ALL OF IT - THE IMPORTANT STUFF

Question 1

1. common Cx of nasal disease?

Answer 1

1. sneezing, nasal discharge

Question 2

1. common Cx of laryngeal dz?

Answer 2

1. change of voice, inspiratory stridor

Question 3

common Cx of tracheal disease

Answer 3

chronic, non-productive, honking cough

Question 4

cervical tracheal collapse -> ?

intrathoracic collapse -> ?

Answer 4

inspiratory dyspnea

expiratory dyspnea

Question 5

4 common Cx of bronchopulmonary and pleural diseases

Answer 5

coughing, tachypnea, dyspnea, ex intol

Question 6

(bronchopulmonary and pleural diseases)

(thoracic auscultation)

1. crackles ->
2. rhonchi (rattling) ->
3. wheezes ->

Answer 6

1. small airway parenchymal dz
2. airway dz or exudate
3. obstruction

Question 7

(nasal cavity and sinuses)

(congential dz)

(primary ciliary dyskinesia)

1. what is it?
2. Cx?
3. dx?
4. tx?
5. prog?

Answer 7

1. ciliary dysfx
2. nasal discharge and coughing at early age
3. measure rate of mucus clearance
4. abx for secondary infections
5. guarded

Question 8

(rhinitis and sinusitis of infectious origin)

5 causes in dogs

BAD PA

Answer 8

bordetella bronchiseptica

adenovirus-2

distemper

parainfluenza

aspergillus flavum

Question 9

(rhinitis and sinusitis of infectious origin)

5 causes in cats

BHCCC

Answer 9

bordetella bronchiseptica

herpesvirus

calcivirus

chlamydia psittaci

crytpococcus neoformans

Question 10

3 nasal parasites?

tx?

Answer 10

cuterebra, eucoleus boehmi (nematode), pneumonyssus caninum (mite)

ivermectin

Question 11

(nasopharyngeal polyps)

1. what are they?
2. Cx?
3. tx?

Answer 11

1. Inflammatory masses that arise from epithelium of nasopharynx
2. voice change, gagging
3. removal of mass

Question 12

(neoplasms of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses)

1. most common in dogs?
2. in cats?

Answer 12

1. carcinoma > sarcoma
2. lymphomas > adenocarcinoma/SCC

(there are a bunch more but they are rare)

Question 13

(neoplasms of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses)

1. 5 Cx?

Answer 13

1. sneezing, nasal discharge, epistaxis

possible facial deformity and CNS signs

Question 14

What are the 4 things in brachycephalic syndrome?

Answer 14

Stenotic nares, elongated soft palate, tracheal hypoplasia, laryngeal saccules eversion

Question 15

(brachycephalic syndrome)

1. Cx?
2. tx?

Answer 15

1. stertor, snoring, ex intol
2. nasal wedge resection, staphylectomy, laryngeal saccuolectomy

Question 16

laryngeal collapse most commonly results from what?

Answer 16

brachycephalic syndrome

Question 17

(laryngeal paralysis)

1. most common in what dogs?
2. failure of what to happen?
3. Cx?
4. tx?

Answer 17

1. large older breeds
2. arytenoid cartilags to abduct during inspiration
3. stridor, voice change, intermittent dyspnea
4. arytenoid lateralization

Question 18

laryngeal neoplasms are rare in dogs and cats

most common Cx?

Answer 18

inspiratory dyspnea

Question 19

(tracheal stenosis)

1. usually result from what?
2. Cx?
3. Dx?
4. tx?

Answer 19

1. trauma
2. dyspnea
3. radio
4. resection

Question 20

(tracheal collapse in dogs)

1. what causes?
2. cervical collapse -> ?

intrathoracic collapse -> ?

Answer 20

1. abnormal chondrogenesis
2. inspiration

expiration

Question 21

(tracheal collapse in dogs)

1. signal?
2. Cx?
3. dx?
4. tx?
5. prog?

Answer 21

1. small breed dogs
2. long term history of chronic, intermittent, honking cough
3. fluoroscopy
4. wt reduction, antitussives (butorphanol), other stuff

sx if bad

5. irreversible, supportive care

Question 22

(bronchiectasis)

1. what is it?
2. 3 causes?

3.

Answer 22

1. irreversible dilation of the airways -> mucus buildup, ^ infection risk
2. chronic inflammation, smoke inhalation, ciliary dyskinesia

Question 23

(feline bronchial disease)

1. what happens?
2. cause usually not identified
3. no age/sex predilection
4. Cx?
5. Dx?
6. tx?

