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Penn Foster Pharmacology > All Possible Questions Study Guide > Flashcards

All Possible Questions Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Adverse drug event

A

Harm to a patient caused by a therapeutic or preventative intervention; it could be due to a medication error or adverse drug reaction

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2
Q

Adverse drug reaction

A

An undesirable response to a drug by a patient; may vary in severity from mild to fatal

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3
Q

Agonist

A

Drug that brings about a specific action by binding with the appropriate receptor

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4
Q

Antagonist

A

Drug that inhibits a specific action by binding with a particular receptor

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5
Q

Compounding

A

Any modification performed to produce a dosage-form drug, other than the manipulation described in the direction for use on the labeling of an approved drug

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6
Q

Drug

A

A substance used to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease

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7
Q

Efficacy

A

The extend to which a drug causes the intended effects in a patient

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8
Q

Extralabel Use

A

The use of a drug that is not specifically listed o the US FDA approved label

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9
Q

Half-life

A

The amount of time it takes for the quantity of a drug in the body to be reduced by 50%

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10
Q

Manufacturing

A

The bulk production of drugs for resale outside of the VCPR

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11
Q

Metabolism

A

The biochemical process that alters a drug from an active form to a form that is inactive or that can be eliminated from the body

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12
Q

Parenteral

A

The route of administration of injectable drugs

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13
Q

Partition Coefficient

A

The ration of the solubility of substances between two states in which they may be found

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14
Q

Prescription (Legend) Drug

A

A drug that is limited to use under the supervision of a veterinarian because of potential danger, difficulty of administration, or other considerations

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15
Q

Regimen

A

A program for administration of a drug that includes the route, the dose, the frequency, and the duration of administration

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16
Q

Residue

A

An amount of a drug still present in animal tissue or products at a particular pointC

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17
Q

Veterinarian-Client-Patient Relationship (VCPR)

A

The set of circumstances that must exist between the vet, the client, and the patient before the dispensing of prescription drugs is appropriate

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18
Q

Withdrawal Time

A

The length of time it takes for a drug to be eliminated from animal tissue or products after it is no longer used

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19
Q

Indications

A

Reasons for using a drug

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20
Q

Contraindications

A

Reasons for not using a drug

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21
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

Plasma or tissue levels of a drug that are altered by the presence of the other (when a drug enters the body)

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22
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

The action or effect of one drug is altered by another (how drugs effect the body)

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23
Q

List the common sources of drugs used in vet med

A
  • Plant material
  • Minerals
  • Animal
  • Laboratory/synthetic
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24
Q

Diagnostic Method

A

Involves assessment of a patient, including history, physical examination, laboratory test, and other diagnostic procedures to arrive at a specific diagnosis

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25
Q

Empirical Method

A

Calls on the use of practical experience and common sense when the drug choice is made

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26
Q

For a VCPR to occur, these conditions must be met

A
  • Vet has assumed responsibility for making clinical judgements about the health of the animal and the need for treatment
  • Client has agreed to follow vet’s instruction
  • Vet has sufficient knowledge of the animal to issue a diagnosis
  • Vet must have seen the animal recently
  • Vet must be available for follow-up evaluation
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27
Q

Responsibilities of the vet tech in carrying out written orders to administer drugs

A
  • Correct drug
  • Correct dose
  • Correct route
  • Correct time
  • Correct documentation
  • Clarifying orders
  • Creating and placing labels on containers accurately
  • Explaining administration instructions to client
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28
Q

Over-the-counter drug

A

Drugs that do not have enough potential to be toxic or that do not require administration in special ways that do not require the supervision of a vet

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29
Q

Events that occur after a drug is administered

A
  • It is available for absorption into the bloodstream
  • From there it may bind with plasma protein or stay in the free state
  • Blood distributes it to the capillary level where the drug goes into the interstitial fluid
  • The interstitial fluid coats the cell or binds with surface receptors
  • Drug exits the cell and moves back to the interstitial fluid
  • It reenters circulation and is metabolized in the liver and sent to the kidneys to be excreted
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30
Q

