All of the Stuarts course content Flashcards
When did James rule?
1603-25
What was the divine right of Kings?
The concept that James derived his power from God and was only answerable to God
How did this cause problems for James?
It brought James into conflict with parliament, who felt that James was answerable to them, not God
What economic problems had Elizabeth 1 left for James
1) £200,000-£400,000 debt
2) High inflation
3) Selling crown lands- short term gain, reducing income in the long term
What was the great contract
An attempt to provide James with an annual sum with £200,000 each year
What was the cockayne project
Exporting finished cloth in England, which Cockyane could not do, causing the scheme to fail
What was Cranfield’s role?
To rein in James’ spending. This happened, but James then went to war with Spain, impeaching Cranfeild
What was the nickname was given to James after his death
Rex Pacificus (King of Peace)
What was his policy towards: Spain
1) Spanish peace 1604
2) Intended Spanish match
What was his policy towards: France
1) Potential alliance with France
2) Alliance via marriage- Henrietta Maria with Charles
Who was removed from his lands in the Palatinate
Frederick (James’ son-in-law)
Why did many want James to interviene
To protect the protestant palatinate against Catholic domination
Why could James not intervene
He did not have the money, he was opposed to war, he wanted to settle the dispute through a catholic marriage
Since 1558 what religion had England been
Protestant/ church of England
What did the Catholics hope for from James
Toleration, they hoped James may even favour them, given he had a catholic mother
What did Puritans hope for from James
Reform to church services to remove ‘beautified’ elements
What are the other names for the Anglican church
Church of England
What was the biggest achievement of puritans at the Hampton court conference?
The king James Bible, 1611
How did James treat non-conforming Puritans to the 1604 canons?
Leniently- not harshly
Why was Richard Bancroft’s appointment significant
Bancroft became AoC (1604) and was anti-Puritan
Did Puritain opposition grow or lesson during James’regin
Grow
What did Puritans oppose?
1) James’ foreign policy- his close relations with Spain
2) the growth of Arminianism, which resembled Catholicism
3) The introduction of the book of sports (1618), allowing recreational activites to take place after sunday’s church services
What did Catholics expect of James when he became king?
they hoped for toleration
How did he show toleration towards them?
1) Did not enforce recusancy fines strictly
2) Tried to hold parlament back from being stricter towards catholics
3) They were allowed to go to Mass as long as they did it discretely
What did James recognise about the Gunpowder plot
It was the actions of a few radicals rather tahn catholics in general
How did this affect his policy towards Catholics
he was lenient to them, without persecuting them
How did James’ policies affect Catholics
1) Recusancy fines were not well recieved by them
2) His foreign policy with spain led to criticisms of being to pro-catholic
3) James’ mother & wife, along with Buckingham’s mother were catholic, causing suspisions
What were Charles’ aims when he became king in 1625
1) to only be answeable to God
2) to reform the church through beautification
3) to keep Buckingham as an advisor
What problems did he face in 1625
1) war was ongoing over the platinate
2) Buckingham’s influence was opposed by parliament
3) the wa with Spain was costly and badly conducted
Why had parliament opposed, by charles’ financial policies
He raised a forced loan, also Tonnage and poundage which parliament claimed was illegal
Why had parliament opposed by, 1629, Charles’ Foreign policies
The wars against France and Spain had been a disaster and financially costly
Why had parliament opposed, by 629 Charles’ relationship with them
He was reliant on advice from Buckingham and clsed parliament regulary 1625-8
What was the petition of right (1629)
Parliament preventing charles from raising taxes without it’s consent along with imprisoning opponents
What began in 1629
Personal rule
Why did Charles dissolve parliament in 1629
1) parliament argued that collecting Tonnage and poundage was ilegal
2) Charles was being challenged over Arminian influence in the church
What was Charles’ debt in 1629-1635
1629- £1m
1635- £2m
Which taxes did he create
1) Ship money
2) Distraint of knighthood
3) Forest fines
Who tried for non-payment of ship money (1637)
John Hampden
What did the outcome reval
Judges voted 7-5 in favour of charles, showing a major opposition to his method of collecting taxes
What was William Lauds role
Archbishop of Canterbury
What denomination of Christianity was laud
Arminianism
Name the features of Laudianism
- The beautification of religion
- Uniformity in church practices (prayer book)
- Preventing puritan literature from being published
Who were the adviser responsible for Thorough
Wentworth (the Earl of strafford)
What were the aims of through
To support the poor, to manage crown resources more efficiently (increasse control)
What were successes and failings of the policy
- Caused divison in Ireland by giving protestant landowners moore power and their catholic counterparts
- The book of orders were seen as heavy-handed instructions sent to local justices of the peace
- Taxes collected were increased
What name was given to Scotland’s rebellion against Charles’ religious policies?