Answer 23

1. inflammation in airways -> mucosal edema, ^ mucus, reversible bronchoconstriction
2. coughing, gagging, lethargy, resp distress
3. eosinophilia, radio (bronchial pattern), bronchoscopy
4. corticosteroids, bronchodilator (other stuff)

Question 24

(interstitial lung dz)

1. insults -> chronic progressive inflammatory process -> ?
2. what dogs tend to get?
3. Cx: shortness of breath, ex intol
4. Dx?
5. tx?

Answer 24

1. diffusion impairment, lung fibrosis
2. small breed
3. radio (interstitial), cyto: neutrophils
4. decrease triggers, prednisone

Question 25

(bronchopneumonia of infectious origin) 1. pulmonary infections most common: usually caused by what? 2. most common route of exposure?

Answer 25

1. bacteria 2. inhalation (hematogenous less common)

Question 26

(bronchopneumonia of infectious origin) 1. Cx? 2. auscultation -\> ?

Answer 26

1. tachypnea, resp distress, productive cough, fever 2. crackles

Question 27

(bronchopneumonia of infectious origin) 1. radio?

Answer 27

1. alveolar pattern cranioventral if inhalation dorsocaudal if hematogenous

Question 28

(granulomatous pulmonary diseases) 1. cause? 2. radio? 3. tx?

Answer 28

1. systemic fungal infections (also a non-infectious form) 2. nodular pattern with hilar lymphadenopathy 3. antifungal if fungal if not... give immunosuppressive doses of prednisone

Question 29

(noncardiogenic pulm edema) 1. two types? 2. Cx: tachypnea, resp distress, cyanosis, crackles 3. dx? 4. tx?

Answer 29

1. high pressure edema (^plasma vol), permeability edema (damage to alevocapillary membrane) 3. radio (pathcy interstitial and alveolar pattern in caudodorsal lung lobes) 4. treat primary, supportive

Question 30

(pulmonary thromboembolism) 1. 6 causes?

Answer 30

1. heartworm, neoplasia, septicemia, amyloidosis, hyperadrenocorticism, IMHA

Question 31

(lungworms) 1. dogs? 2. cats? 3. both? 4. Cx? 5. dx: eosinophilia, radio (interstitial to granulomatous), fecal float 6. tx?

Answer 31

1. Crenosoma vulpis 2. aelurostrongylus abstrusus 3. paragonimus kellicotti, capillaria aerophilia 4. cough, usually only see in heavily infected youngsters 6. fenben

Question 32

dirofilaria immitis and toxoplasma gondii can cause resp problems too!

Question 33

(pulmonary neoplasms) 1. most common primary in dog? 2. metastatic more common though 3. dx? 4. tx?

Answer 33

1. carcinoma (high mets) 2. radio, bx 4. excision for solitary, chemo may help

Question 34

(Pleural Effusion) 1-3. 3 causes? 4. muffled heart sounds, percussion is hyper or hyporesonant?

Answer 34

1. ^ fluid formation (^ capillary hydrostatic pressure) 2. dec fluid absorption (dec colloid osmotic pressure) 3. capillary permeability pressure ^ (inflammation) 4. hypo (pneumothorax is hyper)

Question 35

(pyothorax) 1. accumulation of purulent exudate in the pleural space 2. usually mixed bacterial infection 3. what does the fluid look like? 4. tx: abx, drainage

Answer 35

3. opaque, protein greater than 4.5, cell greater than 50,000

Question 36

(chylothorax) 1. cause unknown in most cases (lymphangiectasia, other things) 2. predisposed breeds to idiopathic? 3. dx: how does fluid compare to serum? 4. med tx?

Answer 36

2. afghan hound, shiba inu, siamese, himalayan 3. higher triglyceride, low/normal cholesterol 4. treat underlying, low fat diet (sx treatment if no underlying cause found)

Question 37

(hemothorax) 1. accumulation of blood within the pleural space 2. 4 causes? 3. Cx: shock! and dyspnea... 4. dx: typical for pleural effusion, how is blood different? 5. tx?

Answer 37

2. trauma, ruptured neoplasia, hemostatic disorder, lung lobe torsion 4. non-clotting blood! 5. fluids for shock, thoracocentesis for resp distress

Question 38

(lung-lobe torsion) 1. either cause or result of what? 2. Cx typical of what? 3. Dx? 4. tx?

Answer 38

1. pleural effusion 2. pleural effusion 3. radio after thoracocentesis reveals lung lobe consolidation 4. lung lobectomy

Question 39

what kind of effusion can occur with acute pancreatitis?

Answer 39

mild transient pleural effusion

Question 40

(intrathoracic neoplasia) 1. neoplastic pleural effusion is caused by what? 2. 3 common causes? 3. dx: mass on radio

Answer 40

1. hemolymphatic obstruction 2. mediastinal lymphoma, thymoma, pulm neoplasia, mesothelioma