All Modules Flashcards
Function of the cytoskeleton - always forget
STRENGTH + STABILITY OF CELL
Why does evaporation cool down a body
- removal of energy
Sugar in ATP
Ribose
Purines
A G
Importance of accurate DNA replication
- conservation of genetic material
- faulty amino acid chains / proteins = enzymes not working
When does replication stop
When STOP codon reached
Difference between co enzyme + co factor
Co enzyme = organic + non protein + larger
Co factor = inorganic + non protein + smaller
Explain effect of higher percentage of cholesterol on bilayer
- more cholesterol = restrict movement of phospholipids in bilayer = more rigid
What happens to a membrane when you freeze it
- proteins = deformed
- ice crystals = pierce membrane
- phospholipids pack closer together
Two roles of glycoproteins
- stabilise membrane by forming H bonds with surrounding water molecules
- act as receptors in cell signalling
Main function of membrane
Controls what goes in and out
How do mast cells release histamine into the blood
Exocytosis = fuse with membrane vesicles
Define homologous chromosome
A pair of chromosomes (paternal + maternal), that contain the same genes
Breathin in - mammals
ICC
in
Inter coastal muscles contract + rib cage moves up/out + diagram contracts + flattens = volume increases
Breathing out
ORR
intercoastal muscles relax + rib cage moves down / in + diaphragm relaxes + becomes dome shaped = decreases volume
How to spell what’s on gill filaments
Lamalla NO E
Explain how a grasshopper pumps air in + out
Changes volume of body with rhythmic abdominal movement = changes pressure
How does breathing acc happen
Oxygen diffuses from bronchi = increases concentration of oxygen in alveoli = fast diffusion
What’s in alveoli walls
ELASTIC FIBRES
Function of elastic fibres in alveoli walls
- allows to recoil + expel air
Cofactor for amylase
Cl-
Prosthetic group for carbonic anhydrase
Zn 2+
Three domains of life
Archaea bacteria eukaryota
Pressure in tissue fluid + lymph
Both low
Can glucose cross membranes in model cells
Yes
Cell mmenrane?
CELL SURFACE MEMBRANE
Chemical released when two nucleotides form
Water
Why are populations being scattered + small bad
- more likely to go extinct because
- less genetic diversity / smaller gene pool = more likely to be wiped out by disease / climate change / natural disasters
- more vulnerable to predators
How to zoos contribute to conservation
- captive breeding
- supporting research
- education + awareness
Why can virus not use RBC as host cells but plasmodium (malarial pathogen can)
- virus = no nucleus / can not replication = requires host cells machinery / DNA
- plasmodium = just needs to hide in host cell from immune system to complete its life cycle
High partial pressures of carbon dioxide mean…
Lowered affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen
MASS TRANSPORT - THREE THINGS YOU ALWAYS FORGET
- when water moves in + out via pits = BY OSMOSIS
- sucrose = SOURCE TO SINK
- when sucrose enters = enters SEIVE TUBE ELEMENTS
When a plant cell becomes plasmolysed because it’s been placed in sucrose concentration, what is between the cell surface membrane + cell wall
Sucrose solution
Why Is expiration in mammals passive
- does not use muscle contraction
- lungs are elastic = recoil
Smooth muscles in walls of airways contract = effect of this on ventilation
- lumen of airways decreases = reduction of diameter of bronchi
- harder to exhale
- more air in lungs
- harder to inhale
- harder to ventilate
Nuclear division from spore mother cells to spores
Meiosis
Why are alternate monomers flipped in cellulose
Due to position of OH on Carbon 1 - hydroxyl groups too far apart
What variable is never really controlled in practicals
Number of drops of indicator
How make an experiment more accurate - general
- use more intermediate values
- take samples at more frequent intervals
- if something has a colour change = use colorimeter
Effect of low temp on enzymes
Reversible
Effect of High temp on enzymes
Irreversible
Increase temp on enzyme effects what bonds
Ones in the tertiary structure
Compare circulations on amphibians + mammals + the relativ effectiveness of each type of circulation
Evidence to suggest resistance bacteria already existed (agar plate practical )
these (resistant) bacteria on the original plate continued to grow when flooded with penicillin
How to carry out DNA extraction
Crush
Add detergent
Add protease
Add ice cold ethanol onto FILTRATE
Point of adding detergent
Dissolve nuclear membrane
Point of adding Protease
Digest histone proteins
Point to adding ice cold ethanol
- to precipitate DNA
Degenerate
More then one triplet codes for a specific amino acid
Phylogeny
Common ancestors
When talking about what CAN move through the membrane, don’t say because it is non polar say…
Because it is fat soluble or hydrophobic
Increase conc of enzymes…
More crowded - more collision - more ESC formed - increases rate
Substrate concentration stays same - eventually graph plateus off - free active sites / lack of substrate
What does it mean if SD bars overlap
Any difference in data may be uncertain
Can you see movement on LSCM
Yes
HOW TO OBSERVE XYLEM IN CELERY
- cut transversely / cross section = thin
- add stain
- observe with microscope at LOW power
How to dissect bony fish to see gas exchange system
- remove operculum
- place rod in buccal cavity to display lamellae
How to dissect insect to see gas exchange system
- cut open exoskeleton
- stain tracheoles with methylene blue
Features if trachea in mammals
- larger diameter
- cartilage
- C -shaped rings
- smooth muscle / goblet cells / ciliated epithelium
Trachea in insects
- multiple
- small diameter
- Chitin
- spiral not C shaped
How are walls of alveoli adapted for gas exchange - 6 marks
Wall of alveoli
Squamous epithelium
What effects rate of Phosphodiester bond formation
Temp
pH
Free nucleotide availability
Most to least soluble - amylose / ribose / amylopectin / glucose
(Most soluble) glucose / ribose / amylose / amylopectin
Elements in proteins
C H O N S
Functions of triglyceride
Thermal insulation / electrical insulation / energy storage
Patterns of variation
Continuous / discrete
Function of leaf hairs
Reduce transpiration - trap water
Where do non competitive inhibitors bind
Allosteric site
How to calibrate colorimeter
Use distilled water to set absorbance to zero
Why is it important to calibrate a colorimeter
- all values measured to the same standard
Increase ethanol
Increase per ability of membrane
Elements in protein
C H O N S
Why are some stems not totipotent
- can not form full organisms
- placenta can’t be formed
- can’t form extra - embryonic tissue
How to chromatography collagen
Must hydrolyse it first
Structure of RER
ribosomes
Phospholipid bilayer
Folds with nuclear envelope
Cisternae
What to remember when using potomete r
DRY KEAVES
Symplast
Plasmodesmata
Do protoctists have cell walls
No
Why starch is not transported in the sap
Not soluble in water
Why is sucrose more suitable than glucose as a transport molecule
- less reactive
- less likely to diffuse out of seive tube elements
- loading uses transport proteins
Differential stain
See cells
See organelles
Contrast
What does nucleic acid mean
mRNA
What does protein mean
Enzymes
Less oxygen
Less aerobic respiration = less energy for contractions
