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all of coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the littoral zone?

A

the coast, the barrier between sea and land

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2
Q

What are key features of high energy coasts?

A
  • destructive waves
  • storm conditions
  • long fetches
  • erosion and transport
  • wave cut platforms
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3
Q

What is an example of a high energy coast?

A

Atlantic Coasts e.g. Scotland

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4
Q

What are key features of a low energy coast?

A
  • constructive waves
  • deposition and transport
  • beaches
  • spits
  • lowland coasts
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5
Q

What is an example of a low energy coast?

A

East Anglian Coast

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6
Q

Where do salt marshes develop?

A
  • sheltered areas where deposition occurs
  • where salt and fresh water meet
  • no strong tides or currents that would prevent sediment, deposition or accumulation
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7
Q

How do salt marshes develop?

A
  • as mud flats develop, salt tolerant plants begin to colonise and stabilise them
  • these species (halophytes) help slow tidal flow and trap more mud and silt
  • as sediment accumulates, the surface dries and different plants begin to colonise
  • creeks divide up the marsh from water flowing across the estuary at low tide
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8
Q

What is the order of sand dunes?

A

1) embryo dune
2) fore dune
3) yellow dune
4) grey dune
5) dune slacks
6) mature dune

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9
Q

What can depressions in a dune lead to?

A

dune slacks which are damp areas

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10
Q

Why do sand dunes need management?

A

sand dunes are natural sea defences

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11
Q

What is the Norfolk sandscaping scheme?

A

artificial dune of 2 million cubic meters of sand

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12
Q

How much has the Norfolk sandscaping scheme cost?

A

£20 million

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13
Q

How are sand dunes managed?

A
  • marram grass stabilises dune
  • sea buckthorn stabilises but is invasive
  • boardwalks to stop footfall erosion
  • fencing slows flow and sand and helps create new dunes
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14
Q

What is the transfer zone?

A

places where sediment moves along the shore through long-short drift and offshore currents

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15
Q

How do tides and currents affect longshore drift?

A
  • tides change the water levels
  • tidal current carriers sediment
  • wind direction
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16
Q

How many sediment cells are there in England and Wales?

A

11

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17
Q

Where does the sediment come from in sediment cells?

A
  • processes of weathering and erosion produce output in the form of sediment
  • cliff erosion
  • tidal currents carrying sediment
  • sand from nearby beaches
  • rivers that discharge into the sea bring fine sediment
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18
Q

What is the sediment budget?

A

the balance of sediment volume entering and exiting a particular section of the coast

19
Q

What are key features of destructive waves?

A
  • high energy
  • weak swash
  • strong backwash
  • steep beach
20
Q

What are key features of constructive waves?

A
  • strong swash
  • weak backwash
  • low energy
  • wide sloping beach
21
Q

What happens when waves approach the coast?

A
  • water shallows
  • wave length and velocity decrease
  • wave height increases
  • waves become steeper
22
Q

Why are sea levels rising?

A
  • global warming
  • tectonic activity
23
Q

How much did sea levels rise between 1870-2010?

A

21cm

24
Q

What is thermal expansion?

A

sea water expands when warmed

25
Q

What is eustatic change?

A

sea level rises and falls
- ice formation/melting
- thermal change
- melting of freshwater ice

26
Q

What is isostatic change?

A

land rises or falls
- post-glacial adjustment
- subsidence
- land rising and falling due to changes in ice

27
Q

What is crustal subsidence?

A

sinking of the earths crust from the weight of glacial ice

28
Q

What is crustal rebound?

A

the rise of Earth’s crust after the removal of glacial ice

29
Q

What is isostatic change in Britain?

A

south and east coast-> submerging
north Scotland-> rising

30
Q

What are submergent landforms?

A
  • ria
  • fjord
31
Q

What are emergent landforms?

A
  • raised beach
  • relic cliff
32
Q

What are the main causes of rapid coastal retreat?

A

weak rocks
destructive waves submergence of the coast
large scale mass movement constant weathering

33
Q

What are the main causes of slow coastal retreat?

A

resistant rocks
small constructive waves
little mass movement occasional/slow weathering

34
Q

What are the main forms of human interference in coastal management?

A
  • dredging and adding the sand to the beach
  • coastal defences at one location will limit sediment to another cell
  • dredging limits sediment supply to beaches so there is more destructive impact on the coast
35
Q

What are impacts of subaerial processes?

A
  • chemical weathering-> relatively effective accept on chalk cliffs
  • freeze thaw wetting and drying are most prominent at Holderness
  • slumping greatly effects the boulder clay cliff
  • alternate wetting and drying-> creates cracks and water entering makes it heavier causing slumping
36
Q

Who are the key players in human action on the Holderness coast?

A
  • central government agencies
  • local government
  • stakeholders in local economy e.g. farmers
  • environmental stakeholders e.g. RSPB
37
Q

What are the priorities of stakeholders at Holderness?

A

greater spending on coastal protection
want money to protect land and insurance- companies won’t insure vulnerable properties

38
Q

What are the priorities of environmental stakeholders at Holderness?

A

want to protect Spurn Head so continuing flow of sand by LSD is essential

39
Q

What factors affect rates of recession?

A
  • wind direction
  • tides
  • weather systems
40
Q

How do storm surges cause coastal flooding?

A
  • storm surges are caused by changes in the sea level caused by intense low pressure systems (tropical storms)
  • for every 10mb drop in pressure the sea level rises 10cm
  • high winds make storm surges worse
41
Q

What are examples of hard engineering strategies?

A
  • gabions
  • offshore breakers
  • sea wall
  • recurved sea wall
  • groynes
  • rock armour/rip-rap
  • revetments
42
Q

What are examples of soft engineering strategies?

A
  • beach replenishment
  • managed retreat
  • cliff regrading
  • dune stabilisation
43
Q

What is the Integrated coastal zone management?

A
  • bring economic decision makers such as tourism or fishing together with different economic levels
  • aim to conserve coastal ecosystems
  • involved all relevant stakeholders
  • idea used throughout the world
44
Q

What are the four management policies?

A
  • no intervention
  • managed realignment
  • hold the line
  • advance the line

geography (6 decks)

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