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H Human Biology Homemade > All of Units 1 & 2 - Higher Human Biology Hodder Gibson Glossary > Flashcards

All of Units 1 & 2 - Higher Human Biology Hodder Gibson Glossary Flashcards

Learn the Glossary term meaning and spelling in the How to Pass Higher Human Biology book from Hodder Gibson

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1
Q

Cancer cell

A

(1.1) cell that grows and divides in an unregulated way to produce a tumour

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2
Q

Differentiation

A

(1.1) changes to cells that allow them to specialise for different functions

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3
Q

Diploid

A

(1.1) refers to a cell having two matching sets of chromosomes

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4
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

(1.1) stem cells from embryos that can divide and become any type of cell

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5
Q

Ethical issue

A

(1.1) issue affecting human attitudes and decisions regarding various choices

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6
Q

Germline cell

A

(1.1) cell that can give rise to gametes

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7
Q

Haploid

A

(1.1) describes a cell having one set of chromosomes (e.g. gametes)

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8
Q

Lymphocyte

A

(1.1) type of white blood cell involved in a specific immune response

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9
Q

Meiosis

A

(1.1) type of cell division resulting in four haploid gametes

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10
Q

Mitosis

A

(1.1) division of the nucleus of somatic or germline cells, giving two diploid daughter cells

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11
Q

Multipotent stem cell

A

(1.1) stem cell that has the potential to make almost all cell types found within a particular tissue

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12
Q

Phagocyte

A

(1.1) white blood cel that can surround, engulf and digest foreign material and pathogens

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13
Q

Pluripotent stem cell

A

(1.1) stem cell that has the potential to make almost all differentiated cell types of the body

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14
Q

Red blood cell

A

(1.1) blood cell containing haemoglobin, which can carry oxygen in the bloodstream

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15
Q

Regulatory signal

A

(1.1) molecular signal that can be received by a cell to modify its activity

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16
Q

Secondary tumour

A

(1.1) cancer formed from a cell transported from a primary tumour

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17
Q

Somatic cell

A

(1.1) body cell that divides by mitosis to form more body cells

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18
Q

Stem cell

A

(1.1) unspecialised cell that can divide and then differentiate

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19
Q

Therapeutic

A

(1.1) used as part of a medical therapy

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20
Q

Tissue stem cells

A

(1.1) stem cell from issue that divide and differentiate to become cells of that tissue

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21
Q

Tumour

A

(1.1) collection of cancer cells produced by excessive, uncontrolled cell division

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22
Q

3’-5’

A

(1.2) strand of nucleic acid running from a sugar to a phosphate

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23
Q

Adenine (A)

A

(1.2) DNA base that pairs with thymine

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24
Q

Amplification of DNA

A

(1.2) the production of multiple copies of a sequence of DNA; repeated copying of a piece of DNA

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25
Q

Antiparallel

A

(1.2) parallelstrands in DNA that run in opposite directions in terms of chemical polarity

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26
Q

ATP

A

(1.2) adenosine triphosphate; molecule used for energy transfer in cells

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27
Q

Base

A

(1.2) nitrogenous substance that is a component of DNA nucleotides

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28
Q

Cytosine (C)

A

(1.2) DNA base that pairs with guanine

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29
Q

Deoxyribose

A

(1.2) pentose sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides

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30
Q

DNA

A

(1.2) deoxyribonucleic acid; molecule that holds the genetic code in living organisms

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31
Q

DNA polymerase

A

(1.2) enzyme that adds free nucleotides during DNA replication

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32
Q

Double helix

A

(1.2) three-dimensional shape of a DNA molecule

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33
Q

Fragments

A

(1.2) replicated sequences of the lagging strand which are later joined by ligase

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34
Q

Gal electrophoresis

A

(1.2) laboratory method used to separate mixtures of DNA, RNA or proteins according to molecular size

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35
Q

Guanine (G)

A

(1.2) DNA base that pairs with cytosine

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36
Q

Heat-tolerant DNA polymerase

A

(1.2) enzyme from hot-spring bacteria, used in PCR

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37
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

