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9th grade science final exam > all of science terms from this year > Flashcards

all of science terms from this year Flashcards

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1
Q

the study of matter and energy and the interactions occurring between them

A

physics

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2
Q

Italian scientist who viewed the universe, the world, and living things as the special creation of God

A

Galileo Galilei

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3
Q

English scientist who formulated the three laws of motion and some of the first detailed investigations into the behavior of light

A

Sir Isaac Newton

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4
Q

the collective term for the branches of physics developed before 1900

A

classical physics

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5
Q

the collective term for the branches of physics developed since 1900

A

modern physics

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6
Q

mathematical quantity that has only a magnitude (size or amount)

A

scalar quantity (scalar)

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7
Q

mathematical quantity that has both magnitude and direction

A

vector quantity (vector)

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8
Q

scalar representing the total length of the object’s path

A

distance

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9
Q

vector representing an object’s change in position

A

displacement

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10
Q

an object undergoing a change in position is said to be in _______

A

motion

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11
Q

the study of motions and forces

A

dynamics

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12
Q

the branch of physics that addresses the effects of forces on matter

A

mechanics

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13
Q

vector that measures the displacement of an object per unit time

A

velocity

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14
Q

speed is _________ (scalar or vector)

A

scalar

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15
Q

velocity is ________ (scalar or vector)

A

vector

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16
Q

distance is ________ (scalar or vector)

A

scalar

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17
Q

displacement is _________ (scalar or vector)

A

vector

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18
Q

any change in velocity

A

deceleration

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19
Q

the book published by Isaac Newton that explained his findings on gravitation

A

Principia

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20
Q

pushing or pulling action of one object on another

A

force

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21
Q

law stating that the velocity of an object does not change unless the object is acted upon by an external force

A

first law of motion

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22
Q

law stating that the force required to accelerate an object at a certain rate equals an object’s mass times the desired acceleration

A

second law of motion

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23
Q

SI unit of force and weight

A

Newton

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24
Q

one Newton equals ________

A

one kilogram times one meter over second squared

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25
Q

the acceleration of an object is __________ to the force applied

A

directly proportional

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26
Q

space relative to which motion is measured

A

frame of reference

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27
Q

a vector showing the result of two or more other vectors

A

resultant

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28
Q

states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

A

third law of motion

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29
Q

the resultant of adding the individual forces on an object through vector addition

A

net force

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30
Q

a diagram that represents an object and the forces on it without considering the causes of the force or the reaction forces exerted by the object

A

free-body diagram

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31
Q

describes the relationship of attraction between two objects affected by gravitational force

A

law of universal gravitation

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32
Q

a constant of proportionality in the universal law of gravitation

A

gravitational constant

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33
Q

precisely determined the value of the gravitational constant

A

Henry Cavendish

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34
Q

the amount of gravitational force exerted on an object by the earth or another celestial body

A

weight

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35
Q

the gravitational force exerted on an object near the surface of the earth or any celestial body

A

gravity

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36
Q

effectively the constant rate at which an object in free fall accelerates

A

acceleration of gravity

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37
Q

the velocity at which the magnitude of drag equals an object’s weight, stopping the object from speeding up

A

terminal velocity

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38
Q

the force that causes an object in circular motion to travel in a curved path rather than a straight line

A

centripetal force

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39
Q

the result of a weight’s attempt to move in a straight line

A

centrifugal force

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40
Q

center seeking force

A

centripetal force

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41
Q

center fleeing force

A

centrifugal force

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42
Q

an object that hangs at a fixed point and swings back and forth because of gravity

A

pendulum

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43
Q

the resistance rising due to an object’s motion through a fluid or across a surface

A

friction

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44
Q

two main causes of friction

A

attraction and repulsion

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45
Q

the type of friction that affects sliding objects already in motion

A

kinetic friction

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46
Q

a type of friction that affects stationary objects, preventing them from moving

A

static friction

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47
Q

the transfer of energy from one object to another by a force

A

work

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48
Q

the SI unit of work and energy; equal to the work done in moving an object a distance of 1 m by pushing it with a force of 1 N

A

Joule

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49
Q

the rate of doing work or using energy; work done or energy used per unit time

A

power

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50
Q

the SI unit of power; one joule of work done in one second

A

watt

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51
Q

the F.P.S. unit of power, defined by a horse lifting 550 lb. a distance of 1 ft in 1 s.

