all of science terms from this year Flashcards
1
Q
the study of matter and energy and the interactions occurring between them
A
physics
2
Q
Italian scientist who viewed the universe, the world, and living things as the special creation of God
A
Galileo Galilei
3
Q
English scientist who formulated the three laws of motion and some of the first detailed investigations into the behavior of light
A
Sir Isaac Newton
4
Q
the collective term for the branches of physics developed before 1900
A
classical physics
5
Q
the collective term for the branches of physics developed since 1900
A
modern physics
6
Q
mathematical quantity that has only a magnitude (size or amount)
A
scalar quantity (scalar)
7
Q
mathematical quantity that has both magnitude and direction
A
vector quantity (vector)
8
Q
scalar representing the total length of the object’s path
A
distance
9
Q
vector representing an object’s change in position
A
displacement
10
Q
an object undergoing a change in position is said to be in _______
A
motion
11
Q
the study of motions and forces
A
dynamics
12
Q
the branch of physics that addresses the effects of forces on matter
A
mechanics
13
Q
vector that measures the displacement of an object per unit time
A
velocity
14
Q
speed is _________ (scalar or vector)
A
scalar
15
Q
velocity is ________ (scalar or vector)
A
vector
16
Q
distance is ________ (scalar or vector)
A
scalar
17
Q
displacement is _________ (scalar or vector)
A
vector
18
Q
any change in velocity
A
deceleration
19
Q
the book published by Isaac Newton that explained his findings on gravitation
A
Principia
20
Q
pushing or pulling action of one object on another
A
force
21
Q
law stating that the velocity of an object does not change unless the object is acted upon by an external force
A
first law of motion
22
Q
law stating that the force required to accelerate an object at a certain rate equals an object’s mass times the desired acceleration
A
second law of motion
23
Q
SI unit of force and weight
A
Newton
24
Q
one Newton equals ________
A
one kilogram times one meter over second squared
25
the acceleration of an object is __________ to the force applied
directly proportional
26
space relative to which motion is measured
frame of reference
27
a vector showing the result of two or more other vectors
resultant
28
states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
third law of motion
29
the resultant of adding the individual forces on an object through vector addition
net force
30
a diagram that represents an object and the forces on it without considering the causes of the force or the reaction forces exerted by the object
free-body diagram
31
describes the relationship of attraction between two objects affected by gravitational force
law of universal gravitation
32
a constant of proportionality in the universal law of gravitation
gravitational constant
33
precisely determined the value of the gravitational constant
Henry Cavendish
34
the amount of gravitational force exerted on an object by the earth or another celestial body
weight
35
the gravitational force exerted on an object near the surface of the earth or any celestial body
gravity
36
effectively the constant rate at which an object in free fall accelerates
acceleration of gravity
37
the velocity at which the magnitude of drag equals an object’s weight, stopping the object from speeding up
terminal velocity
38
the force that causes an object in circular motion to travel in a curved path rather than a straight line
centripetal force
39
the result of a weight’s attempt to move in a straight line
centrifugal force
40
center seeking force
centripetal force
41
center fleeing force
centrifugal force
42
an object that hangs at a fixed point and swings back and forth because of gravity
pendulum
43
the resistance rising due to an object’s motion through a fluid or across a surface
friction
44
two main causes of friction
attraction and repulsion
45
the type of friction that affects sliding objects already in motion
kinetic friction
46
a type of friction that affects stationary objects, preventing them from moving
static friction
47
the transfer of energy from one object to another by a force
work
48
the SI unit of work and energy; equal to the work done in moving an object a distance of 1 m by pushing it with a force of 1 N
Joule
49
the rate of doing work or using energy; work done or energy used per unit time
power
50
the SI unit of power; one joule of work done in one second
watt
51
the F.P.S. unit of power, defined by a horse lifting 550 lb. a distance of 1 ft in 1 s.