(1.2) weak chemical link joining complementary base pairs in DNA

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38
Q

Lagging strand

A

(1.2) DNA strand that is replicated in fragments

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39
Q

Leading strand

A

(1.2) DNA strand that is replicated continuously

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40
Q

Ligase

A

(1.2) enzyme that joins DNA fragments

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41
Q

Nucleotide

A

(1.2) component of DNA consisting of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group and a base

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42
Q

Phosphate

A

(1.2) component of DNA nucleotide

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43
Q

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

(1.2) method of amplifying sequences of DNA in vitro

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44
Q

Primer

A

(1.2) short complementary strand of DNA

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45
Q

Replication

A

(1.2) formation of copies of DNA molecules

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46
Q

Sugar-phosphate backbone

A

(1.2) strongly bonded strand of DNA

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47
Q

Target sequences

A

(1.2) complementary sequence of bases on the 3’ end ofDNA to which primer attaches

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48
Q

Template strand

A

(1.2) DNA strand on which a complementary copy is made

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49
Q

Thymine (T)

A

(1.2) DNA base that pairs with adenine

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50
Q

Alternative RNA splicing

A

(1.3) particular exons of a gene may be included within or excluded from the final, processed messenger RNA (mRNA)

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51
Q

Amino acid

A

(1.3) unit of polypeptide structure

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52
Q

Anticodon

A

(1.3) sequence of three bases on tRNA that codes for a specific amino acid

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53
Q

Attachment site

A

(1.3) site on a transfer RNA molecule to which a specific amino acid binds

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54
Q

Codon

A

(1.3) sequence of three bases on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid

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55
Q

Environmental factors

A

(1.3) factors such as diet, light and temperature that can interact with an organism’s genotype to affect its phenotype

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56
Q

Exon

A

(1.3) coding sequence of DNA

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57
Q

Gene

A

(1.3) section of DNA that codes for a protein

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58
Q

Gene expression

A

(1.3) transcription and translation of a gene to synthesise proteins

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59
Q

Interactions

A

(1.3) chemical attractions and bonding such as hydrogen bonds between amino acids giving proteins their three-dimensional shape

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60
Q

Intron

A

(1.3) non-coding sequence of DNA

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61
Q

Mature transcript

A

(1.3) RNA transcript that has been spliced and processed ready for translation

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62
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

(1.3) carries a copy of the DNA code from nucleus to ribosome

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63
Q

Peptide bond

A

(1.3) strong chemical link between amino acids in the primary structure of a polypeptide

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64
Q

Phenotype

A

(1.3) outward appearance of an organism

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65
Q

Polypeptide

A

(1.3) short strand of amino acids

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66
Q

Primary transcript

A

(1.3) molecule made when DNA is transcribed

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67
Q

Ribose

A

(1.3) sugar that forms part of an RNA nucleotide

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68
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

(1.3) type of RNA that makes up ribosomes

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69
Q

Ribosome

A

(1.3) site of protein synthesis; composed of rRNA and protein

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70
Q

RNA

A

(1.3) ribonucleic acid; several forms of single-stranded nucleic acid that are involved in protein synthesis

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71
Q

RNA polymerase

A

(1.3) enzyme which unwinds and unzips DNA and adds complementary nucleotides to form a primary transcript

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72
Q

RNA splicing

A

(1.3) joining of exons following the removal of introns from a primary transcript

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73
Q

Start codon

A

(1.3) first codon of a messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript translated by a ribosome

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74
Q

Stop codon

A

(1.3) codon within messenger RNA that signals a termination of translation into proteins

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75
Q

Transcription

A

(1.3) copying of DNA sequences to make a primary transcript

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76
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

(1.3) transfers specific amino acids to the mRNA on the ribosomes

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77
Q

Translation

A

(1.3) production of a polypeptide at a ribosome using information encoded in mRNA

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78
Q

Uracil (U)

A

(1.3) RNA base not found in DNA; pairs with adenine in transcription and translation

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79
Q

Chromosome

A

(1.4) rod-lke structure that contains the genetic material of an organism encoded into DNA

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80
Q

Deletion (of genes)

