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AS - Biology - PAGs > All Modules > Flashcards

All Modules Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of the cytoskeleton - always forget

A

STRENGTH + STABILITY OF CELL

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2
Q

Why does evaporation cool down a body

A
  • removal of energy
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3
Q

Sugar in ATP

A

Ribose

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4
Q

Purines

A

A G

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5
Q

Importance of accurate DNA replication

A
  • conservation of genetic material
  • faulty amino acid chains / proteins = enzymes not working
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6
Q

When does replication stop

A

When STOP codon reached

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7
Q

Difference between co enzyme + co factor

A

Co enzyme = organic + non protein + larger

Co factor = inorganic + non protein + smaller

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8
Q

Explain effect of higher percentage of cholesterol on bilayer

A
  • more cholesterol = restrict movement of phospholipids in bilayer = more rigid
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9
Q

What happens to a membrane when you freeze it

A
  • proteins = deformed
  • ice crystals = pierce membrane
  • phospholipids pack closer together
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10
Q

Two roles of glycoproteins

A
  • stabilise membrane by forming H bonds with surrounding water molecules
  • act as receptors in cell signalling
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11
Q

Main function of membrane

A

Controls what goes in and out

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12
Q

How do mast cells release histamine into the blood

A

Exocytosis = fuse with membrane vesicles

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13
Q

Define homologous chromosome

A

A pair of chromosomes (paternal + maternal), that contain the same genes

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14
Q

Breathin in - mammals

A

ICC

in

Inter coastal muscles contract + rib cage moves up/out + diagram contracts + flattens = volume increases

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15
Q

Breathing out

A

ORR

intercoastal muscles relax + rib cage moves down / in + diaphragm relaxes + becomes dome shaped = decreases volume

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16
Q

How to spell what’s on gill filaments

A

Lamalla NO E

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17
Q

Explain how a grasshopper pumps air in + out

A

Changes volume of body with rhythmic abdominal movement = changes pressure

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18
Q

How does breathing acc happen

A

Oxygen diffuses from bronchi = increases concentration of oxygen in alveoli = fast diffusion

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19
Q

What’s in alveoli walls

A

ELASTIC FIBRES

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20
Q

Function of elastic fibres in alveoli walls

A
  • allows to recoil + expel air
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21
Q

Cofactor for amylase

A

Cl-

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22
Q

Prosthetic group for carbonic anhydrase

A

Zn 2+

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23
Q

Three domains of life

A

Archaea bacteria eukaryota

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24
Q

Pressure in tissue fluid + lymph

A

Both low

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25
Q

Can glucose cross membranes in model cells

A

Yes

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26
Q

Cell mmenrane?

A

CELL SURFACE MEMBRANE

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27
Q

Chemical released when two nucleotides form

A

Water

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28
Q

Why are populations being scattered + small bad

A
  • more likely to go extinct because
  • less genetic diversity / smaller gene pool = more likely to be wiped out by disease / climate change / natural disasters
  • more vulnerable to predators
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29
Q

How to zoos contribute to conservation

A
  • captive breeding
  • supporting research
  • education + awareness
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30
Q

Why can virus not use RBC as host cells but plasmodium (malarial pathogen can)

A
  • virus = no nucleus / can not replication = requires host cells machinery / DNA
  • plasmodium = just needs to hide in host cell from immune system to complete its life cycle
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31
Q

High partial pressures of carbon dioxide mean…

A

Lowered affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen

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32
Q

MASS TRANSPORT - THREE THINGS YOU ALWAYS FORGET

A
  • when water moves in + out via pits = BY OSMOSIS
  • sucrose = SOURCE TO SINK
  • when sucrose enters = enters SEIVE TUBE ELEMENTS
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33
Q

When a plant cell becomes plasmolysed because it’s been placed in sucrose concentration, what is between the cell surface membrane + cell wall

A

Sucrose solution

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34
Q

Why Is expiration in mammals passive

A
  • does not use muscle contraction
  • lungs are elastic = recoil
35
Q

Smooth muscles in walls of airways contract = effect of this on ventilation

A
  • lumen of airways decreases = reduction of diameter of bronchi
  • harder to exhale
  • more air in lungs
  • harder to inhale
  • harder to ventilate
36
Q