List and describe the routes used for drug administration

A
  • Intravenous (IV) - Produces most rapid onset accompanied by shortest duration
  • Intramuscular (IM) - produces slower onset of action but longer duration
  • Subcutaneous (SQ) - produces slower onset but longest duration
  • Intradermal (ID) - primarily for testing for TB and allergies
  • Intraperitoneal (IP) - used to administer fluids, blood, and other medications when normal routes are not available
  • Intraarterial (IA) - Seldom used
  • Intraarticular - primarily used to treat inflammatory conditions of the joint
  • Intracardiac (IC) - provides immediate access to the bloodstream and ensures that the drug is delivered quickly to all tissues
  • Intraossesous (IO) - provide blood or fluids to animals with very small or damaged veins or for treatment of animals with very low blood pressure
  • Epidural/subdural - outside dura mater but inside the spinal canal
  • Subdural - inside the dura mater (also called the intrathecal route)
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31
Q

Biotransformation

A

Body’s ability to change a drug from the form in which it was administered to a form that can be eliminated from the body

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32
Q

List the common chemical reactions involved in biotransformation

A
  • Oxidation - loss of electrons
  • Reduction - gain of electrons
  • Hydrolysis - splitting of drug molecule and addition of water molecule to each of the split portions
  • Conjugation - addition of glucuronic acid or similar compounds to the drug molecule
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33
Q

Factors that alter drug metabolism

A
  • Species
  • Age
  • Nutritional status
  • Tissue storage
  • Health status
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34
Q

Kidneys excrete drugs by

A

Glomerular filtration - glomerulus acts like a sieve to filter drug metbolites from the blood into the glomerular filtrate, which is eliminated in urine

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35
Q

Tubular secretion

A

Kidney tubule cells secrete metabolites from the capillaries surrounding the tubule and into the glomerular filtrate, which becomes urine

36
Q

List routes of drug excretion

A
  • Kidney
  • Liver
  • Lungs
  • Some across the intestinal mucosa into the intestine for elimination
  • Some through sweat and saliva
37
Q

Affinity

A

The tendency of a drug to combine with a receptor

38
Q

Partial Agonist

A

Drug with less affinity and efficacy

39
Q

Examples of drug effects

A
  • Stimulation
  • Depression
  • Irritation
  • Cell death (lysis)
40
Q

Drug-response curve

A

Displays the relationship between the dose of a drug and the body’s response

41
Q

Potency

A

The amount of drug needed to produce a desired response

42
Q

Therapeutic Index

A

Relationship between a drug’s ability to achieve the desired effect and its tendency to produce toxic effects (LD50/ED50)

43
Q

Pharmaceutic

A

Physical or chemical reactions take place as a result of mixing of drugs in a syringe or other container

44
Q

Mechanism of drug interactions

A
  • Pharmacokinetic
  • Pharmacodynamic
  • Pharmaceutic
45
Q

Chemical Drug Name

A

The name that described the molecular structure of a drug

46
Q

Code or laboratory name

A

The name given to a drug by the research and development investigators

47
Q

Compendial drug name

A

Name listed in the US Pharmacopeia

48
Q

Official drug name

A

Usually the same as the compendial or generic name

49
Q

Proprietar or trade name

A

Name chosen by the manufacturing company

50
Q

Generic name

A

Common name

51
Q

List the items that should be included on a drug label

A
  • Name - Manufacturer’s control or lot number
  • Concentration - Expiration date
  • Quantity - Instruction for use
  • Name/address of manufacturer - Warnings/side effects
  • Controlled substance status
52
Q

List the steps in gaining approval for a new drug

A
  • Preliminary trials
  • Preclinical trials
  • Clinical trials
  • Submission of new animal drug appication
  • Final review by FDA
  • Product monitoring
53
Q

Preliminary trials

A

Company wants to know whether the product will actually perform as expected, whether it will have a potential harmful side effect, and whether it will be profitable; if it passes these questions, it will be tested on simple organisms, such as bacteria, yeast, or molds