A

(1.4) chromosome mutation in which a sequence of genes is lost from a chromosome

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81
Q

Deletion (of nucleotides)

A

(1.4) single gene mutation involving removal of a nucleotide from a sequence

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82
Q

Duplication

A

(1.4) chromosome mutation in which a section of chromosome is added from its homologous partner

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83
Q

Frame-shift mutation

A

(1.4) gene mutation in which all amino acids coded for after the mutation are affected

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84
Q

Insertion

A

(1.4) single gene mutation in which an additional nucleotide is placed into a sequence

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85
Q

Inversion

A

(1.4) chromosome mutation in which a set of genes rotates through 180°

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86
Q

Missense

A

(1.4) substitution mutation; a single nucleotide change results in a codon for a different amino acid

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87
Q

Mutation

A

(1.4) changes in the DNA that can result in absence of protein or synthesis of an altered protein

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88
Q

Nonsense

A

(1.4) substitution mutation in which a codon is changed to a stop codon, shortening the resulting protein

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89
Q

Protein

A

(1.4) large molecule made up of chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

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90
Q

Single gene mutations

A

(1.4) alteration of a DNA nucleotide sequence as a result of the substitution insertion or deletion of nucleotides

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91
Q

Splice-site mutation

A

(1.4) mutation at a point where coding and non-coding regions meet in a section of DNA

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92
Q

Substitution

A

(1.4) single gene mutation in which one nucleotide is replaced by another

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93
Q

Translocation

A

(1.4) chromosome mutation in which part of a chromosome becomes attached to another

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94
Q

Bioinformatics

A

(1.5) use of computers and statistics in analysis of sequence data

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95
Q

Genome

A

(1.5) total genetic material present in an organism

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96
Q

Genomic sequencing

A

(1.5) the process of determining the sequence of nucleotide bases for individual genes or entire genomes

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97
Q

Non-coding

A

(1.5) sequences of DNA that do not code for proteins, including those that are transcribed but not translated and sequences that are involved in gene regulation

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98
Q

Personalised medicine

A

(1.5) development in which treatment is based on an individuals genome

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99
Q

Pharmacogenetics

A

(1.5) the study of inherited differences that affect metabolic pathways which can influence individual therapeutic responses to, and side-effects of, drugs

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100
Q

Sequence data

A

(1.5) information concerning amino acid or nucleotide base sequences of a gene or

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101
Q

Activation energy

A

(1.6) input of energy required to start a chemical reaction

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102
Q

Active site

A

(1.6) region on an enzyme molecule where the substrate binds

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103
Q

Affinity

A

(1.6) attraction between the active site of an enzyme and its substrate

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104
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

(1.6) reactions which build up larger molecules from small molecules and which require energy

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105
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

(1.6) reactions which break down large molecules into smaller molecules and which release energy

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106
Q

Competitive inhibition

A

(1.6) slowing of reaction rate due to the presence of a substance resembling the substrate

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107
Q

End-product

A

(1.6) the final product of a series of reactions with enzymes in a metabolic pathway

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108
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

(1.6) enzyme inhibition caused by the presence of an end product of a metabolic pathway

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109
Q

Induced fit

A

(1.6) change to an enzyme’s active site brought about by its substrate

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110
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

(1.6) enzyme-catalysed sequence of chemical reactions in a cell

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111
Q

Metabolism

A

(1.6) the sum total of all the chemical reactions that take place in cells

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112
Q

Non-competitive inhibition

A

(1.6) enzyme inhibition by a substance that permanently alters the active site of the enzyme

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113
Q

Product

A

(1.6) substance resulting from an enzyme-catalysed reaction

114
Q

Substrate

A

(1.6) substance on which an enzyme works

115
Q

Acetyl coenzyme A

A

(1.7) molecule that transfers the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle

116
Q

Acetvi group

A

(1.7) produced by breakdown of pyruvate, joins with oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle

117
Q

ATP synthase

A

(1.7) membrane-bound enzyme that synthesises ATP

118
Q

Cellular respiration

A

(1.7) release of energy from respiratory substrates

119
Q

Citrate

A

(1.7) citric acid; first substance produced in the citric acid cycle

120
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

(1.7) second stage of aerobic respiration occurring in the matrix of mitochondria