Nuclear division from spore mother cells to spores

A

Meiosis

37
Q

Why are alternate monomers flipped in cellulose

A

Due to position of OH on Carbon 1 - hydroxyl groups too far apart

38
Q

What variable is never really controlled in practicals

A

Number of drops of indicator

39
Q

How make an experiment more accurate - general

A
  • use more intermediate values
  • take samples at more frequent intervals
  • if something has a colour change = use colorimeter
40
Q

Effect of low temp on enzymes

A

Reversible

41
Q

Effect of High temp on enzymes

A

Irreversible

42
Q

Increase temp on enzyme effects what bonds

A

Ones in the tertiary structure

43
Q

Compare circulations on amphibians + mammals + the relativ effectiveness of each type of circulation

A
44
Q

Evidence to suggest resistance bacteria already existed (agar plate practical )

A

these (resistant) bacteria on the original plate continued to grow when flooded with penicillin

45
Q

How to carry out DNA extraction

A

Crush

Add detergent

Add protease

Add ice cold ethanol onto FILTRATE

46
Q

Point of adding detergent

A

Dissolve nuclear membrane

47
Q

Point of adding Protease

A

Digest histone proteins

48
Q

Point to adding ice cold ethanol

A
  • to precipitate DNA
49
Q

Degenerate

A

More then one triplet codes for a specific amino acid

50
Q

Phylogeny

A

Common ancestors

51
Q

When talking about what CAN move through the membrane, don’t say because it is non polar say…

A

Because it is fat soluble or hydrophobic

52
Q

Increase conc of enzymes…

A

More crowded - more collision - more ESC formed - increases rate

Substrate concentration stays same - eventually graph plateus off - free active sites / lack of substrate

53
Q

What does it mean if SD bars overlap

A

Any difference in data may be uncertain

54
Q

Can you see movement on LSCM

A

Yes

55
Q

HOW TO OBSERVE XYLEM IN CELERY

A
  • cut transversely / cross section = thin
  • add stain
  • observe with microscope at LOW power
56
Q

How to dissect bony fish to see gas exchange system

A
  • remove operculum
  • place rod in buccal cavity to display lamellae
57
Q

How to dissect insect to see gas exchange system

A
  • cut open exoskeleton
  • stain tracheoles with methylene blue
58
Q

Features if trachea in mammals

A
  • larger diameter
  • cartilage
  • C -shaped rings
  • smooth muscle / goblet cells / ciliated epithelium
59
Q

Trachea in insects

A
  • multiple
  • small diameter
  • Chitin
  • spiral not C shaped
60
Q

How are walls of alveoli adapted for gas exchange - 6 marks

A
61
Q

Wall of alveoli

A

Squamous epithelium

62
Q

What effects rate of Phosphodiester bond formation

A

Temp

pH

Free nucleotide availability

63
Q

Most to least soluble - amylose / ribose / amylopectin / glucose

A

(Most soluble) glucose / ribose / amylose / amylopectin

64
Q

Elements in proteins

A

C H O N S

65
Q

Functions of triglyceride

A

Thermal insulation / electrical insulation / energy storage

66
Q

Patterns of variation

A

Continuous / discrete

67
Q

Function of leaf hairs

A

Reduce transpiration - trap water

68
Q

Where do non competitive inhibitors bind

A

Allosteric site

69
Q

How to calibrate colorimeter

A

Use distilled water to set absorbance to zero

70
Q

Why is it important to calibrate a colorimeter

A
  • all values measured to the same standard
71
Q

Increase ethanol

A

Increase per ability of membrane

72
Q

Elements in protein

A

C H O N S

73
Q

Why are some stems not totipotent

A
  • can not form full organisms
  • placenta can’t be formed
  • can’t form extra - embryonic tissue
74
Q

How to chromatography collagen

A

Must hydrolyse it first

75
Q

Structure of RER

A

ribosomes

Phospholipid bilayer

Folds with nuclear envelope

Cisternae

76
Q

What to remember when using potomete r

A

DRY KEAVES

77
Q

Symplast

A

Plasmodesmata

78
Q

Do protoctists have cell walls

A

No

79
Q

Why starch is not transported in the sap

A

Not soluble in water

80
Q

Why is sucrose more suitable than glucose as a transport molecule

A
  • less reactive
  • less likely to diffuse out of seive tube elements
  • loading uses transport proteins
81
Q

Differential stain

A

See cells

See organelles

Contrast

82
Q

What does nucleic acid mean

A

mRNA

83
Q

What does protein mean

A

Enzymes

84
Q

Less oxygen

A

Less aerobic respiration = less energy for contractions

AS - Biology - PAGs (9 decks)

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