54
Q

Preclinical trials

A

2nd stage. Lab animals are tested. Appropriate government agency is contacted and the drug is under investigation. Application with FDA. If pesticide then EPA, if biologic is involved, then USDA are contacted

55
Q

Clinical Trials

A

Drug tested on target species and tests must prove that the drug is safe and effective. Toxic and harmful effects must be identified. Tissue residue and withdrawal times must be found if drug is used on food animals. Tests on pregnant animals is performed, as well as tests for expiration dates

56
Q

New animal drug application

A

Must be filed if manufacturer wants to market drug

57
Q

Final review by the FDA

A

The research is submitted to the FDA, EPA, or USDA for review. If information is validated then approval and licenses are granted

58
Q

Product monitoring

A

Product is monitored constantly to ensure its continuing safety and efficacy

59
Q

List the government agencies involved in the regulation of animal health products

A
  • FDA - regulates the development and approval of animal drugs and feed additives
  • EPA - regulated the development and approval of animal topical pesticides
  • USDA - regulates the development and approval of biologics
60
Q

Reasons for dispensing rather than prescribing

A
  • Profit
  • Human pharmacies may not stock veterinary medicines
61
Q

Primary methods of drug marketing

A
  • Purchased by phone or mail from manufacturer
  • Purchased from sales rep
  • Distributors
  • Generic drug companies
  • Internet pharmacies
  • Some may require veterinary approval
62
Q

Acceptable methods of drug disposal

A
  • Incinerate when possible - Maintain close inventory control
  • Sent to landfill if incineration not possible - Always follow guidelines
  • Never flush - Educate clients
63
Q

Types of drug forms

A
  • Oral
  • Parenteral
  • Inhalation
  • Intrarectal
  • Topical
64
Q

2 forms of parenteral drugs

A
  • Injections
  • Implants
65
Q

2 types of topical medications

A
  • Liniments
  • Ointment
66
Q

6 rights of drug administration

A
  1. Right patient 4. Right route
  2. Right drug 5. Right time and frequency
  3. Right dose 6. Right documentation
67
Q

4 types of syringe tips

A
  • Luer lok
  • Slip tip
  • Eccentric tip
  • Catheter tip
68
Q

Tuberculin syringe

A

Holds up to 1 mL

69
Q

Insulin syringe

A

No dead space, divided into units

70
Q

Parts of the needle

A
  • Bevel
  • Shaft
  • Hub
71
Q

Gauge refers to

A

The inside diameter; the smaller the diameter, the larger the gauge

72
Q

Catheter should not be left in for more than

A

72-96 hours

73
Q

If catheter is not used continually, it should be flushed every

A

8-12 hours

74
Q

What is used to administer fluids to large animals

A

Gravity IV set

75
Q

In pediatric and small exotics IV may be administered by

A

Intraosseous cannulations

76
Q

Eye drops should be placed at the

A

Inner canthus of the eye

77
Q

Balling gun is used to administer

A

Boluses

78
Q

Liquid oral meds can be administered via

A
  • Syringe
  • Orogastric tube
  • Nasogastric tube
79
Q

How a tube is passed in a horse

A

Nasogastric route

80
Q

How a tube is passes in cattle

A

Through a frick speculum via the orogastric route

81
Q

What is involved in preparing a prescription and explain how the prescription is posted to the medical record

A
  • Written or verbal
  • Tech should be familiar with abbreviations
  • Must know the pt being treated, route being used, and frequency
  • After meds are administered should be notated in the record when, what, how, and and who gave the med
  • Observation of progress should be noted
  • If prescription, should be dated and noted as well as vet approval to refill
82
Q

DEA registration is valid for

A

3 years

83
Q

Documentation of controlled drugs should include

A
  • Date
  • Owner’s name
  • Pt name
  • Drug name
  • Amount
  • Names of personnel who administered
84
Q

Units are components of the following systems

A
  • Metric
  • Apothecary
  • Household
85
Q

Minim unit is

A

1 drop

86
Q
A

Penn Foster Pharmacology (1 decks)

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