horsepower
52
the product of an object’s mass and velocity
momentum
53
the law stating that the overall momentum of a system remains constant unless an external force is applied to it
law of conservation of momentum
54
devices for doing work
machines
55
any of the six basic force-multiplying machines
simple machine
56
simple machines provide these three forms of assistance
multiply applied force
multiply distance
change direction of force
57
force applied to a machine
input
58
force that a machine applies after multiplication of the input
output
59
says that energy can be neither created or destroyed; it can only be transferred and change form
law of conservation of energy
60
the number of times a machine multiplies the input
mechanical advantage (MA)
61
the multiplication of force provided by a machine under ideal conditions
ideal mechanical advantage (IMA)
62
the actual multiplication of force a machine provides under nonideal conditions
actual mechanical advantage (AMA)
63
the ratio of work output to work input in a machine
efficiency
64
a simple machine consisting of a rigid bar or beam resting upon a pivot
lever
65
the pivot upon which the beam of the lever rests
fulcrum
66
the part of the lever from the fulcrum to the input
input arm
67
the part of a lever from the fulcrum to the output
output arm
68
a lever in which the input and output forces are on opposite sides of the fulcrum
class 1 lever
69
a lever in which the fulcrum is at one end of the lever, the input is applied to the other end, and the output is between the input and the fulcrum
class 2 lever
70
a lever in which the fulcrum is at one end of the lever, the output is at the other end, and the input force is applied between the fulcrum and the output (OIF)
class 3 lever
71
a simple machine in which a force is applied to rotate a wheel or axle; basically a circular leve
wheel and axle
72
a simple machine consisting of a wheel over which a rope or cable passes
pulley
73
a pulley that does not move with the load but merely reverses the direction of the input force without multiplying it
fixed pulley
74
a pulley directly attached to a moving load
movable pulley
75
a combination of of one or more fixed and one or more movable pulleys
block and tackle
76
a sloping surface that allows an object to be raised without lifting it straight up
inclined plane
77
a special form of inclined plane that modifies the applied force and directs it to the side
wedge
78
a simple machine resembling an inclined plane wrapped around a rod
screw
79
in a screw, the distance from one of the ridges or threads to the next
pitch
80
a partial representation of something else
model
81
model of a design used for testing
prototype
82
discovered air pressure
Torricelli
83
a device to measure altitude
altimeter
84
factor used to determine the results of an experiment
dependent variable
85
tentative explanation
hypothesis
86
limitations of science
bias, approximations, assumptions, scope of science
87
group in which the independent variable is absent
control group
88
study of matter and movement of God’s physical creation
science
89
fluids tend to move from areas of _______ to areas of _______
higher pressure to lower pressure
90
a hypothesis can be proven false if one or more of its predictions is false
falsifiable
91
means that a scientist will obtain consistent results if he performs the experiment many times, keeping all factors as similar as possible
repeatability
92
two reasons we use science
to glorify God; man’s benefit
93
study of reasoning
logic
94
a statement of fact
proposition
95
formula for Newton’s second law of motion
F = ma (force equals mass times acceleration)
96
formula for pressure
P = F / A (pressure equals force divided by area)
97
branch of physics developed since 1900
modern physics
98
a model of a design used for testing
prototype
99
use of science to solve practical problems
technology
100
occurs when someone attacks the person making an argument instead of challenging the person’s facts
ad hominem fallacy
101
property of matter that makes it resist changes in motion
inertia
102
a push or pull
force
103
anything that has inertia
matter
104
substance of the physical world
matter
105
the amount of space that matter takes up
volume
106
the amount of inertia an object has
mass
107
the amount of matter in an objec
mass
108
the most important part of an equation
the equal sign
109
the “language of science”
math
110
for measured data to be meaningful, it must include ____
units
111
the system with meticulously defined standards
SI system
112
the SI unit of time
second
113
the SI unit of length
meter
114
the SI unit of mass
kilogram
115
the SI unit of work
Joule
116
the SI unit of force
Newton
117
the SI unit of powe
watt
118
coldest temperature possible at which molecular vibration ceases
absolute zero
119
a measure with both magnitude and direction
vector
120
the study of motion and forces
dynamics
121
the change in position divided by time
velocity
122
any change in velocity
acceleration
123
the book in which Newton published his findings
Principia
124
the third law of motion states _______
for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
125
acceleration due to gravity
9.81 meters per second squared
126
center-seeking force
centripetal force
127
the speed at which an object will stop speeding up
terminal velocity
128
matter that has no definite shape and can flow
fluid
129
theory stating that all molecules of a substance are in constant motion and move more rapidly as the object is heated
kinetic theory of matter
130
the attraction between molecules of the same substance
cohesion
131
the attraction between molecules of different substances
adhesion
132
the tendency of a liquid to pull atoms or molecules near the surface back into the liquid, forming a “skin” or film on the surface
surface tension
133
the phenomenon in which liquids in thin tubes rise above or fall beneath their own levels because of adhesion and cohesion
capillarity
134
a curved surface of a liquid formed because of a difference in strength between the cohesion of the fluid molecules and the glass molecules
meniscus
135
force exerted per unit of area
pressure
136
the SI unit of pressure
Pascal
137
two factors that affect gravitational pressure
density and depth
138
the principle stating that a pressure increase applied to a fluid inside a closed container will be distributed equally throughout the container
Pascal’s principle
139