A

horsepower

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52
Q

the product of an object’s mass and velocity

A

momentum

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53
Q

the law stating that the overall momentum of a system remains constant unless an external force is applied to it

A

law of conservation of momentum

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54
Q

devices for doing work

A

machines

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55
Q

any of the six basic force-multiplying machines

A

simple machine

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56
Q

simple machines provide these three forms of assistance

A

multiply applied force
multiply distance
change direction of force

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57
Q

force applied to a machine

A

input

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58
Q

force that a machine applies after multiplication of the input

A

output

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59
Q

says that energy can be neither created or destroyed; it can only be transferred and change form

A

law of conservation of energy

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60
Q

the number of times a machine multiplies the input

A

mechanical advantage (MA)

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61
Q

the multiplication of force provided by a machine under ideal conditions

A

ideal mechanical advantage (IMA)

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62
Q

the actual multiplication of force a machine provides under nonideal conditions

A

actual mechanical advantage (AMA)

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63
Q

the ratio of work output to work input in a machine

A

efficiency

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64
Q

a simple machine consisting of a rigid bar or beam resting upon a pivot

A

lever

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65
Q

the pivot upon which the beam of the lever rests

A

fulcrum

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66
Q

the part of the lever from the fulcrum to the input

A

input arm

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67
Q

the part of a lever from the fulcrum to the output

A

output arm

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68
Q

a lever in which the input and output forces are on opposite sides of the fulcrum

A

class 1 lever

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69
Q

a lever in which the fulcrum is at one end of the lever, the input is applied to the other end, and the output is between the input and the fulcrum

A

class 2 lever

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70
Q

a lever in which the fulcrum is at one end of the lever, the output is at the other end, and the input force is applied between the fulcrum and the output (OIF)

A

class 3 lever

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71
Q

a simple machine in which a force is applied to rotate a wheel or axle; basically a circular leve

A

wheel and axle

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72
Q

a simple machine consisting of a wheel over which a rope or cable passes

A

pulley

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73
Q

a pulley that does not move with the load but merely reverses the direction of the input force without multiplying it

A

fixed pulley

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74
Q

a pulley directly attached to a moving load

A

movable pulley

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75
Q

a combination of of one or more fixed and one or more movable pulleys

A

block and tackle

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76
Q

a sloping surface that allows an object to be raised without lifting it straight up

A

inclined plane

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77
Q

a special form of inclined plane that modifies the applied force and directs it to the side

A

wedge

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78
Q

a simple machine resembling an inclined plane wrapped around a rod

A

screw

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79
Q

in a screw, the distance from one of the ridges or threads to the next

A

pitch

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80
Q

a partial representation of something else

A

model

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81
Q

model of a design used for testing

A

prototype

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82
Q

discovered air pressure

A

Torricelli

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83
Q

a device to measure altitude

A

altimeter

84
Q

factor used to determine the results of an experiment

A

dependent variable

85
Q

tentative explanation

A

hypothesis

86
Q

limitations of science

A

bias, approximations, assumptions, scope of science

87
Q

group in which the independent variable is absent

A

control group

88
Q

study of matter and movement of God’s physical creation

A

science

89
Q

fluids tend to move from areas of _______ to areas of _______

A

higher pressure to lower pressure

90
Q

a hypothesis can be proven false if one or more of its predictions is false

A

falsifiable

91
Q

means that a scientist will obtain consistent results if he performs the experiment many times, keeping all factors as similar as possible

A

repeatability

92
Q

two reasons we use science

A

to glorify God; man’s benefit

93
Q

study of reasoning

A

logic

94
Q

a statement of fact

A

proposition

95
Q

formula for Newton’s second law of motion

A

F = ma (force equals mass times acceleration)

96
Q

formula for pressure

A

P = F / A (pressure equals force divided by area)

97
Q

branch of physics developed since 1900

A

modern physics

98
Q

a model of a design used for testing

A

prototype

99
Q

use of science to solve practical problems

A

technology

100
Q

occurs when someone attacks the person making an argument instead of challenging the person’s facts