The bishops’ wars
Why did Scotland rebel
In protest against Charles’ attempt to impose Laudianist reforms on them
What had Charles tried to introdue there?
- a new prayer book
- Emphasising the role of bishops
- taking church land away from Scottish nobles
What name is given to the parliament that was called by Charles in April 1640
the short parliament
How long did this last
less than two months
List long parliament’s grievances against Charles
- triennial act- the gaps between parliaments could not be more than 3 years
- Parliament could not be dissolved
- ship money was deemed illegal
- the star chamber was abolished
When parliament returned in 1640 Charles’ aims where
- to obtain money from parliament to raise an army to defeat the scots
- to ensure that parliament did not overturn his reforms established during personal role
What where Charles’ aims
- to list their grievances against Charles holding him to account for misrule during personal rule
- to remove Charles’ evil advisers, reform the church, increase it’s own power and role in governemt
Name events that caused a breakdown in relatinship between Charles and parliament
- root and branch bill
- the grand remonstrance
- Charles’ attempted arrest of the five MP’s
- the militia Ordinance
- the nineteen propositions
Name 3 ways in which Charles helped
- Charles relied on his unpopular advisers, rather than parliament, causing friction
- Charles’ religious policies fuelled suspicions that he was moving the country towards catholicism
- Charles could be heavy-handed against critics as well as in his policy of thorough and ruthless tax collecting
Name ways in which parliament helped cause the first civil war
- Parliament mad a series of demands that were likely unachievable- such as the demand to educate the king’s children
- Parliament passed the milita ordinance which intended to take control of the army away from the king
- Parliament passed the root and branch bill inteanding to eradicate all laudianist elements of Charles’ religious reform, bringing them to conflict
Names charles’ main advisors
- Henrietta maria
- Duke of Buckingham
- Wentworth
- William Laud
How did the advisors weaken Charles
He relied on them for advice and guidance, ignoring parliament. Parliament felt marginalised and the ‘evil advisors’ were targeted as being the reason for Charles’ unpopular policies
Name three taxes levied by Charles
- Distraint of knighthood
- Ship money
- forest fines
Why did Charles’ taxation increase his unpopularity
Because many people living inland did not want to pay the ship money tax
How successfully was Charles in collecting tax
Collecting 96% of ship money in 1635, but only 25% by 1639
Why was religion cause of the civil wars
Charles’ polices gave the impression he was moving England towards Catholicism
Who was Charles married to and why were they suspisious
Henrietta Maria and that she was influencing him towards Catholicism
Provide strengths and weaknesses of the royalist army
Strenght:
1. fighting for the king was seen as an honour and something to defend/fight for
2. Wealthy supporters
Weaknesses:
1. Controlled less wealthy pparts of the country
2. supporters sold their land so money dried up when there was no more to sell
Provide strengths and weaknesses of the parliamentarian army
strenghts:
1. Held london a ssource of loans and customs, duties and taxes
2. the navy supported them
3. the new model army
weaknesses:
1. religious divisons existed within in London
2. rioting made controlling london difficult
Give reasons why parliament were able to defeat the royalists in the first civil war
- funding- they were funded through parliament ordinances. Royalists relied on wealthy supporters, which ran out as the war ran on
- the new model army- was a proffesional, well-paid force in contrast to the king’s forces which were not paid where money ran out
- Parliamentary control of ports- like Bristol and London, which provided money from taxation on trade and imports
