial fluid coats the cell or binds with surface receptors
- Drug exits the cell and moves back to the interstitial fluid
- It reenters circulation and is metabolized in the liver and sent to the kidneys to be excreted
List and describe the routes used for drug administration
- Intravenous (IV) - Produces most rapid onset accompanied by shortest duration
- Intramuscular (IM) - produces slower onset of action but longer duration
- Subcutaneous (SQ) - produces slower onset but longest duration
- Intradermal (ID) - primarily for testing for TB and allergies
- Intraperitoneal (IP) - used to administer fluids, blood, and other medications when normal routes are not available
- Intraarterial (IA) - Seldom used
- Intraarticular - primarily used to treat inflammatory conditions of the joint
- Intracardiac (IC) - provides immediate access to the bloodstream and ensures that the drug is delivered quickly to all tissues
- Intraossesous (IO) - provide blood or fluids to animals with very small or damaged veins or for treatment of animals with very low blood pressure
- Epidural/subdural - outside dura mater but inside the spinal canal
- Subdural - inside the dura mater (also called the intrathecal route)
Biotransformation
Body’s ability to change a drug from the form in which it was administered to a form that can be eliminated from the body
List the common chemical reactions involved in biotransformation
- Oxidation - loss of electrons
- Reduction - gain of electrons
- Hydrolysis - splitting of drug molecule and addition of water molecule to each of the split portions
- Conjugation - addition of glucuronic acid or similar compounds to the drug molecule
Factors that alter drug metabolism
- Species
- Age
- Nutritional status
- Tissue storage
- Health status
Kidneys excrete drugs by
Glomerular filtration - glomerulus acts like a sieve to filter drug metbolites from the blood into the glomerular filtrate, which is eliminated in urine
Tubular secretion
Kidney tubule cells secrete metabolites from the capillaries surrounding the tubule and into the glomerular filtrate, which becomes urine
List routes of drug excretion
- Kidney
- Liver
- Lungs
- Some across the intestinal mucosa into the intestine for elimination
- Some through sweat and saliva
Affinity
The tendency of a drug to combine with a receptor
Partial Agonist
Drug with less affinity and efficacy
Examples of drug effects
- Stimulation
- Depression
- Irritation
- Cell death (lysis)
Drug-response curve
Displays the relationship between the dose of a drug and the body’s response
Potency
The amount of drug needed to produce a desired response
Therapeutic Index
Relationship between a drug’s ability to achieve the desired effect and its tendency to produce toxic effects (LD50/ED50)
Pharmaceutic
Physical or chemical reactions take place as a result of mixing of drugs in a syringe or other container
Mechanism of drug interactions
- Pharmacokinetic
- Pharmacodynamic
- Pharmaceutic
Chemical Drug Name
The name that described the molecular structure of a drug
Code or laboratory name
The name given to a drug by the research and development investigators
Compendial drug name
Name listed in the US Pharmacopeia
Official drug name
Usually the same as the compendial or generic name
Proprietar or trade name
Name chosen by the manufacturing company
Generic name
Common name
List the items that should be included on a drug label
- Name - Manufacturer’s control or lot number
- Concentration - Expiration date
- Quantity - Instruction for use
- Name/address of manufacturer - Warnings/side effects
- Controlled substance status
List the steps in gaining approval for a new drug
- Preliminary trials
- Preclinical trials
- Clinical trials
- Submission of new animal drug appication
- Final review by FDA
- Product monitoring
Preliminary trials
Company wants to know whether the product will actually perform as expected, whether it will have a potential harmful side effect, and whether it will be profitable; if it passes these questions, it will be tested on simple organisms, such as bacteria, yeast, or molds
Preclinical trials
2nd stage. Lab animals are tested. Appropriate government agency is contacted and the drug is under investigation. Application with FDA. If pesticide then EPA, if biologic is involved, then USDA are contacted
Clinical Trials
Drug tested on target species and tests must prove that the drug is safe and effective. Toxic and harmful effects must be identified. Tissue residue and withdrawal times must be found if drug is used on food animals. Tests on pregnant animals is performed, as well as tests for expiration dates
New animal drug application
Must be filed if manufacturer wants to market drug
Final review by the FDA
The research is submitted to the FDA, EPA, or USDA for review. If information is validated then approval and licenses are granted
Product monitoring
Product is monitored constantly to ensure its continuing safety and efficacy
List the government agencies involved in the regulation of animal health products
- FDA - regulates the development and approval of animal drugs and feed additives
- EPA - regulated the development and approval of animal topical pesticides
- USDA - regulates the development and approval of biologics
Reasons for dispensing rather than prescribing
- Profit
- Human pharmacies may not stock veterinary medicines
Primary methods of drug marketing
- Purchased by phone or mail from manufacturer
- Purchased from sales rep
- Distributors
- Generic drug companies
- Internet pharmacies
- Some may require veterinary approval
Acceptable methods of drug disposal
- Incinerate when possible - Maintain close inventory control
- Sent to landfill if incineration not possible - Always follow guidelines
- Never flush - Educate clients
Types of drug forms
- Oral
- Parenteral
- Inhalation
- Intrarectal
- Topical
2 forms of parenteral drugs
- Injections
- Implants
2 types of topical medications
- Liniments
- Ointment
6 rights of drug administration
- Right patient 4. Right route
- Right drug 5. Right time and frequency
- Right dose 6. Right documentation
4 types of syringe tips
- Luer lok
- Slip tip
- Eccentric tip
- Catheter tip
Tuberculin syringe
Holds up to 1 mL
Insulin syringe
No dead space, divided into units
Parts of the needle
- Bevel
- Shaft
- Hub
Gauge refers to
The inside diameter; the smaller the diameter, the larger the gauge
Catheter should not be left in for more than
72-96 hours
If catheter is not used continually, it should be flushed every
8-12 hours
What is used to administer fluids to large animals
Gravity IV set
In pediatric and small exotics IV may be administered by
Intraosseous cannulations
Eye drops should be placed at the
Inner canthus of the eye
Balling gun is used to administer
Boluses
Liquid oral meds can be administered via
- Syringe
- Orogastric tube
- Nasogastric tube
How a tube is passed in a horse
Nasogastric route
How a tube is passes in cattle
Through a frick speculum via the orogastric route
What is involved in preparing a prescription and explain how the prescription is posted to the medical record
- Written or verbal
- Tech should be familiar with abbreviations
- Must know the pt being treated, route being used, and frequency
- After meds are administered should be notated in the record when, what, how, and and who gave the med
- Observation of progress should be noted
- If prescription, should be dated and noted as well as vet approval to refill
DEA registration is valid for
3 years
Documentation of controlled drugs should include
- Date
- Owner’s name
- Pt name
- Drug name
- Amount
- Names of personnel who administered
Units are components of the following systems
- Metric
- Apothecary
- Household
Minim unit is
1 drop