121
Q

Coenzyme A

A

(1.7) substance that carries acetyl groups into the citric acid cycle

122
Q

Dehydrogenase

A

(1.7) enzymes that remove hydrogen from their substrates; important in the citric acid cycle

123
Q

Electron transport chain

A

(1.7) group of proteins embedded in membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts

124
Q

Electrons

A

(1.7) negatively charged particles that yield energy as they pass through an electron transport chain

125
Q

Energy investment phase

A

(1.7) the phosphorylation of intermediates in glycolysis, which uses two molecules of ATP in the first stage of glycolysis

126
Q

Energy pay-off stage

A

(1.7) the second stage of glycolysis, which leads to the generation of more ATP

127
Q

Glucose

A

(1.7) sugar that is the main respiratory substrate in cells

128
Q

Glycolysis

A

(1.7) first stage in cellular respiration

129
Q

Hydrogen ion

A

(1.7) an atom of hydrogen that has lost an electron leaving a positively charged proton (symbol: H*)

130
Q

Intermediate

A

(1.7) substance in a metabolic pathway between the original substrate and the end product

131
Q

Matrix

A

(1.7) central cavity of a mitochondrion in which the citric acid cycle occurs

132
Q

Mitochondrion

A

(1.7) cell organelle in which the aerobic stages of respiration occur (plural: mitochondria)

133
Q

NAD

A

(1.7) coenzyme which carries hydrogen and electrons from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain

134
Q

Net gain

A

(1.7) overall gain of ATP during glycolysis

135
Q

Oxaloacetate

A

(1.7) substance that combines with the acetyl group in the citric acid cycle to form citrate

136
Q

Phosphorylation

A

(1.7) addition of phosphate to a substance

137
Q

Pyruvate

A

(1.7) the end product of glycolysis

138
Q

Fast-twitch muscle fibre

A

(1.8) type of muscle fibre used in short bursts of activity

139
Q

Glycogen

A

(1.8) store of glucose in muscle cells and liver

140
Q

Lactate

A

(1.8) produced by the fermentation of pyruvate in mammalian muscle cells

141
Q

Muscle fatigue

A

(1.8) painful condition caused by the accumulation of lactic acid in muscles

142
Q

Myoglobin

A

(1.8) protein in muscle tissue that can bind with oxygen

143
Q

Oxygen debt

A

(1.8) builds up during fermentation in muscle cells

144
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

(1.8) muscle attached to the skeleton that brings about locomotion

145
Q

Slow-twitch muscle fibre

A

(1.8) type of muscle fibre used in endurance activities

146
Q

Corpus luteum

A

(2.1) formed from a follicle after ovulation: produces progesterone

147
Q

Follicle

A

(2.1) cluster of cells in the ovary that protects the developing ovum and secretes hormones

148
Q

Gametes

A

(2.1) sex cells containing the haploid chromosome number

149
Q

Interstitial cells

A

(2.1) cells in testes found between the seminiferous tubules; produce testosterone

150
Q

Oestrogen

A

(2.1) hormone produced by the ovary that helps in the repair and thickening of the endometrium after menstruation

151
Q

Ovaries

A

(2.1) female sex organs in which ova are produced

152
Q

Oviduct

A

(2.1) fine tube connecting an ovary to the uterus; location of fertilisation

153
Q

Progesterone

A

(2.1) hormone produced by the ovary that thickens and vascularises the endometrium

154
Q

Prostate gland

A

(2.1) produces fluid that makes up part of the semen

155
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

(2.1) glands producing fluid that forms part of the semen

156
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

(2.1) very narrow tubes in the testes in which sperm cells are produced

157
Q

Testes

A

(2.1) male sex organs responsible for the production of sperm

158
Q

Testosterone

A

(2.1) hormone produced by interstitial cells

159
Q

Zygote

A

(2.1) fertilised egg cell

160
Q

Endocrine gland

A

(2.2) gland that produces and releases hormones

161
Q

Endometrium

A

(2.2) inner lining of the uterus

162
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

(2.2) pituitary hormone that controls development of follicles in ovaries and sperm production in males