A

ad hominem fallacy

101
Q

property of matter that makes it resist changes in motion

A

inertia

102
Q

a push or pull

A

force

103
Q

anything that has inertia

A

matter

104
Q

substance of the physical world

A

matter

105
Q

the amount of space that matter takes up

A

volume

106
Q

the amount of inertia an object has

A

mass

107
Q

the amount of matter in an objec

A

mass

108
Q

the most important part of an equation

A

the equal sign

109
Q

the “language of science”

A

math

110
Q

for measured data to be meaningful, it must include ____

A

units

111
Q

the system with meticulously defined standards

A

SI system

112
Q

the SI unit of time

A

second

113
Q

the SI unit of length

A

meter

114
Q

the SI unit of mass

A

kilogram

115
Q

the SI unit of work

A

Joule

116
Q

the SI unit of force

A

Newton

117
Q

the SI unit of powe

A

watt

118
Q

coldest temperature possible at which molecular vibration ceases

A

absolute zero

119
Q

a measure with both magnitude and direction

A

vector

120
Q

the study of motion and forces

A

dynamics

121
Q

the change in position divided by time

A

velocity

122
Q

any change in velocity

A

acceleration

123
Q

the book in which Newton published his findings

A

Principia

124
Q

the third law of motion states _______

A

for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

125
Q

acceleration due to gravity

A

9.81 meters per second squared

126
Q

center-seeking force

A

centripetal force

127
Q

the speed at which an object will stop speeding up

A

terminal velocity

128
Q

matter that has no definite shape and can flow

A

fluid

129
Q

theory stating that all molecules of a substance are in constant motion and move more rapidly as the object is heated

A

kinetic theory of matter

130
Q

the attraction between molecules of the same substance

A

cohesion

131
Q

the attraction between molecules of different substances

A

adhesion

132
Q

the tendency of a liquid to pull atoms or molecules near the surface back into the liquid, forming a “skin” or film on the surface

A

surface tension

133
Q

the phenomenon in which liquids in thin tubes rise above or fall beneath their own levels because of adhesion and cohesion

A

capillarity

134
Q

a curved surface of a liquid formed because of a difference in strength between the cohesion of the fluid molecules and the glass molecules

A

meniscus

135
Q

force exerted per unit of area

A

pressure

136
Q

the SI unit of pressure

A

Pascal

137
Q

two factors that affect gravitational pressure

A

density and depth

138
Q

the principle stating that a pressure increase applied to a fluid inside a closed container will be distributed equally throughout the container

A

Pascal’s principle

139
Q

a device that uses Pascal’s principle to multiply a force by using a small-diameter input piston and a large-diameter output piston connected by a liquid-filled reservoir

A

hydraulic press

140
Q

the ability of a gas to be easily squeezed and compacted into a smaller container

A

compressibility

141
Q

the law stating that a gas’s volume and pressure are inversely proportional when the temperature is held constant

A

Boyle’s law

142
Q

the law stating that the volume and temperature of a gas are directly proportional when a pressure is held constant

A

Charles’s law

143
Q

states that gas temperature and pressure are directly related when volume is held constant

A

Amonton’s law

144
Q

the gravitational pressure within a sea of air

A

atmospheric pressure

145
Q

an empty space with no matter

A

vacuum

146
Q

device used to measure air pressure

A

barometer

147
Q

momentum formula

A

p = mv (momentum equals mass times velocity)

148
Q

work formula

A

W = Fd (work equals force times distance)

149
Q

power formula

A

p = W / t (power equals work divided by time)

150
Q

Charles’s law formula

A

V1/T1 = V2/T2

151
Q

Boyle’s law formula

A

P1V1 = P2V2

152
Q

Amonton’s law

A

P1/T1 = P2/T2

153
Q

the Greek mathematician who discovered that fluids exert a buoyant force upon objects within them

A

Archimedes

154
Q

an upward force exerted by a fluid on a solid object placed in the fluid

A

buoyancy

155
Q

the principle stating that the buoyant force experienced by an object is exactly equal to the weight of the fluid displaced

A

Archimedes principle

156
Q

vessel designed to operate below the surface of the water, but can also float on the surface

A

submarine

157
Q

object is completely submerged in a fluid but not sinking

A

neutral buoyancy

158
Q

vessel limited to how high it can go because it is filled with gas

A

blimp

159
Q

resistance of any object moving through a fluid

A

drag

160
Q

science of shaping objects to allow the smooth flow of fluids around them and reduce drag