a device that uses Pascal’s principle to multiply a force by using a small-diameter input piston and a large-diameter output piston connected by a liquid-filled reservoir
hydraulic press
140
the ability of a gas to be easily squeezed and compacted into a smaller container
compressibility
141
the law stating that a gas’s volume and pressure are inversely proportional when the temperature is held constant
Boyle’s law
142
the law stating that the volume and temperature of a gas are directly proportional when a pressure is held constant
Charles’s law
143
states that gas temperature and pressure are directly related when volume is held constant
Amonton’s law
144
the gravitational pressure within a sea of air
atmospheric pressure
145
an empty space with no matter
vacuum
146
device used to measure air pressure
barometer
147
momentum formula
p = mv (momentum equals mass times velocity)
148
work formula
W = Fd (work equals force times distance)
149
power formula
p = W / t (power equals work divided by time)
150
Charles’s law formula
V1/T1 = V2/T2
151
Boyle’s law formula
P1V1 = P2V2
152
Amonton’s law
P1/T1 = P2/T2
153
the Greek mathematician who discovered that fluids exert a buoyant force upon objects within them
Archimedes
154
an upward force exerted by a fluid on a solid object placed in the fluid
buoyancy
155
the principle stating that the buoyant force experienced by an object is exactly equal to the weight of the fluid displaced
Archimedes principle
156
vessel designed to operate below the surface of the water, but can also float on the surface
submarine
157
object is completely submerged in a fluid but not sinking
neutral buoyancy
158
vessel limited to how high it can go because it is filled with gas
blimp
159
resistance of any object moving through a fluid
drag
160
science of shaping objects to allow the smooth flow of fluids around them and reduce drag
streamlining
161
a force on an object that is generated by relative motion between the object and a fluid and is perpendicular to the direction of fluid flow
lift
162
structure designed to produce lift as it moves relative to a fluid
foil
163
ability to do work and change matter
energy
164
SI unit of work and energy
Joule
165
energy of motion
kinetic energy
166
energy associated with the position of an object and the forces acting upon it
potential energy
167
energy from motions or forces that affect a whole object
mechanical energy
168
law stating that energy can neither be created or destroyed, only transferred
law of conservation of energy
169
discovered mass and energy can be considered two different ways of measuring the same physical property
Albert Einstein
170
the principle stating that mass and energy can be considered two different ways of measuring the same physical property
mass-energy equivalence
171
the law stating that the sum of mass and energy is constant
law of conservation of mass and energy
172
the energy of an entire object moving; simplest form of kinetic energy that is part of an object’s mechanical energy
whole-body kinetic energy
173
simplest form of motion
translation motion
174
whole-body kinetic energy caused by translation motion
translation kinetic energy
175
energy that the object possesses due to the random motion of its molecules
thermal energy
176
energy caused by a disturbance moving through a substance
wave energy
177
natural forces that cause potential energy
fundamental forces
178
attractive force between all material objects
gravitational force
179
model that represents the direction and strength of a body’s gravity at every point in space
gravitational field
180
the potential energy that an object gains from the work used to move it against a gravitational field
gravitational potential energy
181
a force that affects certain subatomic particles
weak nuclear force
182
second-strongest fundamental force, which affects only objects with an electric charge
electromagnetic force
183
affects only objects with an electric charge
electromagnetic force
184
electromagnetic potential energy that a stationary charged object has from the work needed to move it through another stationary object’s electric field
electric potential energy
185
electromagnetic potential energy that a stationary object has from the work needed to move it through another stationary object’s magnetic field
magnetic potential energy
186
energy resulting from the chemical combination of atoms into molecules
chemical energy
187
potential energy caused by the restorative elastic forces when an object is deformed
elastic potential energy
188
contributes to an object’s mechanical energy
elastic potential energy
189
the strongest fundamental force, which acts only within atomic nuclei and combines subatomic particles together to form the nucleus of an atom
strong nuclear force
190
potential energy caused by the strong nuclear force
nuclear potential energy
191
natural forces that cause potential energy
fundamental forces
192
any member of the important group of chemicals that contains the plans, or blueprints, that guide the construction of all proteins in the cell
Nucleic acid
193
the cells "master program"; a large molecules that contains the information of the cell
DNA
194
DNA is important for several reasons, such as:
it is found in every living organism
contains the blueprint for every protein in the body and determines which proteins are produced, thus determining the form and functions of every cell of an organism
It directs the construction of new cells
directs how new cells are put together during the growth of (?)
195
any nitrogen-containing groups in a DNA molecule that forms the "rungs" (base parts) of the double helix
base
196
the"twisted latter" structure of DNA
double helix
197
a working copy of the genetic information that contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose
RNA
198
a segment of DNA containing code for a specific substance, task, or characteristic
gene
199
to make an RNA copy of a DNA segment
transcribe
200
the process by which the body produces and uses energy from food
metabolism
201
the process by which a cell burns glucose within special power plants called mitochondria to release usable energy
cellular respiration
202
the chemical that serves as the energy carrier of the cell and a convenient form for the temporary storage of chemical energy
ATP
203
latin phrase meaning "out of nothing"
ex nihilo
204
5 things God created in the first week of creation
life, time, space, matter, energy
205
what two things are affected by a high gravitational field
time and length