163
Q

Follicular phase

A

(2.2) first stage in the menstrual cycle during which a follicle develops

164
Q

Hormone

A

(2.2) protein released by an endocrine gland into the blood that acts as a chemical messenger

165
Q

Hypothalamus

A

(2.2) region of the mammalian brain that secretes releaser hormone at puberty

166
Q

Interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ISH)

A

(2.2) hormone from the pituitary gland that stimulates testosterone production by the interstitial cells

167
Q

Luteal phase

A

(2.2) second stage of the menstrual cycle in which a corpus lureum is present

168
Q

Luceinising hormone (LH)

A

(2.2) pituitary hormone that triggers ovulation and corpus luteum development

169
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

(2.2) approximately 28-day cycle in the middle of which ovulation occurs

170
Q

Menstruation

A

(2.2) removal of the endometrium and an unfertilised egg cell at the end of a menstrual cycle

171
Q

Negative feedback

A

(2.2) system of maintaining a steady state in various body systems

172
Q

Pituitary gland

A

(2.2) gland in the brain that releases many hormones

173
Q

Releaser hormone

A

(2.2) hormone which affects the pituitary gland to trigger puberty

174
Q

Vascularisation

A

(2.2) when body tissue develops capillaries

175
Q

Artificial insemination (Al)

A

(2.3) insertion of donated sperm directly into the uterus

176
Q

Continuous fertility

A

(2.3) males secrete a steady level of testosterone and produce a steady quantity of sperm continuously after puberty

177
Q

Contraception

A

(2.3) the intentional prevention of pregnancy (conception) by natural or artificial methods independent variable

178
Q

Cyclical fertility

A

(2.3) women are only fertile for a few days during each menstrual cycle

179
Q

In vitro fertilisation (IVF)

A

(2.3) medical procedure involving fertilisation of eggs by sperm in laboratory containers

180
Q

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

A

(2.3) injection of sperm directly into an egg during IVF

181
Q

Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)

A

(2.3) genetic profiling of embryos prior to implantation during fertility treatments

182
Q

Semen

A

(2.3) also called seminal fluid; fluid that contains sperm cells

183
Q

Allele

A

(2.4) form of a gene coding for a version of a characteristic

184
Q

Amniocentesis

A

(2.4) prenatal test to assess health of fetus using cells from amniotic fluid

185
Q

Anomaly scan

A

(2.4) antenatal ultrasound scan that checks for physical abnormalities

186
Q

Antenatal screening

A

(2.4) use of tests to identify risk of a disorder before birth

187
Q

Autosomal recessive

A

(2.4) allele on chromosomes 1-22; expressed in phenotype if the genotype is homozygous for the recessive allele

188
Q

Autosome

A

(2.4) chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

189
Q

Charionic villus sampling (CVS)

A

(2.4) prenatal test to assess health of the fetus using cells from the

190
Q

Dating scan

A

(2.4) antenatal ultrasound scan to determine pregnancy stage and due date

191
Q

Diagnostic tests

A

(2.4) tests such as amniocentesis used to confirm if the fetus has a medical condition

192
Q

Embryo

A

(2.4) stage of development up to about 8 weeks that leads to the formation of a fetus

193
Q

False positive result

A

(2.4) error in reporting in which a test result indicates presence of a condition which is actually absent

194
Q

Fetus

A

(2.4) stage of a baby after 8 weeks of development

195
Q

Heterozygous

A

(2.4) having two different alleles of the same gene

196
Q

Homozygous

A

(2.4) having two identical alleles of the same gene

197
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

(2.4) when an allele is not completely masked by a dominant allele, thus affecting an individual’s phenotype

198
Q

Karyotype

A

(2.4) display of matched chromosomes produced for medical purposes

199
Q

Marker chemicals

A

(2.4) substances produced during pregnancy which are tested for alongside scans

200
Q

Pedigree chart

A

(2.4) diagram showing the occurrence of phenotypes of a particular gene in a family tree