A

streamlining

161
Q

a force on an object that is generated by relative motion between the object and a fluid and is perpendicular to the direction of fluid flow

A

lift

162
Q

structure designed to produce lift as it moves relative to a fluid

A

foil

163
Q

ability to do work and change matter

A

energy

164
Q

SI unit of work and energy

A

Joule

165
Q

energy of motion

A

kinetic energy

166
Q

energy associated with the position of an object and the forces acting upon it

A

potential energy

167
Q

energy from motions or forces that affect a whole object

A

mechanical energy

168
Q

law stating that energy can neither be created or destroyed, only transferred

A

law of conservation of energy

169
Q

discovered mass and energy can be considered two different ways of measuring the same physical property

A

Albert Einstein

170
Q

the principle stating that mass and energy can be considered two different ways of measuring the same physical property

A

mass-energy equivalence

171
Q

the law stating that the sum of mass and energy is constant

A

law of conservation of mass and energy

172
Q

the energy of an entire object moving; simplest form of kinetic energy that is part of an object’s mechanical energy

A

whole-body kinetic energy

173
Q

simplest form of motion

A

translation motion

174
Q

whole-body kinetic energy caused by translation motion

A

translation kinetic energy

175
Q

energy that the object possesses due to the random motion of its molecules

A

thermal energy

176
Q

energy caused by a disturbance moving through a substance

A

wave energy

177
Q

natural forces that cause potential energy

A

fundamental forces

178
Q

attractive force between all material objects

A

gravitational force

179
Q

model that represents the direction and strength of a body’s gravity at every point in space

A

gravitational field

180
Q

the potential energy that an object gains from the work used to move it against a gravitational field

A

gravitational potential energy

181
Q

a force that affects certain subatomic particles

A

weak nuclear force

182
Q

second-strongest fundamental force, which affects only objects with an electric charge

A

electromagnetic force

183
Q

affects only objects with an electric charge

A

electromagnetic force

184
Q

electromagnetic potential energy that a stationary charged object has from the work needed to move it through another stationary object’s electric field

A

electric potential energy

185
Q

electromagnetic potential energy that a stationary object has from the work needed to move it through another stationary object’s magnetic field

A

magnetic potential energy

186
Q

energy resulting from the chemical combination of atoms into molecules

A

chemical energy

187
Q

potential energy caused by the restorative elastic forces when an object is deformed

A

elastic potential energy

188
Q

contributes to an object’s mechanical energy

A

elastic potential energy

189
Q

the strongest fundamental force, which acts only within atomic nuclei and combines subatomic particles together to form the nucleus of an atom

A

strong nuclear force

190
Q

potential energy caused by the strong nuclear force

A

nuclear potential energy

191
Q

natural forces that cause potential energy

A

fundamental forces

192
Q

any member of the important group of chemicals that contains the plans, or blueprints, that guide the construction of all proteins in the cell

A

Nucleic acid

193
Q

the cells “master program”; a large molecules that contains the information of the cell

A

DNA

194
Q

DNA is important for several reasons, such as:

A

it is found in every living organism
contains the blueprint for every protein in the body and determines which proteins are produced, thus determining the form and functions of every cell of an organism
It directs the construction of new cells
directs how new cells are put together during the growth of (?)

195
Q

any nitrogen-containing groups in a DNA molecule that forms the “rungs” (base parts) of the double helix

A

base

196
Q

the”twisted latter” structure of DNA

A

double helix

197
Q

a working copy of the genetic information that contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose

A

RNA

198
Q

a segment of DNA containing code for a specific substance, task, or characteristic

A

gene

199
Q

to make an RNA copy of a DNA segment

A

transcribe

200
Q

the process by which the body produces and uses energy from food

A

metabolism

201
Q

the process by which a cell burns glucose within special power plants called mitochondria to release usable energy

A

cellular respiration

202
Q

the chemical that serves as the energy carrier of the cell and a convenient form for the temporary storage of chemical energy

A

ATP

203
Q

latin phrase meaning “out of nothing”

A

ex nihilo

204
Q

5 things God created in the first week of creation

A

life, time, space, matter, energy

205
Q

what two things are affected by a high gravitational field

A

time and length

9th grade science final exam (2 decks)

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