All Notes- Cards Flashcards
DNA is a 1.________________ acid, a polymer of nucleotides which was formed by 2.______________
- Deoxyribonucleic
2. Dehydration Synthesis
DNA controls ___________, including reproduction as an example
Cellular activities
DNA carries a 1._________. Genetic instructions are included in the sequence of bases strung together in 2._______. DNA from a male and DNA from a female together becomes the genetic information of offspring in sexual reproduction
- Code
2. DNA
When DNA makes exact copies of itself to pass on to other cells the process is called _____________
DNA Replication
Mutations are essentially_____________During DNA replication, they are essentially the source of life’s diversity
Mistakes
Evolution, in essence, proceeds from the level of_____. Different combinations of DNA sequences due to mutations and sexual reproduction explain the existence of all the different species that have lived on this earth
DNA
DNA is the source of the ____of life
Unity
Life most likely began as a _________acid
Nucleic
There are two types of nucleic acid’s: 1.____ and 2.____
- DNA
2. RNA
The first form of life on this planet is thought by many biologists to be a self replicating strand of ____
RNA
What did James Watson and Francis crick discover?
DNA Double Helix
DNA and RNA are polymers of _________
Nucleotides
Each nucleotide is composed of three things: 1. A 5 carbon _______, 2. A ______ group, and 3. A _________ base
- Sugar(deoxyribose/ribose)
- Phosphate
- Nitrogenous
There are two types of bases for DNA and RNA. They are called 1._______ and 2.______
- Purines
2. Pyrimidines
Purines have a 1.______ nitrogen ring structure, whereas pyrimidine has a 2._____ nitrogen ring structure
- Double
2. Single
The two purine bases are:
Adenine and Guanine
The three pyrimidine bases are:
Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil
What is different about Uracil than all other nitrogenous bases
It’s only used in RNA
The DNA strand consist of a sequence of nucleotides linked together to form a:
Double Helix
Each strand of DNA, or one side of the latter, is composed of a backbone of alternating molecules of 1.________ and 2.______ with a nitrogenous base attached to each deoxyribose unit
- Deoxyribose
2. Phosphate
For DNA bases stick out the side of the sugar molecules, and are linked to the bases of the other strand by hydrogen bonds in a very strict pattern:
A purine with a pyrimidine
Adenine bonds with________, whereas guanine binds with________
Thymine
Cytosine
The Chargaff’s rule is the number of 1._________ bases equaling turn number of 2.________ bases
- Purine
2. Pyrimidine
The bases can be in any order for DNA, but always pair as above. It is the ______ of bases that codes heredity information in the genetic code in DNA and RNA
Sequence
DNA strands are extremely long, each one containing millions of atoms. Every human cell contains around 1 meter of these twisted strands, which amounts to about three _____ pairs of bases.
Billion
Genes are the units of inheritance that control particular characteristics or capabilities of an organism. Genes are located on the _________ of the cell nucleus and consists of segments of DNA molecules
Chromosomes
(No question). A gene consists of a sequence of about 1000 DNA base pairs, though there is considerable variation in this length. About 175,000 genes compose the DNA molecule of a single human chromosome. these genes act in pairs that dictate traits
Ddddff
Genes always occur in 1.______. Half of each persons genes come from the 2._______ and half from the 3.______
- pairs
- mother
- father
Genes control _______ _______ reactions, by directing the formation of ______
Cellular chemical
Enzymes
Chromosomes contain many _______
Genes
Chromosomes are held in the tightly coiled structure by proteins called:
Histones
Before cell can divide, all of the DNA must be _______
Duplicated
The duplication process is called _______
Replication
To further explain replication, each strand of DNA can be viewed as a _________, which can produce a reverse image copy of it, also known as a complementary copy. Each new strand of DNA produced has a sequence of bases exactly complementary to the template or the parental strand
Template
2 _______ DNA molecules are produced with replication
Identical
In replication, each new strand of DNA produced contains one 1.____ strand, which is the template strand, and one 2._____ strand. The process is called 3._______-_________ replication
- Old
- New
- Semi-Conservative
Since half of the original molecule is conserved in each of the new molecules, this ensures that they will be very _______ of the parent molecule
Accurate
Replication occurs prior to cells dividing so that each new _______ cell receives the same genetic material as the parent cell
Daughter