201
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

(2.4) metabolic disorder that is tested for by postnatal screening

202
Q

Postnatal screening

A

(2.4) diagnostic testing of newborn babies

203
Q

Prenatal diagnosis

A

(2.4) identification of the risk of disorders in unborn babies

204
Q

Sex-linked recessive

A

(2.4) recessive allele carried on the X chromosome

205
Q

Ultrasound scanning

A

(2.4) diagnostic procedure used for various prenatal checks, such as establishing the stage of pregnancy and the date that the baby is due

206
Q

Artery

A

(2.5) blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

207
Q

Capillary

A

(2.5) narow, thin walled blood vessel that exchanges materials with the tissues

208
Q

Connective tissue

A

(2.5) type of tissue found between other tissues and often supports other tissues

209
Q

Endothelium

A

(2.5) layer of cells that lines the inner surface of blood vessels

210
Q

Lumen

A

(2.5) central channel of a tube such as a blood vessel

211
Q

Lymph fluid

A

(2.5) fluid made up from issue fluid collected into lymph vessels which circulates the body

212
Q

Lymph vessels

A

(2.5) tiny vessels in which lymph circulates around the body

213
Q

Plasma

A

(2.5) liquid component of the blood

214
Q

Pressure filtration

A

(2.5) passage of molecules through membranes under pressure

215
Q

Smooth muscle

A

(2.5) muscle tissue which can contract involuntarily

216
Q

Tissue fluid

A

(2.5) Fluid which bathes cells in tissues; derived from blood

217
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

(2.5) narrowing of blood vessels to reduce blood flow

218
Q

Vasodilation

A

(2.5) widening of blood vessels to increase blood flow

219
Q

Vein

A

(2.5) blood vessel with valves that transports blood back to the heart

220
Q

120/80 mmHs

A

(2.6) typical blood pressure reading for a young adult

221
Q

Acetylcholine

A

(2.6) neurotransmitter released by parasympathetic nerve fibres

222
Q

Antagonistic

A

(2.6) opposing actions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

223
Q

Atrial diastole

A

(2.6) part of the cardiac cycle in which the heart muscle of the atria relaxes

224
Q

Atrial systole

A

(2.6) part of the cardiac cycle in which the heart muscle of the atria contracts Atrio-ventricular (AV) valve

225
Q

Atrio-ventricular (AV) valve

A

(2.6) heart valve found between the atria and the ventricles

226
Q

Atrio-ventricular node (AVN)

A

(2.6) nervous tissue found at the junction between the atria and the ventricles

227
Q

Auto-rhythmic cells

A

(2.6) cells in the SAN which set the rate at which the heart contracts

228
Q

Autosomal dominant

A

(2.4) allele on chromosomes 1-22; always expressed in phenotype

229
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

(2.6) muscle that makes up the heart walls

230
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

(2.6) contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle in a heartbeat

231
Q

Cardiac output

A

(2.6) volume of blood expelled from one ventricle of the heart per minute

232
Q

Coronary heart disease (CHD)

A

(2.6) condition caused by blockage of coronary arteries of information between them

233
Q

Deoxygenated blood

A

(2.6) blood, usually in veins, that carries little oxygen

234
Q

Diastole

A

(2.6) part of the cardiac cycle during which cardiac muscle is relaxed

235
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

A

(2.6) record of electrical activity in the heart; used to detect abnormalities

236
Q

Hypertension

A

(2.6) abnormally high blood pressure in arteries

237
Q

Medulla

A

(2.6) part of the brain with centres controlling breathing, heart rate and peristalsis

238
Q

Noradrenaline

A

(2.6) hormone and neurotransmitter

239
Q

Oxygenated blood

A

(2.6) blood containing a high level of oxygen

240
Q

Parasympathetic nerves

A

(2.6) nerve fibres which result in a decrease in heart rate; part of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

241
Q

Semi-lunar (SL) valves

A

(2.6) valves leading into the main arteries leaving the heart

242
Q

Sino atrial node (SAN)

A

(2.6) region of nervous tissue in the wall of the right atrium; receives impulses from the medulla

