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PD exam 2 > all of it > Flashcards

all of it Flashcards

0
Q

afterload

A

force against which ventricles push to eject blood - depends on arterial blood pressure and vascular tone

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1
Q

preload

A

degree of myocardial distention before shortening-increased stretch=increased force of contraction=increase cardiac output

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2
Q

gallop

A

S3 becomes intense and easy to hear, the resulting sequence of sounds simulates a gallop–called pre-diastolic gallop rhythm

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3
Q

click

A

semilunar valve stenosis will cause ejection clicks, mitral valve prolapse (less sharp of a sound) will be associated with mid-late systole

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4
Q

snap

A

stenosis of mitral valve will cause OPENING snap (usually opening of valves is silent) - loud snap=still mobile valve

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5
Q

S3

A

phase 2 of diastole, S3 is heard if an abnormal volume of blood is transferred into ventricle (sound is b/c ventricle dilates beyond the normal)

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6
Q

S4

A

late diastole, @ “atrial kick” sound is generated by pressure wave gradient and if ventricle is stiff and non compliant

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7
Q

grade 1-3 murmur

A
  1. faint, difficult to hear
  2. quiet but heard
  3. moderately loud, no thrill
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8
Q

grade 4-6 murmur

A
  1. loud with palpable thrill
  2. loud with palpable thrill, audible with stethoscope barely touching chest
  3. very loud with thrill, may be audible without stethoscope
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9
Q

pulsas alternans

A

alternating pulse with small amplitude and one with large amplitude–REGULAR rhythm (seen in L ventricular failure)

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10
Q

pulsas bigeminus

A

normal pulsation followed by premature contraction; the amplitude of premature contraction is less than regular (rhythm disorder)

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11
Q

pulsas bisiferans

A

best detected at carotid artery-characterized by 2 main peaks, 1st peak is “percussion wave” and 2nd peak is “tidal wave” (aortic stenosis + aortic insufficiency)

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12
Q

pulsas paradoxis

A

major decrease in amplitude of pulse during inspiration and increase in amplitude during expiration-rate is the same (asthma, emphysema, pericardial effusion)

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13
Q

pulse deficit

A

difference in rate auscultory and palpated–(a-fib)

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14
Q

homan sign

A

flex knee slightly and dorsiflex foot - calf pain is (+) sign and suggest thrombosis of superficial vein

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15
Q

vesicular breath sounds

A

soft, low pitched, heard over most fields long inspiration short expiration

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16
Q

bronchial

A

fast inspiration and slow expiration; high pitched, heard over manubrium

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17
Q

tracheal breath sounds

A

high pitched, harsh, heard over trachea, equal on inspiration and expiration

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18
Q

bronchovesicular breath sounds

A

medium pitched, heard mostly in first and second ICS anteriorly; equal inspiration and expiration

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19
Q

egophony

A

“eeee” to “aaaa” - intensity of spoken voice is intensified and has a nasal quality (upon auscultation) which would indicate consolidation

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20
Q

whispered pectoriloquy

A

whisper is clearly heard through stethoscope–increased intensity and pitch (consolidation in lungs, pneumonia, fibrosis)

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21
Q

bronchophony

A

increased clarity and loudness of spoken sounds (consolidation)

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22
Q

consolidation

A

alveolar space that contains something other than air (could be pulmonary edema, pus or other exudates with pneumonia)

23
Q

tactile fremitus increase

A

pneumonia, tumor, pulmonary edema - increases when lung density increases

24
Q

tactile fremitus decreases

A

decreased when lung tissue is replaced by fluid or air (pleural effusion, emphysema, pneumothorax, atelectasis, foreign body)

25
Q

scoliosis

A

spine curved laterally

26
Q

kyphosis

A

“round back” or “hunchback” - over curvature of thoracic vertebrae

27
Q

gibbus

A

extreme kyphosis (almost like a pointy or 90 deg angle)

28
Q

lordosis

A

inward curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine

29
Q

pectus carinatum

A

bowing of anterior chest cavity

30
Q

pectus excavatum

A

concavity of anterior chest wall

31
Q

Grey Turner Sign

A

flank bruising (retroperitoneal hemorrhage)

32
Q

Cullen Sign

A

peri umbilical echymosis (indicating intra abdominal bleed)

33
Q

Murphy Sign

A

cholecystitis test - palpate the liver margin and have patient take a deep breath - abrupt halt of inspiration (+) sign

34
Q

Rovsing Sign

A

palpation of LLQ increases pain in RLQ (+) sign if painful - apendicitis

35
Q

McBurney Sign

A

point in RLQ between umbilicus and R anterior superior iliac spine - pain in this area is a + sign for apendicitis

36
Q

Blumberg Sign

A

aka rebound tenderness

37
Q

Psoas Sign

A

R hand on pt’s R leg, have them raise the leg, RLQ pain is + sign for apendicitis

38
Q

Obturator Sign

A

bend knee and rotate medially and laterally (+) RLQ pain is indication of apendicitis

39
Q

claudication

A

impairment in walking (pain, tenderness, muscle fatigue) due to ischemia–relieved with rest, site of pain distal to stenosis

40
Q

orthopnea

A

SOB that begins or increases with lying down; relieved with sitting up

41
Q

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

A

sudden severe SOB and coughing that occurs at night; sitting upright may or may not relieve the problem

42
Q

xanthelasma

A

yellow tinted, irregularly shaped lesions on peri orbital rims

43
Q

paraphimosis

A

when the foreskin of an uncircumcised male cannot be pulled back over the head of the penis

44
Q

hypospadias

A

birth (congenital) defect in which the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis

45
Q

condyloma

A

genital wart

46
Q

peyronie disease

A

The disease may cause pain, hardened, big, cord-like lesions (scar tissue known as “plaques”), or abnormal curvature of the penis when erect due to chronic inflammation of the tunica albuginea

47
Q

hydrocele

A

a fluid-filled sack in the scrotum

49
Q

spermatocele

A

benign cystic accumulation of sperm occurring on the epididymis

50
Q

varicocele

A

abnormal totruosity and dilation of veins of the pampiniform plexus within the spermatic cord

51
Q

epispadias

A

malformation of the penis in which the urethra ends in an opening on the upper aspect (the dorsum) of the penis

52
Q

cryptorchidism

A

absence of one or both testes from the scrotum. It is the most common birth defect regarding male genitalia

53
Q

direct inguinal hernia

A

occurs through external inguinal ring; located in Hesselbach triangle; rarely enters scrotum

54
Q

indirect inguinal hernia

A

occurs through internal inguinal ring; can remain in canal, exit the external ring and may pass into scrotum; may be bilateral

55
Q

femoral hernia

A

occurs through femoral ring, femoral canal and fossa ovalis

PD exam 2 (1 decks)

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