243
Q

Sphygmomanometer

A

(2.6) instrument used to measure blood pressure

244
Q

Stroke volume

A

(2.6) volume of blood expelled from the left ventricle during one cardiac cycle

245
Q

Sympathetic (accelerator) nerve

A

(2.6) nerve fibre that stimulates an increase in heart rate; part of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

246
Q

Systole

A

(2.6) part of the cardiac cycle in which cardiac muscle is contracted

247
Q

Ventricular diastole

A

(2.6) part of the cardiac cycle in which the cardiac muscle of the ventricles relaxes

248
Q

Ventricular systole

A

(2.6) part of the cardiac cycle in which the cardiac muscle of the ventricles contracts

249
Q

Angina

A

(2.7) chest pain occurring when blood supply to heart muscle is restricted

250
Q

Acheroma

A

(2.7) swelling on inner wall of artery made up of fatty material and connective tissue

251
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

(2.7) potentially serious condition in which acheromas clog the arteries

252
Q

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD)

A

(2.7) diseases affecting the heart and circulation

253
Q

Cholesterol

A

(2.7) lipid molecule needed for cell membranes and in synthesising steroid hormones

254
Q

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

A

(2.7) blood clot in a deep vein, often in the leg

255
Q

Embolus

A

(2.7) any detached mass of material carried by the circulation

256
Q

Fibrin

A

(2.7) protein that helps form a blood clot

257
Q

Fibrinogen

A

(2.7) blood protein that is converted to fibrin during the blood clotting process

258
Q

Heart attack

A

(2.7) serious medical emergency in which blood supply to the heart muscle is blocked

259
Q

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

A

(2.7) carries excess cholesterol away from body cells and artery surfaces to the liver for elimination

260
Q

LDL receptor

A

(2.7) receptor that recognises LDLs and encourages their uptake

261
Q

Lipoprotein

A

(2.7) assembly of protein with lipid that enables movement of lipid in water and through membranes

262
Q

Low density lipoprotein (LDL)

A

(2.7) carries cholesterol to body cells; if body cells have enough cholesterol, LDL may deposit cholesterol leading to atheroma in arteries

263
Q

Myocardial infarction (MI)

A

(2.7) medical term for a heart attack in which blood flow to the heart is reduced

264
Q

Peripheral vascular disease

A

(2.7) condition caused by blockage to arteries other than coronary arteries, the aorta or those in the brain

265
Q

Prothrombin

A

(2.7) blood component important in clotting it is converted to thrombin during clotting

266
Q

Pulmonary embolism

A

(2.7) embolism (blood clot) in the pulmonary circulation

267
Q

Statins

A

(2.7) medicine that helps lower LDLs in the blood

268
Q

Thrombin

A

(2.7) produced from prothrombin during blood clotting

269
Q

Thrombosis

A

(2.7) blood clot within a blood vessel

270
Q

Adrenal glands

A

(2.8) glands located above the kidneys which release the hormone adrenaline

271
Q

Adrenaline

A

(2.8) hormone that stimulates the release of glucose from glycogen during stress or exercise

272
Q

Body mass index (BMI)

A

(2.8) body mass in kilograms/(the square of their height in metres) (Note: This is an approximate measure of whether someone is over- or underweight)

273
Q

Glucagon

A

(2.8) hormone produced by the pancreas that stimulates the conversion of glycogen into glucose in the liver

274
Q

Glucose tolerance test

A

(2.8) diagnostic test for diabetes in which blood glucose level is measured after drinking a glucose solution

275
Q

Haemorrhage

A

(2.8) rupture of blood vessels which may give internal bleeding

276
Q

Homeostasis

A

(2.8) maintenance of a steady state in the cells of a living organism

277
Q

Insulin

A

(2.8) hormone produced by the pancreas that stimulates the conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver

278
Q

Obesity

A

(2.8) extremely overweight condition; having excess body fat in relation to lean tissue

279
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

(2.8) condition in which an individual is unable to regulate blood sugar level due to a lack of the hormone insulin

280
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

(2.8) condition in which an individual is unable to regulate blood sugar level because cells, especially in the liver, are unresponsive to insulin

H Human Biology Homemade (1 decks)

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